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조윤주 ( Cho¸ Yoon-joo ),한용수 ( Han¸ Yong-su ) 조선대학교 인문학연구원 2021 인문학연구 Vol.- No.62
본 논문에서는 ‘也’와 ‘許’의 의미 변화를 통해 ‘也許’의 어휘화 과정을 고찰하고 현대 중국어 ‘也許’의 의미를 분석하였다 고대 중국어에서 어기사로 쓰이던 ‘也’는 주관성의 개입으로 魏晋南北朝 이후 부사로 사용되기 시작했다. ‘許’는 ‘듣다 → 듣고 대답하다, 동의하다 → 따르다 → 허락하다, 지지하다’의 변화 과정을 거쳤는데, 그중 六朝 이후 ‘어림’의 의미가 등장하였다. ‘也許’는 淸代 이후 ‘也’와 ‘許’의 연용이 빈번해지며 추측의 의미를 가진 어기부사로 고착되었다. ‘也許’의 어휘화 요인으로 첫째, 구체적인 것으로 추상적인 것을 인지하는 인지적 기제의 발동, 둘째, 인지적 각도의 변화와 인간의 이해의 변화로 인한 재분석의 영향, 셋째, ‘也’, ‘許’의 의미 변화와 반복되는 연용에 따른 통사적 위치의 변화를 들 수 있다. 그 의미로 첫째는 가능성, 둘째는 예측, 셋째는 완곡함의 표현으로 분석할 수 있다. In this paper, we consider the lexicalization process of ‘也许’ and analyze the meaning of ‘也许’ by changing the meaning of ‘也’ and ‘许’. In ancient Chinese, ‘也’ was vocabularyized as an adverb after the reign of Weijin Dynasties due to the intervention of subjectivity. ‘许’ went through the process of changing ‘Listen → Listen and Answer, Agree → Follow → Allow and Support’, Among them, the emergence of the meaning of "approximation" after the Six Dynasties was added to the speculation. After the Qing Dynasty, the use of ‘也’ and ‘許’ becomes more frequent, settled down as a modal adverb with a meaning of speculation. The lexicalization cause of ‘也許’ include first, the activation of cognitive mechanisms, second, the effects of reanalysis due to changes in cognitive angle and changes in human understanding, third, changes in the meaning of ‘也’, ‘許’ and change the syntactic position. Meaning of ‘也许’ is First, ‘maybe’ of possibilities, second, ‘maybe’ of predictability, and third, ‘maybe’ of euphemism.
EGFR-TKI Induces Autophagic Flux and Ferritin Accumulation in PC9/GR Cells
( Yoonjoo Kim ),( Jeongsuk Koh ),( Dahyun Kang ),( Dongil Park ),( Jeongeun Lee ),( Heesun Park ),( Chaeuk Chung ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2020 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.128 No.0
Introduction Despite the development of immunotherapy, EGFR-TKI resistance is one of the most important issues in lung cancer treatment. Autophagy is known to have opposite functions in cancer depending on the situation. Before the establishment of cancer, autophagy acts as suppressor by degrading misfolded proteins. But in the established cancer cells, autophagy functions as survival mechanism. Ferritin is an important member of antioxidant system because it stores iron in nontoxic form. Altered expression of ferritin has been described in many cancers. In this study, we investigated the effect of EGFR-TKI on autophagy and ferritin in EGFR-TKI resistant cells. Method We treated EGFR-TKI resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell line, PC9/GR cells, with EGFR-TKI or control. mCherry-EGFP-LC3B plasmid was transfected by Lipofectamine 2000. Cultured cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 and blocked with 3% FBS in PBS. Following overnight incubation with antibodies, immunofluorescence(IF) was detected using a fluorescence microscope. For an electron microscope(EM), we dehydrated tissues in ethanol and propylene oxide series, embedded in Epon 812 mixture, and polymerized in an oven at 70°C for 24 h. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscpe and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was conducted by Monochromated Cs-corrected ARM200F. Result The result of IF study showed PC9/GR cells treated with EGFR-TKI had more autophagic flux than the control. EM scans confirmed PC9/GR cells treated with EGFR-TKI had more double-membrane autophagosomes. And we found PC9/GR cell treated with EGFR-TKI had clusters of high-density particles consisted of Fe atoms. So we concluded PC9/GR cell treated with EGFR-TKI has ferritin accumulation in the cytoplasm. Conclusion We concluded EGFR-TKI significantly induced autophagic flux and ferritin accumulation in PC9/GR cells. Targeting autophagy might be helpful for suppressing the EGFR-TKI resistance and further study about the relationship between ferritin and autophagy in EGFR-TKI resistant cells will be required.
( Yoonjoo Seo ),( Kyung-suk Cho ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2021 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.31 No.1
Petroleum-contaminated soil is considered among the most important potential anthropogenic atmospheric methane sources. Additionally, various rhizoremediation factors can affect methane emissions by altering soil ecosystem carbon cycles. Nonetheless, greenhouse gas emissions from soil have not been given due importance as a potentially relevant parameter in rhizoremediation techniques. Therefore, in this study we sought to investigate the effects of different plant and soil amendments on both remediation efficiencies and methane emission characteristics in diesel-contaminated soil. An indoor pot experiment consisting of three plant treatments (control, maize, tall fescue) and two soil amendments (chemical nutrient, compost) was performed for 95 days. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal efficiency, dehydrogenase activity, and alkB (i.e., an alkane compound-degrading enzyme) gene abundance were the highest in the tall fescue and maize soil system amended with compost. Compost addition enhanced both the overall remediation efficiencies, as well as pmoA (i.e., a methane-oxidizing enzyme) gene abundance in soils. Moreover, the potential methane emission of diesel-contaminated soil was relatively low when maize was introduced to the soil system. After microbial community analysis, various TPH-degrading microorganisms (Nocardioides, Marinobacter, Immitisolibacter, Acinetobacter, Kocuria, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Alcanivorax) and methane-oxidizing microorganisms (Methylocapsa, Methylosarcina) were observed in the rhizosphere soil. The effects of major rhizoremediation factors on soil remediation efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions discussed herein are expected to contribute to the development of sustainable biological remediation technologies in response to global climate change.
Development of End-to-end Performance Measurement and Diagnosis Infrastructure
Yoonjoo Kwon 한국콘텐츠학회 2009 ICCC International Digital Design Invitation Exhib Vol.2009 No.12
Recently as scientific applications requiring bulk data transfer are increasing, in the whole world, national governments are actively supporting to expand their network capacity more and more. However, many application scientists have experienced difficulty in transferring bulk data between some partners far away because of low data transfer speed. There are some excellent tools to diagnose networks such as NDT developed by Internet2 and NPAD by Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center. But they can diagnose network status just between static server and anonymous client and we cannot get the diagnostic results on specific ends which take part in real data transfer. So we propose Eperfi to identify performance degrading factors between two ends, real remote partners. Eperfi system uses hybrid approaching method both active and passive measurement to diagnose networks status, and shows the result by using web-based real-time traffic views.
KLT-based adaptive entropy-constrained quantization with universal arithmetic coding
Yoonjoo Lee,Moo Young Kim IEEE 2010 IEEE transactions on consumer electronics Vol.56 No.4
<P>For flexible speech coding, a Karhunen-Loève Transform (KLT) based adaptive entropy-constrained quantization (KLT-AECQ) method is proposed. It is composed of backward-adaptive linear predictive coding (LPC) estimation, KLT estimation based on the time-varying LPC coefficients, scalar quantization of the speech signal in a KLT domain, and superframe-based universal arithmetic coding based on the estimated KLT statistics. To minimize the outliers both in rate and distortion, a new distortion criterion includes the penalty in the rate increase. Gain adaptive step size selection and bounded Gaussian source model also cooperate to increase the perceptual quality. KLT-AECQ does not require either any explicit codebook or a training step, thus KLT-AECQ can have an infinite number of rate-distortion operating points regardless of time-varying source statistics. For the speech signal, the conventional KLT-based classified vector quantization (KLT-CVQ) and the proposed KLT-AECQ yield signal-to-noise ratios of 17.86 and 26.22, respectively, at around 16 kbits/s. The perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) scores for each method are 3.87 and 4.04, respectively<SUP>.</SUP></P>
YOONJOO CHO(조윤주),Eunju Ha(하은주) 대한초음파의료영상학회 2014 대한초음파의료영상학회지 Vol.5 No.1
목적 : 갑상선 수질암은 드물지만 예후가 좋지 않고 치료방침이 달라 갑상선 유두암과는 분리되어야 하는 질환이 다. 본 연구에서는 갑상선 수질암의 초음파 소견을 유두암과 비교하여 분석하여 수술 전 진단에 도움을 받고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2000부터 2013년까지 수술로 확진된 135개의 수질암과 2013년에 진단된 163개의 유두암을 대상으로 하였다. 초음파 소견은 KSThR (Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology)의 진단 기준을 바탕으로 하였으며 이를 통해 각 결절을 악성의심결절, 불확정결절, 양성의심결절로 나누어 분류하였다. 통계는 SPSS Statistics를 이용하였으며 유두암의 초음파 소견과 수질암과의 상관관계는 카이제곱검정(chi-squared test)을 이용하였다. p <0.05 일 때 유의한 것으로 판정하였다. 결과 : 수질암의 초음파 소견은 고형성분 (123, 91.1%), 난원형/원형 모양(104, 77.0%), 저 에코(76, 56.3%), 분명한 경계(65, 48.1%), 석회화 (58, 43.0%)의 빈도로 높게 관찰되었다. 135개의 수질암 중 86개(63.7%)가 KSThR 진단기준을 바탕으로 악성의심결절로 분류되었다. 수질암의 평균 크기는 20.4±15.9mm, 유두암의 평균크기는 11.0±9.0mm 로 의미 있게 크게 측정되었다 (p<0.05). 유두암보다 수질암이 난원형 또는 원형(p<0.001)에 경계가 분명하였으며(p<0.001), 석회화 소견이 적게 관찰되었다 (p=0.002). 결론 : 본 연구는 현재까지 발표된 연구 중 가장 다수의 수질암을 대상으로 진행되었다. 수질암은 알려진 빈도보다 초음파 소견 상 악성의심결절로 진단되는 비율이 낮았으며, 유두암과는 크기, 모양, 경계, 석회화의 유무에서 차이가 있어 수술 전 진단 시 주의를 요한다. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether sonography can diagnose medullary thyroid carcinoma(MTC) as a malignant lesion using widely accepted sonographic criteria and to compare findings for papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC). Materials and Methods: The study included 135 cases of MTC that were surgically diagnosed between 2000 and 2013 and 163 cases of PTC that were diagnosed in 2013. The US findings were classified as recommended by the Thyroid Study Group of the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology(KSThR), and each nodulewas identified as suspicious malignant, indeterminate or probably benign. The findings of medullary and papillary carcinomas were compared with use of the chi-squared test. Results: The common US findings for MTCs were solid internal content(123, 91.1%), an ovoid to round shape(104, 77.0%), hypoechogenicity(76, 56.3%), smooth(65, 48.1%) and calcifications(58, 43.0%). Among the 135cases of MTC nodules, 86 (63.7%) were classified as suspicious malignant nodules. The mean size of MTC nodules was 20.4 ± 15.9 mm and the mean size of PTC nodules was 11.0 ±9.0 mm(p < 0.05). An ovoid to round shape, and smooth margin were more prevalent for MTC lesions than for PTC lesions(p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). Calcifications were less common for MTC lesions than for PTC lesions(p =0.002) Conclusion: This study is published in the current study to the most number of medullary cancer was conducted. The US criteria for suspicious malignant nodules as recommended by the KSThR correspond to 63.7% of MTC cases. The US findings for MTC are different from PTC in size, shape, margin, and calcification. So, I think that recommend to consider before preoperative diagnosis.
Bronchitis Mimicking Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report
( Yoonjoo Kim ),( Jeongsuk Koh ),( Dahyun Kang ),( Dongil Park ),( Jeongeun Lee ),( Heesun Park ),( Chaeuk Chung ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2020 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.128 No.-
Introduction Chronic inflammation can increase cancer risk and various types of inflammatory cells are present within cancer. Inflammation recruits inflammatory cells around epithelial cells, and severe inflammation can cause epithelial cell detachment and cell shape alteration. Thus, the differential diagnosis is sometimes difficult when the pathology specimen contains serious inflammation. Case A 60-year-old male was referred with 2-week history of hemoptysis, cough, and sputum without fever, chill. He was a 30 pack-year ex-smoker. On initial examination, Chest CT revealed diffuse lobar and segmental bronchial wall thickening and luminal narrowing of left lung, suggesting endobronchial tumor spread. 1L, 7, and 9R lymph nodes were enlarged, suggesting metastasis. Bronchoscopy indicated tumorous lesion mixed with mucosal ulceration in lingular segment. Pathology demonstrated high possibility of squamous cell cancer with mucosal inflammation. Immunohistochemistry revealed that epithelial cells were positive for p63 and CK5/6 and had Ki-67 index of 50%. He was treated with antibiotics for 7-day, and symptoms were improved. In follow-up bronchoscopy after 3-week, tumorous lesion of lingular segment was markedly improved and pathology showed mild chronic inflammation without cancer cells. Follow-up CT also showed that diffuse bronchial wall thickenings were significantly improved and the size and extent of LNs enlargement returned. PET-CT showed no evidence of malignancy. For 3-years follow-up, bronchoscopy and CT showed no manifestation of cancer. Discussion In this case, clinical data and initial examinations suggested the diagnosis of lung cancer. However, based on 3-year clinical course and pathologic reviews, we concluded the initial lesion was more likely bronchitis mimicking lung cancer. Also, it is difficult to completely rule out the possibility of early cancer lesions being eliminated by severe inflammation of bronchial walls. In such a case, it might be difficult to make an accurate diagnosis with only initial examinations. Therefore, careful pathology review and follow-up studies are required.