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Youbing Peng,Hai Cheng,Caiming Shen,Ying Xu,Naifang Bei 한국기상학회 2018 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.54 No.3
Widely distributed proxy records show that there were out-of-phase behaviors of moisture change between arid central Asia (ACA) and monsoonal northern China during the Little Ice Age (LIA) and Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA). We examined spatial pattern differences between the MCA and LIA to identify contrasting patterns of summer precipitation variability, and to diagnose explanatory mechanisms through the analysis of a 1000-year global climate model simulation driven by natural and anthropogenic forcing. The results show that the model was able to roughly produce the general features of MCA-LIA hydroclimatic spatial differences between monsoonal northern China and ACA, with a relatively wet MCA found in monsoonal northern China and a relatively dry MCA found in ACA. A further analysis of associated circulations shows that increased summer precipitation in monsoonal northern China was caused by the strengthening of summer monsoon, while the decline in summer precipitation in ACAwas caused by an anomalous northward displacement of the subtropical westerly jet stream. Our analyses suggest that both effective solar forcing and El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) may produce these contrasting patterns of precipitation between monsoonal northern China and ACA. Due to a change in the probability of ENSO phases at the centennial time scale found in our experiments may be attributed to solar irradiances, higher effective solar irradiances during the MCA relative to those of the LIA may have been the ultimate forcing mechanism for the simulated precipitation differences between the MCA and LIA.
ATTRACTORS OF LOCAL SEMIFLOWS ON TOPOLOGICAL SPACES
Desheng Li,Jintao Wang,Youbing Xiong 대한수학회 2017 대한수학회지 Vol.54 No.3
In this paper we introduce a notion of an attractor for local semiflows on topological spaces, which in some cases seems to be more suitable than the existing ones in the literature. Based on this notion we develop a basic attractor theory on topological spaces under appropriate separation axioms. First, we discuss fundamental properties of attractors such as maximality and stability and establish some existence results. Then, we give a converse Lyapunov theorem. Finally, the Morse decomposition of attractors is also addressed.
ATTRACTORS OF LOCAL SEMIFLOWS ON TOPOLOGICAL SPACES
Li, Desheng,Wang, Jintao,Xiong, Youbing Korean Mathematical Society 2017 대한수학회지 Vol.54 No.3
In this paper we introduce a notion of an attractor for local semiflows on topological spaces, which in some cases seems to be more suitable than the existing ones in the literature. Based on this notion we develop a basic attractor theory on topological spaces under appropriate separation axioms. First, we discuss fundamental properties of attractors such as maximality and stability and establish some existence results. Then, we give a converse Lyapunov theorem. Finally, the Morse decomposition of attractors is also addressed.
Won-Youb CHOI 산업통상자원부 2022 통상법무정책 Vol.- No.4
Overlap or conflict of jurisdictions in dispute settlement may be defined as situations where the same dispute or related aspects of the same dispute could be brought to two distinct institutions or two different dispute settlement systems for a solution. As the number of different international regimes and tribunals has multiplied over the past years, overlaps of jurisdictions have become commonplace in the international arena. This phenomenon is part of the fragmentation of international law, which is a result of the rise of specialized regimes that have different interests and biases. Since the World Trade Organization (WTO) recognizes the right of Members to enter into Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), an inherent tension exists between Members’ rights under their RTAs and their rights under the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). However, there are a limited number of cases in which clear judgments have been made on the conflicting jurisdiction between the WTO and RTAs. Until now, WTO adjudicators have been reluctant to unequivocally state “whether there may be other circumstances in which legal impediments could exist that would preclude a panel from ruling on the merits before it”. This paper considers what potential legal impediments to the exercise of WTO jurisdiction exist if a party raises the question of a WTO panel’s jurisdiction as a preliminary issue, with a specific focus on two WTO dispute settlement cases – Mexico-Soft Drinks (DS308) and Peru-Agricultural Products (DS457).