中?合同法的制定及其?展?向

姚?(Yao Hui) 부산대학교 법학연구소 2011 법학연구 Vol.52 No.2

현재 중국의 〈계약법〉은 중화인민공화국 제9차 ‘전국인민대표대회’의 제2차 전체 회의에서 통과 된 것으로써, 1999년 10월 1일부터 실시 되었다. 당시의 비교적 보편적으로 쓰이던 서술에 의하면, 이것은 중국의 “통일된 계약법”이다; 이 법의 정식 공포와시행으로 인해, 〈중화인민공화국경제계약법〉, 〈중화인민공화국국외관련경제계약법〉, 〈중화인민공화국기술계약볍〉 이렇게 세 가지로 병립하여 대치하던 중국의 법 체제를 종식시키고, 계약법의 ‘천하일통’을 이루었다. 중국의 민사입법역사상 역사적 전환을 가져온 획기적인 의미가 있는 법률이다. 근, 현대 의의 상의 중국 법에 아무런 의문이 없이 처음부터 시작하여 깊게 국외, 국내 특히 외국법의 영향을 많이 받았다. 그 정도는 한 학자가 만약 백 년 이래 외국법률의 이식이 없었으면 근, 현대 중국법도 없었을 것이라고 지적할 정도였다. 중국 근, 현대 법의 기초는 중국 전통사회의 법률이 아니라 외국법, 특히 서방의 법이 주를 이룬다. 필자의 생각으로는 이 말은 중국 계약법에도 적용 되어있다. 물론 외국법률제도 및 이론의 학습, 도입, 참고 과정 중에도 주의 할 만한 문제가 있다. 첫 번째는 어떻게 외국법과 중국의 국정을 결합하는지의 문제, 즉 양위중용(洋?中用)의 문제이다. 최근 몇 년 법학계에서는 계속 법률이식, 법률본토화, 법률과 국정 등의 문제를 토론 하고 있다. 입법 과정 중에 이런 문제는 자주 출현한다. 예를 들어 본문에도 말한 중국 계약법 중 영미 법제도의 도입이다. 다음으로 외국의 유명한 민법 학자의 학술사상 및 그 학술사상이 각국 민법전에 대한 영향과 일본, 한국 민법전 내의 전통민법을 깊게 연구하는 학자가 아직 적고 영미 법의 재산법, 계약법, 침권 행위법의 이론을 연구하는 학자도 적다. 한마디로 말해 우리는 지금 진정 사회생활과 법률체계가 각국의 민법을 파악할 능력이 있다고 생각하는가? 대답은 확실하지 않을 것이다. 중국 계약법의 학술품격 또는 방법론상의 특징을 요약하면 답안은 얻기 어려울 수 도 있거나 쉬울 수 도 있다. Chinese authority enacted a new unified “contract law” in 1999, and ended three separate contract laws which are economic contract law, foreign economic contract law and technological contract law. The enactment of new contract law integrates law principle with law value, and promotes to solve some clashes and problems in law, together with the systematism of civil law. However, the contract law carries some flaws, such as unclearness of system and legislative logic, difficult in combining different contract laws, the lack of some necessary institutions and typical contract. Two methods, based on legality, may be taken in judgement, one is avoid creating legislative norms, focus on the legality, judicature and application of judicial interpretation. Another is internationalization.

Effect of web hole spacing on axial capacity of back-to-back cold-formed steel channels with edge-stiffened holes

Yaohui Chi,Krishanu Roy,Boshan Chen,Zhiyuan Fang,Asraf Uzzaman,G. Beulah Gnana Ananthi,James B.P. Lim 국제구조공학회 2021 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.40 No.2

Recently, a new generation of cold-formed steel (CFS) channel section with edge-stiffened web holes has been developed by industry in New Zealand. However, no research has been reported in the literature to investigate the axial capacity of back-to-back channels with edge-stiffened web holes. This paper presents a total of 73 new results comprising 29 compression tests and 44 finite element analyses (FEA) on axial capacity of such back-to-back CFS channels. The results show that for back-to-back channels with seven edge-stiffened holes, the axial capacity increased by 19.2%, compared to plain channels without web holes. A non-linear finite element (FE) model was developed and validated against the test results. The validated FE model was used to conduct a parametric study involving 44 FE models. Finely, the tests results were compared with the design strengths calculated from the AISI and AS/NZ standards and from the proposed design equations of Moen and Schafer. From the comparison results, it was found that the AISI and AS/NZ design strengths are only 9% conservative to the test results for plain channels without web holes. While Moen and Schafer equations are conservative by 13% and 47% for axial capacity of CFS back-to-back channels with un-stiffened and edge-stiffened web holes, respectively.

Intelligent techniques and optimization algorithms in textile colour management: a systematic review of applications and prediction accuracy

Senbiao Liu,Yaohui Keane Liu,Kwan-yu Chris Lo,Chi-wai Kan 한국의류학회 2024 Fashion and Textiles Vol.11 No.1

Based on a selection of 101 articles published from 2013 to 2022, this study systematically reviews the application of intelligent techniques and optimization algorithms in textile colour management. Specifically, the study explores how these techniques have been applied to four subfields within textile colour management: colour matching and prediction, colour difference detection and assessment, colour recognition and segmentation, and dye solution concentration and decolourization. Following an introduction to intelligent techniques and optimization algorithms in textile colour management, the study describes the specific applications of these techniques in the field over the past decade. Descriptive statistics are used to analyse trends in the use of these techniques and optimization algorithms, and comparative performances indicate the effectiveness of the techniques and algorithms. The study finds that the primary intelligent techniques used in the field of textile colour management include artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machines (SVM) such as SVM, LSSVM, LSSVR, SLSSVR, FWSVR, fuzzy logic (FL) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), clustering algorithms (e.g., K-means, FCM, X-means algorithms), and extreme learning machines (ELM) such as ELM, OSLEM, KELM, RELM. The main optimization algorithms used include response surface methodology (RSM), genetic algorithms (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and differential evolution (DE). Finally, the study proposes a comparison of the performance of intelligent techniques and optimization algorithms, summarizes the relevant research trends, and suggests future research opportunities and directions, besides stating the limitations of this paper.

On Finding the Multicast Protection Tree Considering SRLG in WDM Optical Networks

Yonggang Li,Yaohui Jin,Lemin Li,Longjiang Li 한국전자통신연구원 2006 ETRI Journal Vol.28 No.4

In this letter, a new sharing mechanism, SRLG sharing, is proposed, which allows the links of the same shared risk link group (SRLG) in a primary light tree to share protections in WDM optical networks. In previous studies, how to share spare resources with SRLG constraints has not been studied in multicast optical networks. In this letter, considering SRLG sharing, we propose a novel algorithm –multicast with SRLG sharing (MSS)– to establish a protection light tree. Finally, the algorithm MSS and the algorithm multicast with no SRLG sharing (MNSS) are compared through a simulation to show that our new sharing scheme of SRLG sharing is more efficient than that of no SRLG sharing in terms of spare resource utilization and blocking probability.

Wavelength and Waveband Assignment for Ring Networks Based on Parallel Multi-granularity Hierarchical OADMs

Yongmin Qi,Yikai Su,Yaohui Jin,Weisheng Hu,Yi Zhu,Yi Zhang 한국전자통신연구원 2006 ETRI Journal Vol.28 No.5

In this paper we study the optimization issues of ring networks employing novel parallel multi-granularity hierarchical optical add-drop multiplexers (OADMs). In particular, we attempt to minimize the number of control elements for the off-line case. We present an integer linear programming formulation to obtain the lower bound in optimization, and propose an efficient heuristic algorithm called global bandwidth resource assignment that is suitable for the design of large-scale OADM networks.

The Impact of Play Practice on Chinese Physical Education Pre-Service Teachers Badminton Content Knowledge

Hairui Liu,Wei Wang,Yaohui He,Peter Hastie 대한운동학회 2020 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.22 No.3

[OBJECTIVES] This study examined the development of Chinese pre-service physical education teachers’ technical skill, tactical understanding, game performance (common content knowledge - CCK), and specialized content knowledge (SCK) during a badminton course incorporating Play Practice instruction. [METHODS] Participants were 36 pre-service teachers (31 males, 5 females: age 21 ± 1.0) majoring in physical education at a university in central China. The students completed a 24 lesson course after a 16 weeks semester. A typical lesson (90 minutes) included a 10-minute warm-up, followed by instruction in two or three technical skills or tactics for 50-55 minutes. The final 25-minutes included the Play Practice aspect of the lesson - a specific game-based challenge to reinforce a technical or tactical aspect of badminton play. The challenge included the three typical pedagogies of Play Practice: focusing, shaping, and enhancing. The French clear test, tactical understanding in badminton, Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI), and student-generated content maps were used to respectively monitor changes in technical skills, tactical understanding, game performance, and specialized content knowledge before and after the course. Parametric statistics were used to compare student outcomes. [RESULTS] Statistically significant differences were found on all measures from pre- to post-test, with all showing large effect sizes. In particular, over 75% of students achieved the benchmark depth of SCK following the course. [CONCLUSIONS] The inclusion of Play Practice within a sport instruction course can contribute to various elements that are needed to promote the CCK and SCK of pre-service physical education students.

Informal Trade along the China-North Korea Border

Justin V. Hastings,Yaohui Wang 동아시아연구원 2018 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.18 No.2

Why do Chinese traders along the China–North Korea border turn to informal trade, and what does it provide for them? Using a unique set of interviews with Chinese formal and informal traders operating in North Korea, we argue that the strategies of informal trade are a calculated response to certain types of risk. In doing so, we introduce a typology of risks and the mechanisms by which informal trade allows traders to mitigate those risks. Because informal traders bypass trade regulations and border checkpoints, they are able to mitigate risk more cheaply than formal traders in some cases and can overcome barriers that can cause failure in formal trade. Informal traders can thus maintain trade in many circumstances, including across North Korean personnel instability and policy reversals, Chinese sanctions enforcement, and delays and smuggling crackdowns on both sides of the border.

China Urban Economic Reform and Development in the Past 30 Years

Xiaodong Fu,Jing Yu,Yaohui Li 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2009 도시과학국제저널 Vol.13 No.2

It has been already 30 years since China began her reforms and opened to the outside world. During these recent 30 years, China’s urban economy has not only gained rapid expansion on a total quantity scale, but has also made qualitative leaps and remarkable upgrades in economic system and operational mechanism. This paper studies transitional process of urban economic reform as well as step-by-step liberation of urban economic elements during the recent 30 years in order to explore the new mode of China’s urban economic development. Based on the relevant statistical data of China’s urban economy and the corresponding institutional analysis, it presents that China’s urban economic system has gradually shifted from planned allocation to a more open market, that the utilization of urban function has changed from monomer to urban group, that the measure of urban economic level has transformed from simple output to the whole urban value, that the new impetus of urban economic development has shifted to urban management, that urban development concept and guidance has broken through the former size limitation.

축구단원 일반내용지식 검사도구 개발 및 타당화

이한주,고봄나,Phillip Ward,이태구,Kelsey Higginson,Yaohui He,이윤수 국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠정책과학원 2018 체육과학연구 Vol.29 No.4

[Purpose] Common content knowledge(CCK) is composed of rules, techniques, and tactics. Such knowledge is a requirement for effective teaching of physical education (PE). There are, however, few validated tests of CCK. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop a CCK test of soccer and evaluate the validity and reliability of the test using Rasch modeling (Rasch, 1980). [Methods] We developed thirty item common content knowledge test for soccer. Then, we used Rasch modeling to evaluate the validity and reliability of a test of soccer. Pre-service teachers (N=92) majoring in physical education and non-PE major (N=111) participated in this study. [Results] Thirty questions demonstrated good item-model fit. Moderately high internal consistency for person-ability and high internal consistency for item-difficulty are reported. Both Infit and Outfit statistics showed a good fit between the data and the Rasch model. [Conclusions] The analysis provides evidence to support the validity and reliability of this instrument as a CCK test of soccer. Limitations of the study were discussed and suggestions were provided to improve the test. [목적] Ward (2009)는 일반내용지식(CCK)을 신체활동과 관련된 (가) 규칙, 안전, 에티켓, (나) 기술, 그리고 (다) 전술의 세 가지 범주의 지식으로 구분하였다. 많은 연구자들이 내용지식이 교수내용지식(PCK)의 중요한 부분임을 강조했음에도 불구하고 내용지식에 대한 논의와 연구는 매우 제한적이다. 이 연구의 목적은 (1) 축구관련 CCK 검사도구를 개발하고 (2) Rasch 모형을 이용하여 신뢰도와 타당도를 평가하는 것이다. [방법] 연구자들은 축구에 대한 지식검사 30문항을 개발하였다. 그런 다음 Rasch 모형을 사용하여 축구 지식검사도구의 타당성과 신뢰성을 평가하였다. 타당화 연구를 위해 체육을 전공한 예비교사(N = 92)와 체육 전공이 아닌 대학생(N = 111)이 연구에 참여했다. [결과] 연구결과 30개의 문항이 내 외적합성에서 긍정적으로 나타났다. Infit과 Outfit 통계는 모두 데이터와 Rasch 모델 사이에 적합하였다. 수행능력과 문항난이도는 높은 내부 일관성이 나타났다. [결론] 이 연구는 개발한 축구단원 일반내용 지식검사 (CCK) 도구가 타당성과 신뢰성을 갖춘 검사도구임을 검증하였다. 연구의 한계를 서술하였고, 축구단원 CCK 검사도구를 개선하기 위한 논의를 하였다.

The Predictive Value of Pre-therapeutic Serum Gamma-glutamyl transferase in Efficacy and Adverse Reactions to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy among Breast Cancer Patients

Lu Sun,Wenjin Yin,Ziping Wu,Yaohui Wang,Jinsong Lu 한국유방암학회 2020 Journal of breast cancer Vol.23 No.5

Purpose: Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) has been reported as being involved in tumor progression. Previous studies documented a potential relationship between serum GGT level and survival outcome in several types of human malignancies. However, the association between serum GGT levels and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has not yet been reported. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between pre-therapeutic serum GGT level and the efficacy, long-term survival, and adverse reactions of NAC and to investigate its role in predicting NAC sensitivity in patients with breast cancer. Methods: A total of 129 patients were recruited and stratified into 2 groups according to serum GGT level (< 29 U/L and ≥ 29 U/L). The association between pre-therapeutic serum GGT levels and clinicopathological parameters was examined. The correlation between pre-therapeutic serum GGT levels and pathological complete response (pCR) was analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Survival analyses of relapse-free survival (RFS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were performed. Pearson's χ2 test and multivariate logistic regression model were used to analyze the correlation between pre-therapeutic serum GGT levels and adverse reactions. Results: Pre-therapeutic serum GGT levels were associated with pCR among breast cancer patients treated with NAC. Multivariate analysis showed that low-level GGT significantly increased pCR rate. Patients in the high-level GGT group had poorer survival than those in the low-level GGT group. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that serum GGT level was potentially related to RFS and DFS in the hormone receptor-positive group. Low levels of GGT are significantly associated with a higher incidence of neutropenia. Conclusion: Pre-therapeutic serum GGT level is an independent and novel biomarker for predicting the efficiency, prognosis, and adverse reactions to NAC in breast cancer patients. Patients with low pre-therapeutic serum GGT levels are more likely to have higher pCR rates, better RFS and DFS, and higher hematologic toxicity.