주격 조사 ‘-가’의 일본어 차용설 검토

이용규 ( Lee¸ Yong-kyu ),황선엽 ( Hwang¸ Seon-yeop ) 국어학회 2021 국어학 Vol.- No.99

주격 조사 ‘-이/ㅣ’가 이른 시기부터 존재했음에 비해 주격 조사 ‘-가’는 후대에 생긴 것임은 주지의 사실이다. ‘-가’의 기원에 대하여 오랜 시간 동안 다양한 관점에서 접근한 연구들이 축적되었으나, 아직까지 통설이라고 할 만한 논의가 확립되지 못한 채 학자들마다 견해가 분분하다. 지금까지 주격 조사 ‘-가’의 기원설로 제기된 선행 연구들은 대체로 어학적인 탐구가 주를 이루었다. 그러나 지금 남아 있는 자료들만으로는 근대 한국어 시기에 갑작스럽게 등장하여 그 사용이 빠르게 확산된 주격 조사 ‘-가’의 기원을 설명하기가 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위하여 주격 조사 ‘-가’의 출현 시기 및 배경과 관련시켜 그것의 출현이 일본어의 영향이었을 가능성에 대해 논의하였다. 우선 주격 조사 ‘-가’가 ≪捷解新語≫에서 처음 등장한 이후에 그 쓰임이 확대되었음을 확인하였다. 또한 ≪捷解新語≫의 저자가 피로인(被擄人) 출신 왜학 역관이라는 점에 주목하여, 일본과 밀접하게 접촉한 바 있는 왜학 역관들의 언어가 일본어에 영향을 받은 바 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 실록 기사 등을 바탕으로 임진왜란 이후에 일본어의 영향이 한반도에 남아 있었음을 확인하였다. 이 외에도 임진왜란과 정유재란 시기에 일본에 잡혀 갔던 피로인들이 돌아온 시기와 주격 조사 ‘-가’의 쓰임이 확대되는 시기가 겹치는 점을 강조하여, 주격 조사 ‘-가’의 등장이 일본어의 영향일 가능성을 제고(提高)하였다. It is well known that the subject case marker ‘-가(ga)’ occurred in the later generation, while the subject case marker ‘-이/ㅣ(i)’ existed from an early age. Studies that have long been approached from various perspectives on the origin of ‘-가(ga)’ have been accumulated, but there are divergent views among scholars, with no established discussions yet to be called conventional wisdom. So far, prior studies raised by the theory of the origin of the subject case marker ‘-가(ga)’ have been largely linguistic exploration. However, it is difficult to explain the origin of the subject case marker ‘-가(ga)’ which was suddenly introduced during the modern Korean language period and its use spread rapidly. In order to overcome these limitations, this study discussed the possibility that its emergence was the influence of the Japanese language in relation to the timing and background of the emergence of the subject case marker ‘-가(ga)’. First of all, it was confirmed that its use expanded after the subject case marker ‘-가(ga)’. first appeared in the ≪捷解新語≫. It was also noted that the author of the ≪捷解新語≫ was a Japanese translator who came into close contact with Japan, confirming that the language of Japanese translators was influenced by Japanese. It was also confirmed that the influence of Japanese language remained on the Korean Peninsula after the Japanese Invasion of Chosun. In addition, the appearance of the subject case marker ‘-가(ga)’ was likely to be influenced by the Japanese language, emphasizing that the timing of the return of the kidnapped Chosun people who were taken to Japan during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and 1597.

Reliability Improvement of Circular k-out-of-n: G Balanced Systems through Center ofGravity

Yongkyu Cho(조용규),Seung Min Baik(백승민),Young Myoung Ko(고영명) 한국경영과학회 2023 한국경영과학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2023 No.5

Reliability Improvement of Circular k-out-of-n: G Balanced Systems through Center ofGravity

Yongkyu Cho(조용규),Seung Min Baik(백승민),Young Myoung Ko(고영명) 대한산업공학회 2023 대한산업공학회 춘계학술대회논문집 Vol.2023 No.5

Modeling of frost growth and densification on an ambient air vaporizer

Yongkyu Lee,Ikhwan Jung,Jongmin Park,Chonghun Han 한국가스학회 2016 한국가스학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2016 No.6

STUDIES ON THE ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY OF SAMC ON IMPLANTED PRIMARY GASTRIC CARCINOMA CELLS IN NUDE MOUSE

Yongkyu Lee 한국환경독성학회 2009 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2009 No.11

Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Essential Oil and its Component from Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Yongkyu Lee 한국독성학회 2016 Toxicological Research Vol.32 No.3

Zingiber officinale Roscoe has been widely used as a folk medicine to treat various diseases, including cancer. This study aims to re-examine the therapeutic potential of co-administration of natural products and cancer chemotherapeutics. Candidate material for this project, α-zingiberene, was extracted from Zingiber officinale Roscoe, and α-zingiberene makes up 35.02 ± 0.30% of its total essential oil. α-Zingiberene showed low IC50 values, 60.6 ± 3.6, 46.2 ± 0.6, 172.0 ± 6.6, 80.3 ± 6.6 (μg/mL) in HeLa, SiHa, MCF-7 and HL-60 cells each. These values are a little bit higher than IC50 values of general essential oil in those cells. The treatment of α-zingiberene produced nucleosomal DNA fragmentation in SiHa cells, and the percentage of sub-diploid cells increased in a concentration-dependent manner in SiHa cells, hallmark features of apoptosis. Mitochondrial cytochrome c activation and an in vitro caspase-3 activity assay demonstrated that the activation of caspases accompanies the apoptotic effect of α-zingiberene, which mediates cell death. These results suggest that the apoptotic effect of α-zingiberene on SiHa cells may converge caspase-3 activation through the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into cytoplasm. It is considered that anti-proliferative effect of α-zingiberene is a result of apoptotic effects, and α-zingiberene is worth furthermore study to develop it as cancer chemotherapeutics.

Utilization of Scientific Method as a Tool of Architectural Design

Yongkyu Yi,Yunkyu Yi 대한건축학회 2010 Architectural research Vol.12 No.2

Science (natural science) is the systematic attempt to understand and interpret the nature phenomenon. For this reason, architects have used science to adapt nature to their design. With the rise of modern science, architecture became more closely related with science. Science available to develop new technology for architecture and it influenced architect’s idea and concept. Symbolically, Architects use method or process of science to generate building form. The Rules of compositing particles in the chemistry or DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in the biology are used to generate a form of building. Literally, Architects use technology as a tool of science to improve physical performance of architecture. Like mathematical understanding of structure load enabled people to construct enclosure without columns or any of support system inside of architecture. Still natural phenomenon is not fully understood as science and science is still discovering a new phenomenon or changing its theory to adapt new discovery. New discovery or limitation of science influenced architecture throughout the history. This paper is to discuss how architectural theories are rest upon idea set forth by science. In addition, how technology as a tool of science has been utilized in architecture.

Direction on Improvement for Taekwondo in Islamic Culture

( Yongkyu Ahn ),( Sangho Jeon ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

The purpose of this study is to provide a direction of improvement for Taekwondo in Islamic culture by considering Taekwondo skills, spirits, and virtue. Moreover, this study could serve as a foundational example of harmony and cross culture of Taekwondo and Islamic culture in expanding Taekwondo to different cultures. Taekwondo was able to set its root in Islamic countries such as Iran, Syria, and Jordan due to tolerance and combination of Islamic culture and Taekwondo spirit. Taekwondo spirits such as respect, perseverance, peace, and harmony were important in Islamic culture. Harmony above all, provided opportunity for women as well with expressing female identity and their desires in feministic society of Islam. Female athletes could come across other cultures by attending international competitions. This was not possible in the past, but now they participate in Taekwondo competitions wearing hijab. They get to fulfill desire for physical activity and self-expression as an equal member of society. The mother country of Taekwondo is Korea, and Taekwondo is a part of Korean culture that set its root in other cultures in no time. So far, Korea has received special treatment because it is the mother country of Taekwondo. However, as Japan lost its value as mother country of Judo, Korea should be aware too. Taekwondo needs cultivation of talented people and development of new Poomsae so it can improve and develop in other countries with different cultures. Muslims usually go on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land on December 5th every year, and Vatican in Rome is the center and spokesperson of Catholics. Likewise, Taekwondo must become the spiritual core for people with value of physical training and spirituality. This will be possible only through cross-culture and infiltration. As value of spiritual cultivation through Taekwondo training is developed and spread, Taekwondo might grow to realize life’s ultimate value. Who would not want to learn Taekwondo if Taekwondo spirit leads their lives and makes their lives abundant? Future Taekwondo should not serve as self-fulfilling abundance due to politics, but as a new humanistic culture that could become the spiritual symbol of people around the world.

Making of Mami Wata

Yongkyu Chang 한국외국어대학교 아프리카연구소 2016 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.39 No.-

Mami Wata is a spiritual phenomenon widely distributed and accepted throughout Western and Central Africa. Religious in its appearance, Mami Wata is the result of socio-cultural encounter among African, European and Asian diaspora. Mami Wata is basically rooted in West African belief systems in which local people maintain an idea of river people. Folklores in West Africa tell that a specific group of aqueous animal in a shape of half-human and half-animal abode in rivers or sea, and has tremendous influences over the life of people. This river people have changed its appearances and characters as external spiritual elements imported to West Africa since 16th century onward. European concept of mermaid/siren, and Asian concept of snake charmer and Hindu gods, Krishna and Shiva in particular, have been incorporated into the image of river people. These encounters have caused the making of ‘Mami Wata’ (a mother of water). Therefore, Mami Wata is historically hybridized and creolized form of apparition, and it signifies diasporic encounters among African, Western and Asian values on the one side, and ‘traditional’ and modern values on the other. The presentation focuses on Mami Wata phenomenon in Tema, Ghana. Tema is the harbor town of Tema Metropolitan, located 24km away from Accra Metropolitan, in which residents have strong beliefs on Mami Wata, mostly as evil spirits, and I will pursue the nature and function of Mami Wata phenomenon by giving a special attention on the diasporic and creolized aspects of it.

Cancer Chemopreventive Potential of Procyanidin

Yongkyu Lee 한국독성학회 2017 Toxicological Research Vol.33 No.4

Chemoprevention entails the use of synthetic agents or naturally occurring dietary phytochemicals to prevent cancer development and progression. One promising chemopreventive agent, procyanidin, is a naturally occurring polyphenol that exhibits beneficial health effects including anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antitumor activities. Currently, many preclinical reports suggest procyanidin as a promising lead compound for cancer prevention and treatment. As a potential anticancer agent, procyanidin has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells in "in vitro and in vivo". Procyanidin has numerous targets, many of which are components of intracellular signaling pathways, including proinflammatory mediators, regulators of cell survival and apoptosis, and angiogenic and metastatic mediators, and modulates a set of upstream kinases, transcription factors, and their regulators. Although remarkable progress characterizing the molecular mechanisms and targets underlying the anticancer properties of procyanidin has been made in the past decade, the chemopreventive targets or biomarkers of procyanidin action have not been completely elucidated. This review focuses on the apoptosis and tumor inhibitory effects of procyanidin with respect to its bioavailability.