상대적 최소성에 관한 연구

김학연 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1991 연구논문집 Vol.43 No.1

Rizzi (1989) defined ECP as follows; a non-pronominal empty category should be head-governed and antecedent-governed conjunctively in order to be fully licenced, and both of these two conditions require Relativized Minimality. (1) Relativized Minimality X a-governs Y only if there is no Z such that (i) Z is a typical potential a-governor for Y and (ii) Z c-command Y and does not c-command X In (1), a potential head-governor m-commands Y and an antecedent-governor c-commands Y. A typical A-Spec, ??-Spec and X in ??--chain, ??-chain and X˚chain respectively prevents each antecedent gpverning its trace in head-government or antecedent-government. To solve [that-t] effect X˚should govern t properly. A head governs an element properly only within an X˚'s immediate projection A particular phenomena such as asymmetry between argument and adjunct could be solved by using referential ??-rple. An empty category t bearing referential ??-role was treated by binding to cover the logn distance binding, and adjunct-t was antecedent-governed. Therefore ??-government needed not be reguired in ECP. The above miniomality made it much easier to solve the complex problems caused by rigid minimality. In addition, it clarified the degree of grammaticality. I obtained the same results even in relative construction and scrambling in Korean. Some particular points found in Korean relative construction and scrmbling were that the antecedent government and binding in conjunctive ECP were nearly in union, and there were asymmetries between CP-Spec and IP-Spec. However there were no problems in applying the conjunctive ECP. If the differences are regarded as parameters, the above theory can be thought to have linguistic universality.

21세기 새로운 시대를 준비하는 원광대학교 의과대학의 교육목표 개정과정

이학승,김요식,송윤강,오재민,양연식,정선관 원광대학교 의과학연구소 2009 圓光醫科學 Vol.24 No.1

교육목적은 대학의 교육이 지향하는 대전제이다. 그러므로 대학교육 목적과 목표가 어떤가에 따라 교육과정과 교육방법이 달라진다. 원광대학교 의과대학의 교육목표는, '지덕겸수'로 요약되는 '과학과 도학을 겸비한 전인교육'의 건학정신과 '학술탐구'와 '덕성함양'의 원광대학교 교육목표와 일치하게 현재까지 유지되었다. 그러나 현행 교육목표의 여러 문제점이 발견되었고, 시대상의 변화에 따라 원광대학교 의과대학에서도 사회적 변화 빛 의료인에 대한 시대적 요구에 걸맞은 의학교육의 목적 및 목표의 재설정 과정을 시작하게 되었다. 그 결과 개정 작업을 통해 새로운 교육목표를 설정하게 되었으며 그 내용은 다음과 같다. 1. 기본진료능력을 지닌 의사를 양성한다. 2. 원불교 교리 이념을 반영한 윤리적, 도덕적인 의사를 양성한다. 3. 평생 학습하는 연구하는 의사 혹은 의과학자를 양성한다. 4. 사회적 책무를 수행하는 리더십을 갖춘 의사를 양성한다. 5. 지역 사회에 공헌하는 봉사정신을 갖춘 의사를 양성한다. Purpose : With the changes to the medical environments and to the medical educational systems, we aimed to evaluate the current mission statement of the School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, and to revise it. Methods : To establish the new goal and mission statement, a Special Committee for the Revision of Medical School Mission and advisory group were organized in 2008. This special committee conducted through five steps of action, which are composed of investigation, education, development, surveillance of various opinions, and announcement. Results : For the development of new goal and mission, the revised, final goal and mission statements decided through the five steps of action. The new mission of Wonkwang University School of Medicine was as follows; 1. Doctor who can diagnose and treat easily 2. Ethical and moral doctor who practice Won Buddhism 3. Doctor or Medical Scholar who studies lifelong study 4. Doctor who has leadership to social responsibility 5. Doctor who goes into service to a local community. Conclusion : The authors expect that the new goal and mission of Wonkwang University School of Medicine would be helpful in giving the guideline on the educational process of medical school and will give the information to reform the medical school system according to the rapidly changing educational environment.

Slurry 반응조를 이용한 퇴적준설물내 질소의 생물학적처리에 관한 연구

정연규,배범한,김용학,전제철,엄성범 연세대학교 산업기술연구소 2002 논문집 Vol.33 No.2

The eutrophication control and prevention can be accomplished through removal of the nutrients known as main contributors. However, for the case of lakes and rivers where significant amounts of the nutrients were already entered, there should be a limit on the eutrophication control. Accordingly, it is indispensable to remove the nutrients present in sediments in view of both obtaining water resources and preserving the environment, and, therefore, this study focuses on nitrogen removal among the nutrients in sediments. For nitrogen removal in sediments, nitrification and denitrification were applied as a biological removal process to a slurry reactor available for bioremediation of contaminated soils. With approx. 508㎎/㎏ of T-N concentration in the treated sediments, about 50 % of initial nitrogen concentration was accordingly removed after total 9-day operation of a 10 %-slurry reactor under oxic and anoxic conditions for 4 hrs and 2 hrs, respectively. This means that 25 % of T-N leachates in physical fractions were removed from the sediments through the nitrification and denitrification, and additional 25 % were removed under the same process after extracted from the sediments by a biological mechanism such as organic biodegradation. As a result, 20 % larger nitrogen amounts added were removed after leached from the sediments, which was probably caused by the fact that biological activity was increased by optimization of operating conditions as well as that mineralization and ammonification of organic matters in sediments were elevated by the enlarged population of microorganism after injection of organic C-sources and trace elements. The denitrification was more activated after the injection of organic C-sources and trace elements. The leaching amount of ammonium also increased steeply. The nitrification rate of the slurry reactor was 189 ng N/min·g in dry weight.

感情移入의 統語現象

金鶴淵 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1984 연구논문집 Vol.28 No.1

This paper was to investigate the syntactic phenomena of empathy. Empathy is the speaker's identification with, or attitude toward a person who participates in the event that he describes in a sentence. Even though various syntactic phnomena are influenced by empathy, I only limited to pronominalization, reflexivization and relativization. In both intra-sentential and extra-sentential contexts, one of the correferential NPs which receives lower degree of empathy was pronominalized, rather than the condition of command-precedent in the transformational syntactic rules. In reflexivization, the higher empathy the antecedent of reflexivized NP received, the more acceptable the sentence concerned was. This fact was further supported by the direct discourse analysis where agent or experiencer's internal feeling in the metrix sentence is expressed just like the speaker's own feeling. In reflexivization, the constituent in the underlying relative clause which receives the highest degree of empathy was relativized. This was similar to AH(accessibility hierarchy). In other words, the acceptability of the relative construction was depended upon the empathic degree of the constituent which was to be relativized in the underlying relative clause. Some sentences, particularly complex sentences including specific verbs, so called subject-centered verb or object-centered verb, had lower acceptibility or ungrammaticality by violating the ban of conflicting empathy foci. In conclusion, empathy had more expressive power to treat syntactic phenomena of pronominalization, reflexivization and relativization than those of the obligatory syntactic rules in the transformational grammar.

言語行爲의 話用的 接近

金鶴淵 대구효성가톨릭대학교 1986 연구논문집 Vol.32 No.1

There gas been two positions on speech acts theory One is the view that speech acts are irreducible to ordinary syntax and semantics. In the former, all utterances not only serve to express propoition but also perform action illocutionary act is associated by convention with the form of the utterabces in question and illoctionary force is characterized by felicity condition. In the latter, illocutionary force is accounted in terms of ordinary condition. In the latter, illocutionary force is accounted in terms of ordinary syntax and semantics by establishing the highest abstract performative claause in deep structure. But the latter have many difficulties on both the semantic and syntactic fronts. Indirect speech acts are also accounted in terms of reducibility to ordinary syntax and semantics only if one subscribes to the literal force hypothesis (LFH). Explicit performatives and the three major sentence-types in English have the literal force, and the remaining sentences have inferrred indirect force. The LFH is confronted with two problems; on the one hand it seems to make the wrong predictions about the assignment of the force to sentence form, and on the other hand it should hive account of how and why sentences seem able to bear the syntactic stigmata of their indirect forces. To secure LFH, idiom theory and inference theory were proposed. The first which regards indircet forces as idions could not maintain LFH by various defects. The secons which derives indirect forces from literal force by virture of an inference that is made taking contextual condition into account, have four properties: (ⅰ) literal force, (ⅱ) inference trigger, (ⅲ)rules of inference, (ⅳ) programatically sensitive linguistic rules. Two inference theories such as Gordon & Lakoff(using conversational postulates ) and Searle(using Grice's general theory of conversational implicature) incorporated wide range of pragmatic aspects, but can not be fully successful in indirect speech acts. Third solution is to reject LFH, and there is no indirect speech acts, but merely a general problem of mapping speech act force onto sentence in context. This is entirly programmtic approach and can account most of the problems revealed previously. Another programatic method is the context-change theory of speech acts which has a view that treats speech acts as operationson context, i.e. as functions from context. But the theory is only now becoming generally considered. In conclusion, the future of speech act theory rests on the tenability of the LFH. If LFH is not tanable, speech acts are not distinguished from utterence's function, purpose or intent. Then, the empirical methods such as speech events and language acquision theory that the acquisition of speech acts precedes speech, will cover the wider range of speech act problems. Particulary the analysis of conversational sturcture will reveal the pragmatic secret of language use.

화성(유천성)과 버드나무에 관한 연구

김학범,윤종태 한국정원학회 2002 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.20 No.4

This study is to analyze the meaning and planting pattern of Salix in the Suwon Whasung(Yochunsung). The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between Salix planting and principles of Korean traditional urbanscape. The methodology of this study is vased on literature review as secondary data research. The literature review explores the publications that were issued in the Li dynasty such as the government official documents, books and painting(including Chosun dynasty chronicles, Whasung Jeondo, Whasung Sungyok Uique, etc.). Throughout the literature review, the following results are found. 1. From the analysis of the old maps, Salix was a main species of street trees in the Suwon Whasung. Especially, the planting from Whahongmun to Whasanruing showned a pattern of a linear function in urbanscape. 2. Salix trees were planted along rivers, streams, creeks and lakes in the Suwon Whasung. These planting patterns explain the relationship between Salix and the urban hydrology system. From this study, we have found are remarkable results which explain a principle of urbanscape formation in the Yi dynasty. The results of this study would contribute to finding the original forms and preserving Suwon Whasung as one of the World Cultural Heritages.

Gitelman씨 증후군 1예

차영학,송명준,신요식,김성민,김영욱,김윤권,김소연,김영중,조민구,이권전 全南大醫大 2001 전남의대학술지 Vol.37 No.3

結速條件의 成立過程

金鶴淵 대구효성가톨릭대학교 외국어문학연구소 1988 語文學硏究 Vol.1 No.-

The aims of this paper are to investigate how movement rule reduce the expressive powers of transformation, how the universal condition such as Subjacency, SSC and TSC are applied to the movement rule, and how these conditions are changed to binding condition in LF. Three types of cylic transformations are reduced to bicycle under Subjacency, and Ross's CNPC, Sentential Subject Conditions and Wh-island are all included in the Subjacency. The remaining problems in bicycle are treated under SSC and TSC. Wh-movement generates relativization, wh-question, topicaliz-ation, comparative and cleft sentences, and overgenerarion occurred by the sample wh-movement are prevented by Subjacency. Filters such as DFC, *[that-t], *[for-to] and *[NP-to-VP] treat the unsolved problems under the Subjacency. NP is moved to the position without θ-role, and SSC & TSC rule out the overgeneration. Wh-movement and NP-movement are incor-porated into Move-a which indicates "move anything anywhere". Both antecedent and PRO in control construction are assigned θ-role. So there is no movement, and PRO is base-generated in D-structure. Trace is the indexed empty category. The motivation of t-theory are that expressive powers are reduced, and that the trace is incorporated into ture anaphor when it is interpreted by coindexing. Subjacency, SSC and TSC are applied to this LF interpretation just as to S-structure syntax. Binding means coindexation between antecedent and anaphor(including reflexive, reciprocal, NP-t and PRO) in LF.SSC & TSC in the binding are incorporated into c-command. So anaphor is not free in the c-commanding domain of tense or the sunject of minimal domain such as NP or S. But pronominal is free in the minimal c-commanding domain. The above binding condition was revised to Opacity condition, and then it was divided into NIC and Opc.(for Opacity condition). And Opc. has more explanatory power than SSC & TSC. Filtering conditions suggested above are nealy equal to Case theory. The important principle of the Case theory is Case filter. But Case is assigned under government. This suggests that Case, Government, and Binding are all interrelated to construct Core Grammer(UG). This paper is limited to Revised Extended Standard Theory. Module phenomena along with Government Theory will be my next work.

α-디아조 케톤과 올레핀의 광반응

李學沂,曺燦湜,金宇鍾,禹海允 慶北大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.50 No.-

The majority of carbenes add to olefins to give cyclopropanes. In this study, 2-diazo-1,3-indandione, 2-diazo-1-indanone, and 3-diazooxindole were used as carbene precursors. Irradiation of these diazo compounds with trichloroethylene, acrylonitrile, cyclohexene, and cyclooctene was investigated. The addition of carbenes to benzene generally affords norcaradiene or cycloheptatriene or both. Irradiation of 2-diazo-1,3-indandione with benzene gave only cycloheptatriene derivative in 24% yield. But irradiation of 2-diazo-1-indanone with benzene gave norcardiene in equiribrium with cycloheptatriene derivative in 24% yield.

119 구급대의 후송활동 및 개선방안

전소연,김학수 한국응급구조학회 1999 한국응급구조학회지 Vol.3 No.1

This study was performed to investigate transport activities and strategize improvement of 119 rescue. We reviewed emergency care records of users who were transported by 119 rescue of six agencies in Chungnam from July 13, 1998 to August 8, 1998. The results were as follows ; 1. In sex distribution of users, the male was 65.0%. And the highest age group among users was above sixties(21.6%), then thirties in second order(19.3%). Accident was 50.8% as occupied first cause of transport, and then acute disease 22.8%. The highest requester for 119 rescue call was patient's families(47.1%) and average number of 119 rescue users per day was 20.9. 2. The nonurgent state of users was 58.9%. The frequency of users was 26.0 persons at sunday in most frequently, weekend and holiday was more common than ordinary day, and most frequent weather state was cloudy(23.8 persons). 3. Total running distance of 119 ambulance was 7.0km in average. Call time by users was 20-24 hours most commonly(21.9%). In then running time by each transport stage, 8 minutes were taken from 119 call receipt to scene arrival, 13 minutes from scene arrival to hospital. The kinds of pre-hospital care by 119 rescuer was vital sign check(81.2%), wound dressing or fracture fixation(41.2%), airway maintenance and O2 supply(30.4%).