컴퓨터 법에 있어서의 책임에 관한 연구

鄭鎭世,鄭在晃,方碩皓,河泰勳,李成德,崔鳳哲 홍익대학교 1995 弘大論叢 Vol.27 No.-

This paper, coauthored by Chin-Se Chung, as well as other 5 faculty members at Hong-Ik University Department of Law (Jea-Hwang Jeong, Suk-Ho Bang, Tae-Hoon Ha, Seong-Deog Yi and Bong-Chul Choi), deals with liability issuses surrounding constitutional law, administrative law, civil law (contracts, torts), commercial law, criminal law, international law and philosophy & law. Professor of Law Jea-Hwang Jeong makes a comparative analysis of privacy protection and disclosure of information legal issues, appeared at current Korean law and draft of law in case of the latter one. He suggestes some desirable ways of legislation through revision process and operation of legal rules at his paper. Professor of Law Suk-Ho Bang makes a brief survey of civil liability issues arising out of contracts and torts in English and American law, first. He tries to show that many Parts of arguments in such legal world are attributed to Statute of Frauds tradition, unique to such legal world. New developments in the area of torts, including computer malpractice and computer virus, are shown and analysed in terms of application possibility under our current law. But, as even the Anglo-American courts are found very reluctant to accept those arguments as new grounds for torts liability, it seems more plausible and practicable to refer to contractual approach, basically, rather than to torts approach even under English American law. Professor of Law Chin-Se Chung suggests in his paper on EFT that the allocation of liability under EFT be made under the new and most relevant principle, working for useful transmission way of fund, not solely under traditional legal principles. If such new principle works with high return of risk to users, it makes imminent problems against the goats of consumer protection, and eventually will be hardly refered to. Conversely, if it requires too much sacrifice from the side of banks, then the convenience in such system will not be utilized. So, it may be natural that EFT be discarded even without proper functioning under market system. In conclusion, Professor Chung points out that, only when banks fond that the economy out of cost-saving at tasks outweighs the risk undertaken by the banks, the banks will operate the system. But, if this system makes more return of benefits to the banks with the burden of users, it is against the idea of equity. Consequently, the banks should bear the aggeviated risks in return for the cost saved under this system Professor of Law Tae-Hoon Ha focuses his research paper on criminal liability under EFT. He draws his conclusion out of current criminal statutes that illegal fund transfer under automatic teller machines, cash cards and information system can not be penalized due to lack of proper statutory provision. So, the criminal provision on computer crime, newly made on December of 1995, can be positively appreciated. But, he anticipates that the question whether such new provision will be successful in regulating all illegal activites at fund transfor system without any operation defects in criminal code, or will cause new problem in interpretation of criminal code remains unsolved. Professor of Law Seong-Deog Yi examines the international legal issues which may be given rise to by direct satellite broadcasting. In his paper, the issue of national jurisdiction in relation to direct satellite broadcasting is firstly dealt with. Secondly, the possible ways in which direct satellite broadcasting is regulated by international law are examined with special emphasis of two different approaches, that is, freedom of information approach and state sovereignty approach. In this context, many international conventions concerning direct satellite broadcasting in Particular, and international regulatory regime of outer space in general are broadly reviewed. Thirdly, the types of activities which may be a violation of international legal regime of direct satellite broadcasting are suggested and the possible lethal remedies for these violations are proposed with the traditional international state responsibility law in mind. Professor of Law Bong-Chul Choi explores the relations of computerized society to its laws throughout his paper as a kind of conclusion of this whole paper. Computerized society is one that the technical, scientific, informational knowledge prevails. With correspondence to the structural change in knowledge, the law of such a society has suffered transformation, and the knowledge and techniques distributing and computing legal responsibility has also changed. However, he does not insist that the diffusion of technical knowledge is the sole factor of the transformation of legal responsibility. It is only one of the various factors. Moreover, he does not deny the continuation between the classical techniques distributing legal responsibility and the contemporary ones. In this era, the law realizes fairness and community values at the expense of singularities. In addition, he proposes that legal scholars take the diagnosis of law from the perspective of the technology/knowledge shifts seriously.

Pilocarpine 및 Atropine이 토끼의 악하선 혈류랑에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이종율,손성희,이종흔 대한치과페리오학회 1975 大韓齒周學會誌 Vol.5 No.1

동티모르 사건의 경과 및 배경 : 동티모르 인민의 자결 Self-Determination of the East Timorese People

이성덕 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2002 법학연구 Vol.4 No.-

This paper reviews the incident of the East Timor. The historical backgrounds of the incident was surveyed and then the case which was raised before the International Court of Justice was briefly reviewed. In the case, as the ICJ rejected the arguments of the plaintiff, Portugal, due to the fact that if the ICJ deals with the case, it would touch upon the rights and duties of Indonesia without its consent, the ICJ does not have chance to deal with the merit of the case which includes the issue of self-determination. In this respect, this paper reviewed the concept of the self-determination in line with the practices of the United Nations. The self-determination which was finally acquired by the East Timorese people is one of the examples of decolonization which took place after World War II. Probably the delay of the self-determination of the East Timor was caused by the political considerations and the lack of the precise legal definition of the self-determination.

영사보호와 LaGrand 사건

이성덕 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2001 법학연구 Vol.3 No.-

This paper reviews the international legal issues raised in the LaGrand case. In the case, Germay requests the ICJ to adjudge and declare: 1. that the U.S., by not informing the LaGrand brothers without delay of their rights under Article 36 (1)(b)of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, and by depriving Germany of the possibility of rendering consular assistance, violated its international legal obligation to Germany, in its own rights and in its right of diplomatic protection of its nationals, under Article 36 (1); 2. that the U.S., by applying rules of its domestic law, in particular the doctrine of procedural default, violated its international obligation to Germany under Article 36(2); 3. that the U.S., by failing to take all measures at its disposal to ensure that Walter LaGrand was not executed, violated its international legal obligation to comply with the Order on Provisional Measures issued by the ICJ on 3 March 1999; and consequently, 4. that the U.S. shall provide Germany a guarantee that it will not repeat its illegal acts and ensure that the U.S. domestic law and practice will not constitute a bar to the effective exercise of the rights under Article 36. Despite the U.S. arguments against the German claims, the ICJ accepted all the claims made by the Germany. In the case, it is notable that the ICJ, for the first time, formally ruled that the order of provisional measures was binding. The ICJ also affirmed that if the terms of a treaty are clear enough, the treaty may create individual rights which shall be protected by the parties to the treaty. In this regards, the ICJ held that Article 36(1)(b)created the rights both of the State and of the individuals. Finally, the ICJ recognized that the guarantees and assurances of non-repetition could be an effective remedy for international wrongful acts committed by States.

유럽공동체법상 직접취소소송제도의 재검토

이성덕 홍익대학교 2007 홍익법학 Vol.8 No.1

유럽공동체의 사법제도 가운데 유럽공동체설립협정 제230조가 규정하고 있는 직접취소소송제도를 살펴보는 것이 본 글의 목적이다. 일반적으로 회원국이나 유럽연합기구의 조치나 행위가 일정한 사유,특히 유럽공동체법 위반에 해당하는 경우에 협정 제230조에 규정된 기구나 사인은 제 230조에 근거하여 해당 행위나 조치의 취소를 구할 수 있다 이러한 직접취소소송제도를 운영하는 과정중에 특히 문제되는 부분은 직접 취소소송을 제기할 수 있는 원고적격을 갖는 자들의 범위,특히 사인이 직접취소소송을 제기하는 경우 어느 범위까지 원고적격을 인정할 수 있는지의 문제 및 직접취소소송을 통하여 공동체 행위의 적법성을 다틀 수 있는 근거로서 유럽공동체법에는 어떠한 것들이 포함될 수 있는 지 등과 관련한 것 등이라고 할 수 있다. 유럽사법재판소는 사인에게 직접취소소송을 제기할 수 있는 원고적격을 인정하는데 있어서 약간 제한적인 입장을 취하고 있는 듯 보여진다. 이러한 점은 유럽공동체법의 이행 감시자로사 사인의 역할을 축소하는 측면이 있다고 보이므로,보다 강력한 법의 지배를 달성하기 위하여서 사인의 원고적격을 인정함에 있어 보다 적극적인 입장을 취할 필요성이 있다고 판단된다 또한, 직접취소소송을 제기하기 위한 법적인 근거에 직접효력이 없는 국제조약은 배제하고 있는데, 이 점은 국제조약을 유럽공동체법의 일부로 받아 들이고 있는 입장과 일치하지 않는다고 판단된다. This paper reviews the European Community's direct annulment actions. First of all, it surveys the requirements to bring an annulment action based on the Treaty provisions and the ECJ's case law. The most difficult issues involved with the requirements are i) against what measures ii) who may bring an action. According to Article 230 of the EC Treaty, a Member State, the European Parliament, the Council, the Commission may bring an action without any limitations against regulations, decisions and directives and other acts sui generis which have binding forces; the Court of Auditios and the European Central Bank may bring an action against measures for the purpose of protecting their prerogatives. In addition to this, a natural or legal person may institute proceedings against a decision addressed to that person, or against a decision which, although in the form of a regulation or a decision addressed to another person, is of direct and individual concern to the former. In this paper, I tried to elucidate the concepts of a decision in the form of regulation and the direct and individual concern provided in Article 230.

사례를 통하여 본 인도적 간섭 : 국제법적 적법성 Its International Legality

이성덕 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2003 법학연구 Vol.5 No.-

One of the hot issues in international law is whether the unilateral humanitarian intervention is lawful or not. There are many cases which are alleged to be the humanitarian intervention. And some argue that it is lawful under the international law. In this paper, we reviewed the backgrounds of cases which are argued to be the humanitarian intervention. Almost all of the cases reviewed have not only humanitarian but also other political and social elements. And also, it is found that the concept of the humanitarian intervention varied. That means that the humanitarian intervention has been invoked to justify certain purposes which are not defined consistently and objectively. If a legal principle is to be accepted as a binding rule, it does have to have objective criteria to be applied. But up to now, we do not find out the objective criteria which may be applied in the case of humanitarian Intervention. Thus, the humanitarian intervention, although it does have a moral imperative, may be abused to justify other political objectives. For the time being, it could be much safer to regard the unilateral humanitarian intervention as illegal under the international law. By doing so, it would be possible to restrict the use of force in the international community.

유통경로 구성원의 기회주의와 그 원인과 효과에 관한 연구 : 거래비용이론의 관점 From the Transaction Cost Perspective

이성근 한국로지스틱스학회 1998 로지스틱스연구 Vol.6 No.2

이 연구는 기회주의의 관점을 거래주체가 아닌 거래상대방의 측면에서 분석한 것이다. 선행연구들은 기회주의를 당연한 것으로 받아들이고, 거래특유자산이나, 거래의 빈도, 경쟁자의 수, 환경적 불확실성, 성과의 측정가능성 등과 같은 변수들이 거래의 내부화에 영향을 준다고 하였다. 그러나 이 연구는 인간의 기본속성이라고 할 수 있는 기회주의가 언급한 여러 변수들과 반드시 +의 관계를 가지고 있는 것은 아니며, 나아가 거래상대방의 기회주의에 대한 거래주체의 인식이 왜곡될 가능성이 있다는 것을 보여준다. 연구결과, 거래상대들은 이익에 매우 민감한 반응을 보여 기회주의적인 행동을 하나 거래특유자산은 오히려 기회주의를 억제하는 역할을 한다. 그러므로 거래주체들은 유통전략에 있어서 비용이 많이 투자되는 내부화전략을 취하는 것보다는 거래상대들의 적정이익 실현에 관심을 가져야 할 것이다. This study is on the antecedent variables of opportunism from the transaction cost perspective. Traditionally, the studies on the transaction cost theory has applied original concepts to the marketing channel analysis. But This study analyzed the relationships between the opportunism and its antecedent variables like specific asset, number of transaction, number of competitors, environmental uncertainty from view points of the transaction partner not the subjects based on the Yi(1993) former study. The findings are some contradictory to the former study in the relationship between specific asset and opportunism. The reason why the results is contradictory to the former study is guessed on account of the difference of perception on the opportunism. For example, specific asset can increase the credibility to the transaction subject from the transaction partner. But transaction subject tends to overestimate the opportunism of the transaction partner on account of the specific assets.

상황이야기 중재효과에 대한 메타분석

이성용,강영택,이정현 국립특수교육원 2012 특수교육연구 Vol.19 No.1

상황이야기 중재는 자폐증 및 발달장애학생의 사회적 기술과 지식을 증가하기 위하여 활용되는 효과적인 교수전략이다. 본 연구는 상황이야기를 중재로 활용한 국내 실험연구들을 메타분석 함으로써, 상황이야기 중재의 효과성을 검증하고 앞으로 효과적인 사회성 기술 교육 프로그램을 개발 및 적용하는 데 필요한 기초 자료를 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 지금까지 국내에서 발표된 상황이야기 중재와 관련된 논문을 조사하고, 분석 논문 선정 기준에 따라 국내 13편의 실험 논문을 최종 분석 대상으로 선정하였다. 본 연구의 메타분석은 3가지 분석 영역에 따라 총 7개의 분석변인(연구대상, 실험환경, 실험설계, 중재유형, 목표기술, 중재효과, 유지 및 일반화 효과)으로 분석하였다. 우선 메타분석의 결과를 살펴보면 상황이야기 중재효과는 전체적으로 중간 크기의 효과를 보였으며, 유지와 일반화는 큰 효과가 있었다. 본 연구의 분석결과는 7개의 분석변인에 따라 구체적으로 제시하였으며, 그 결과는 상황이야기 중재와 효과적인 교수기법을 의미하는 근거기반 실제의 관점에서 논의하였다. The social story is effective intervention strategies for addressing social communication skills, social interaction skills, and behavioral functioning in children with ASD and developmental disabilities. The purpose of this study was to meta-analysis the research literature of social story interventions of children with ASD and developmental disabilities and to provide information and suggestions on social story interventions for future research and practices at schools. A systematic search of the literature from 1993 to 2011 revealed 13 experimental studies published in special education within South Korea. This study analyzed the 13 selected studies in terms of 7 analytical variables: participants, research settings, experimental design, target skills, type of intervention, effects of intervention, maintenance and generation. In particular, results indicated a moderately positive effect for social intervention (mean ES ≤ .80, median PND = 85%). Maintenance (median PND = 100%) and generalization effects (median PND = 100%) revealed large effects. The findings of this study were described in detail based on the 7 analytic variables. The implications of the findings and recommendations for practice and future research on social story interventions were presented.

국제사법재판소 관할권에 관한 선택조항 수락선언에 대한 유보의 종류와 그 국제법적 효력

이성덕 弘益大學校 法學硏究所 1999 법학연구 Vol.1 No.-

This paper reviews the validity of various reservations included in the declarations of acceptance of the Optional Clause provided in Article 36 of the ICJ Statute. There are a wide variety of types of reservations in the declarations of accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ. They are reservations as to domestic questions(including the so-called automatic reservation); reservations concerning disputes under multilateral treaties; reservations excluding past disputes; reservations concerning other means of pacific settlement; reservations concerning disputes under the consideration of the Security Council; reservations concerning disputes between the British Commonwealth; reservations of a right to modify declaration by giving notice; reservations excluding disputes not arbitrable under the municipal law; reservations excluding disputes between States having no diplomatic relations; reservations excluding disputes with a State which filed declaration for a particular dispute or only a little time prior to the submission of the dispute; reservations excluding disputes concerning belligerency; reservations excluding disputes already submitted to other method of arbitration; reservations concerning the duration of the declaration. Among them, the most problematic reservation is the automatic reservation. This type of reservation seems to invalidate the object and purpoase of the Optional Clause system. And also it is hopeful that States refrain from adopting other types of reservations which limit the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ subjectively in order to establish the objective jurisdiction of the ICJ.

GIS와 RS를 이용한 생태지도 작성기법에 관한 기초연구

이기철,이원화,윤해순,남춘희,김구연,김승환,서상현 한국지리정보학회 2004 한국지리정보학회지 Vol.7 No.3

본 연구는 낙동강 하구 일대의 생태계 변화와 생태 관련자료를 GIS DB로 구축하고 생태지도를 작성하였다. 생태지도 작성을 위해 1984년 11월 21일, 1997년 5월 17일에 촬영된 공간해상도 30m의 Landsat TM 위성영상과 국립지리원에서 발행된 1:25,000 수치지형도, 부산시에서 조사한 생물현황 자료를 바탕으로 DB를 구축하였다. 생태지도를 작성하기 위해, 첫째, 낙동강 하구 생태계 조사 보고서와 현재까지 진행된 생태지도에 대한 문헌 연구, 둘째, 시계열적 토지피복분류도 제작, 셋째, 동·식물상, 수질 등 생태계 항목별 BB 구축과 3단계 방식에 의한 생태계 평가, 최종적으로는 이러한 분석 결과를 바탕으로 생태계 관리를 위한 생태지도를 작성하였다. This study developed an ecological mapping technique with GIS database using the analyses of existing ecological survey reports and the change detection on the Nakdong river estuary. The data which are used to establish GIS DB include 2 Landsat TM images on Nov. 31, 1984 and May 17, 1997, 1:25, 000 topographical maps established by National Geography Institution and various ecological survey reports published by Busan metropolitan city government. The details for producing ecological map are as follows. At first, the current methods of ecomapping efforts and previous ecological surveys of Nakdong river estuary were carefully examined. Secondly, the land cover maps were created from the classified Landsat images of 1984 and 1997 for the spatiotemporal ecosystem analysis. Thirdly, the ecosystem was evaluated by using GIS ecological database based on the criteria of botany, zoology and water quality etc. Each criteria was reclassified into 3 stages which describe the overall quality of ecological condition. At last, the comprehensive ecological map was suggested as a prototype of ecosystem assesment and management tool with the discussion of further study. The findings of this study would be a milestone for preserving and managing the ecosystem.