Effects of epigallocatechin gallate on CoCl_(2)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells

Yang, Kyu-Ho,Mo, Hyun-Chul,Choi, Nam-Ki,Kim, Seon-Mi,Kim,Won-Jae 大韓小兒齒科學會 2006 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.33 No.1

Neuronal apoptotic events, consequently resulting in neuronal cell death, are occurred in hypoxic/ischemic condition. This cell death has been shown to be accompanied with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can attack cellular components such as nucleic acids, proteins and phospholipid. However, the underlying mechanisms of apoptosis induced in hypoxic/ischemic condition and its treatment methods are unsettled. Cobalt chloride (CoCl_(2)) has been known to mimic hypoxic condition including the production of ROS. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). a green tea polyphenol, has diverse pharmacologial activities in cell growth and death. This study was aimed to investigate the apoptotic mechanism by CoCl_(2) and effects of EGCG on CoCl_(2)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Administration of CoCl_(2) decreased cell survival in dose- and time-dependent manners and induced genomic DNA fragmentation. Treatment with 100 µM EGCG for 30 min before PC12 cells were exposed to 150 µM CoCl_(2), being resulted in the cell viability and DNA fragmentation being rescued. CoCl_(2) caused morphologic changes such as cell swelling and condensed nuclei, whereas EGCG attenuated morphologic changes by CoCl_(2). EGCG suppressed the apoptotic peak and a loss of Δψ_(m) induced by CoCl_(2). CoCl_(2) decreased Bcl-2 expression but Bax expression was not changed in CoCl_(2)-treated cells. EGCG attenuated the Bcl-2 underexpression by CoCl_(2). CoCl_(2) augumented the cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytoplasm and increased caspase-8, -9 and caspase-3 activity, a marker of the apoptotic executing stage. EGCG ameliorated the incruement in caspase-8, -9 and -3 activity, and cytochrome c release by CoCl_(2). NAC (N-acetyl-cysteine), a scavenger of ROS, attenuated CoCl_(2)-induced apoptosis in consistent with those of EGCG. These results suggest, that CoCl_(2) induces apoptotic cell death through both mitochondria- and death receptor-dependent pathway and EGCG has neuroprotective effects against CoCl_(2)-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. 신경세포자멸사는 저산소 및 허혈환경에서 일어나며 이러한 세포죽은 reactive oxidant species (ROS) 생성을 동반함이 알려져있다. 그러나, 저산소 및 허혈환경에서 일어나는 세포자멸사의 기전 및 그 치료방법은 아직 정립되어 있지 않다. CoCl_(2)는 ROS를 생성하는 등 저산소환경과 유사한 조건을 초래하는 것으로 알려져 있다. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)는 녹차의 polyphenol 성분으로서 세포성장과 죽음에 다양한 약리학적 효과를 나타냄이 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 PC12 세포에서 CoCl_(2)에 의한 세포자멸사기전을 밝히고 이에 미치는 EGCG의 효과를 조사하는데 목적이 있다. Cell viability는 MTT 측정으로 조사되었고, DNA fragmentation은 DNA laddering으로 조사되었다. Bcl-2와 Bax발현 정도는 RT-PCR로, caspase-3와 -9의 활성은 spectrophotometer, caspase-8의 활성은 flow cytometry에 의해 측정되었다. 미토콘드리아에서 세포질로 분비된 cytochrome c는 western blot으로, 분해된 DNA 양과 미토콘드리아 세포막전위 (Δψ_(m))는 FACScan으로 조사되었다. CoCl_(2)투여로 PC12 세포수는 용량 및 시간 의존형태로 감소하였고, genomic DNA fragmentation이 발생하였다. CoCl_(2)투여로 야기된 cell viability의 감소와 DNA fragmentation은 EGCG 전처치에 의해 억제되었다. CoCl_(2)은 세포용적팽창과 condensed nuclei 같은 형태적 변화를 일으켰으며, apoptotic peak, Δψ_(m)감소 및 cytochrome c 유리를 야기하였다. EGCG는 CoCl_(2)에 의한 세포형태변화, apoptotic peak, Δψ_(m)소실 및 cytochrome c 유리를 억제시켰다. CoCl_(2)는 Bcl-2 발현을 감소시켰지만, Bax 발현에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. EGCG는 CoCl_(2)에 의해 야기된 Bcl-2 발현 감소를 억제시켰다. CoCl_(2)는 caspase-3, -8, 그리고 -9의 활성을 증가시켰으며, EGCG는 CoCl_(2)에 의한 세포자멸사를 억제시켰다. 본 실험결과는 PC12 세포에서 CoCl_(2)가 미토콘드리아 의존 및 death receptor의존 기전으로 세포자멸사를 일으키며, EGCG는 세포자멸사기전을 억세지킴으로 신경보호기능을 가짐을 시사하였다.

A field study of colloid transport in surface and subsurface flows

Zhang, Wei,Tang, Xiang-Yu,Xian, Qing-Song,Weisbrod, Noam,Yang, Jae E.,Wang, Hong-Lan Elsevier, etc 2016 Journal of hydrology Vol.542 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Colloids have been recognized to enhance the migration of strongly-sorbing contaminants. However, few field investigations have examined combined colloid transport via surface runoff and subsurface flows. In a headwater catchment of the upper Yangtze River, a 6m (L) by 4m (W) sloping (6°) farmland plot was built by cement walls to form no-flow side boundaries. The plot was monitored in the summer of 2014 for the release and transport of natural colloids via surface runoff and subsurface flows (i.e., the interflow from the soil-mudrock interface and fracture flow from the mudrock-sandstone interface) in response to rain events. The water sources of the subsurface flows were apportioned to individual rain events using a two end-member model (i.e., mobile pre-event soil water extracted by a suction-cup sampler <I>vs</I>. rainwater (event water)) based on <I>δ</I> <SUP>18</SUP>O measurements. For rain events with high preceding soil moisture, mobile pre-event soil water was the main contributor (generally >60%) to the fracture flow. The colloid concentration in the surface runoff was 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than that in the subsurface flows. The lowest colloid concentration was found in the subsurface interflow, which was probably the result of pore-scale colloid straining mechanisms. The rainfall intensity and its temporal variation govern the dynamics of the colloid concentrations in both surface runoff and subsurface flows. The duration of the antecedent dry period affected not only the relative contributions of the rainwater and the mobile pre-event soil water to the subsurface flows but also the peak colloid concentration, particularly in the fracture flow. The <10μm fine colloid size fraction accounted for more than 80% of the total suspended particles in the surface runoff, while the colloid size distributions of both the interflow and the fracture flow shifted towards larger diameters. These results highlight the need to avoid the application of strongly-sorbing agrochemicals (e.g., pesticides, phosphorus fertilizers) immediately before rainfall following a long no-rain period because their transport in association with colloids may occur rapidly over long distances via both surface runoff and subsurface flows with rainfall.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Subsurface flow was apportioned into rainwater and mobile pre-event soil water. </LI> <LI> The duration of no-rain period affects peak colloid concentration. </LI> <LI> Rainfall intensity and its temporal variation govern colloid discharge dynamics. </LI> </UL> </P>

건강한 성인에서 발병한 칸디다와 연관된 위궤양 1례

박지훈,이상혁,김희,이재호,박성재,지삼룡,양성연,박은택,이연재,설상영,정정명,강미선 白中央醫療院 2005 仁濟醫學 Vol.26 No.1

Fungus such as Candida albicans is a normal flora that is frequently found in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, vaginal mucosa in a normal person. However, candida can cause opportunistic infection in an immune compromised host. Candidiasis has broad spectrum of disease from mucocutaneous infection to invasive or disseminated infection. But, it is rarely reported that candida is associaed with gastrointestinal tract disease in a healthy adult. The case of gastric ulcer associated with candida particularly in a health adult is reported with relevant literature.

A. 高校 科學 (生物·地球科學) 및 數學科 探究學習의 評價模型 定立과 評價紙 開發

李相協,權炳奎,林在圭,孫文求,吳岱燮,楊洪準,梁承榮,姜用熙,林成圭,金正遠,金吉民,兪正在 경북대학교 과학교육연구소 1982 科學敎育硏究誌 Vol.6 No.-

Currently the evaluation of high school science and mathematics learning has been too much knowledge-centered without concerning the inquiring ability or scientific attitude. This study, therefore, was made for the purpose of establishing of evaluation model for high school science (biology and earth science) and mathematics learning and its evaluation items. In this paper, the research was done about three fields, biology, earth science and mathematics. 1. For the biology, the evaluation methods of inquiry learning were studied with the foreign references, and proper evaluation items were suggested. 2. For the earth science, after analizing 5 kinds of earth science textbook of current using in high school, essential 19 items were selected. 5 of them were tested in test group and control group, then, the results were analized. 3. For the mathematice, the teaching elements of「Set」and「Flow chart」in mathematics (Ⅰ) were selected and structured. Detailed teaching objects were established and evaluation items were introduced.

봉독약침이 류마티스 관절염 환자의 관절 통증, 종창 및 급성 염증 반응에 미치는 영향

이상훈,이현종,백용현,김수영,박재경,홍승재,양형인,김건식,이재동,최도영,이두익,이윤호 WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2003 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2003 No.-

Objective In order to study the effects of bee venom(BV) on the pain, edema, and acute inflammatory reactant of rheumatoid arthritis(RA) patients. Methods Patients with RA who met the ACR(American College of Rheumatology) 1987 revised criteria for the diagnosis of RA were treated with the BV therapy twice a week for 3 months. Tender Joint counts, swollen joint counts, Visual analog scale(VAS), morning stiffness, ESR. C-reactive protein(CRP) were analyzed before and after BV therapy. Results The results as follows. 1. Tender joint counts in patients after BV therapy were significantly lower than those before BV therapy(9.0±7.9 vs 15± 11.4, p=0.002). 2. Swollen joint counts of the patients after BV therapy were significantly lower than those before BV therapy(50±61 vs 15±23, p=0.001). 3. VAS in patients after BV therapy was significantly lower than those before BV therapy(608± 17.6 vs 380± 159, p=0.000). 4. Duration of morning stiffness in patients after BV therapy was significantly reduced compared with that before BV therapy(119.1± 112.6 min vs 59.0±89.7 min, p=0.009). 5. ESR and CRP were not significantly changed before and after BV therapy, suggesting BV itself could make inflammatory reaction as well as therapeutic effect. Conclusions BV therapy improved tender joint counts, swollen joint counts and duration of morning stiffness in this study, and further study is needed on long-term effect of BV therapy.

봉독약침이 류마티스 관절염 환자의 기능회복 및 삶의 질에 미치는 영향

이상훈,이현종,박상민,김수영,박재경,홍승재,양형인,이재동,최도영,김건식,이두익,이윤호 WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2003 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2003 No.-

Objective: To evaluate the effects of bee venom acupuncture(BVA) on the rehabilitation and quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis(RA) patients Methods: Patients with RA were treated with the BVA therapy twice a week for 3 months. Tender joint counts, swollen joint counts, morning stiffness, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate(ESR), C-reactive protein(CRP), patient global assessment, physician global assessment, Korean health assessment questionnaire(KHAQ) were estimated and analyzed before and after BVA therapy. Results: Tender joint counts, swollen joint counts, morning stiffness showed significant decrease after BVA therapy. But, as acute inflammatory reactants, ESR showed no significant difference and CRP showed significant increase after BVA therapy. Patient global assessment physician global assessment, and KHAQ index showed significant improvement after BVA therapy. Conclusions: BVA therapy can improve rehabilitation and health-related quality of life RA patients as well as clinical symptom and signs. Further study is required in more population with large scale including acute inflammatory reaction of BVA therapy.

高濃度有機排水の高溫 · 好氣處理における 力口り一/水 (C/W) 比の重要性

梁在璟,淸水由紀子,趙敬淑,森忠洋 이화여자대학교 생명과학연구소 1995 생명과학연구논문집 Vol.6 No.-

The significance of Calorie/Water (C/W) ratio was investigated in the treatment of highly concentrated orgnic wastes by the Thermophilic Oxic Process (TOP). Shochu progressing wastewater was used in this study. When C/W ratio was 2.18, most of carbon in influent was converted to CO_2 and all water was evaporated. Organic matter was not completely converted to carbon dioxide (CO_2) when the C/W ratio was less than 1.85. It is because that the biologicak activity was low due to the increase of moisture. The mixture in the reator was dried when C/W ratio was 4.13 beacuse excess energy was provied. Considering these results, it si concluded that the optimum C.W ratio is 2.18. The thermophilic oxic process is included in the high energy combustion, in other word this process was defined as "Biocombustion".

초등영어 학습자들의 영어 학습전략의 사용과 영어능력과의 관계

양재석 대구교육대학교 초등교육연구소 2020 현장중심 초등교육연구 Vol.2 No.-

The purpose of this study is to investigate the primary level students' use of language learning strategies depending on learner variables including English proficiency, gender, learning period, and grade. The students (N=140) enrolled in one public elementary school participated in the study. The data were analyzed based on the results of learning strategy survey, English proficiency test, and a background questionnaire. The findings show that the compensation strategy and the affective strategy were used most frequently. In the results according to the English proficiency level, high-level learners use more learning strategies than low-level ones. In particular, among the six sub-strategies, all strategies except the memorization strategy showed significant differences between groups by English proficiency level. Also, there was no significant difference in the frequency of strategy use according to the grade and gender. With regard to the learning period, however, learners with a learning period of 5 years or more used the language learning strategies more frequently compared to those of a group whose learning period is less than 3 years. 본 연구는 초등학생 영어학습자들의 전반적인 영어 학습전략을 활용 양상과 영어 능숙도, 성 별, 학습기간, 학년을 포함하는 학습자 변수에 따른 학습전략 활용 빈도의 차이를 연구하는데 목적을 두고 있다. D시 소재의 공립 초등학교 1 곳에 재학 중인 140명이 연구에 참여하였다. 수집된 자료는 학습전략 목록과 영어 능숙도 시험, 배경 설문에 대한 결과를 중심으로 분석하 였으며, 그 결과 전반적으로 보상전략과 정의적 전략의 활용 빈도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 영 어 수준에 따른 결과에서는 상위 수준의 학습자들이 학습전략을 자주 사용하는 것으로 나타났 으며, 특히 총 6개의 하위전략 중, 암기전략을 제외한 모든 전략에서 수준별 집단 간 유의한 차 이를 보였다. 학년과 성별에 따른 전략 활용 빈도의 차이에서는 유의미한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났지만, 학습기간과 관련해서는 학습기간이 5년 이상이 되는 학습자들이 3년 이하의 학습 기간이 비교적 짧은 집단의 학습자들에 비해서 학습전략을 자주 사용하는 것으로 나타났다.

고정원 de-NOx SCR용 촉매로서의 Pt담지 MCM-48 촉매의 특성분석

양재승,정석진 경희대학교 산학협력기술연구원 2001 산학협력기술연구논문집 Vol.7 No.-

In this study, Pt supported on MCM-48 was tested as a new catalyst for hydrocarbon-SCR process. MCM-48 is a new support material of the catalyst fur SCR. Characterization and de-NOx activity test were performed for the newly synthesized MCM-48-supported catalysts. Pt(1wt%)/MCM-48 showed 90% of NO reduction between 250-500℃. Water addition effect was also studied. Water vapor of 10Vol% was injected to the reactor. Water did not exhibit a bad influence on the catalytic activity. This result proved that Pt/MCM-48 had higher water resistance than zeolite. We could expect that metal supported on MCM-48 might be a highly possible candidate fur a new catalyst of hydrocarbon SCR process.

RAPD법을 이용한 양파품종(Allium cepa L.)간의 유전변이와 유연관계분석

양보경,김도훈,이영병,남재성,정순재 동아대학교 농업생명과학연구소 2001 農業生命資援硏究 Vol.10 No.1

This study was carried out to investigate genetic variation and relationships among onion varieties, Allium cepa L., by RAPD-PCR analysis. In the test of 120 primers with 58 onion varieties collected from local and abroad, eight primers turned out to be useful for further analysis. These primers eventually provided a total of 71 bands, consisting of 68 polymorphic and three monomorphic ones. The polymorphic bands were subjected to phylogenetic analysis using NTSYS and PAUP computer programs. In the NTSYS analysis, similarity coefficient of the 58 onion varieties ranged from 0 to 0.9179 and that of 27 varieties with obvious origin ranged from 0.0306 to 0.9032, The dendrogram of 58 varieties obtained by NTSYS analysis resulted in 15 groups, but overall groupings were not consistent with bulb phenotypes (e.g., color, weight, and shape) or origin of the varieties either In the PAUP analysis, genetic divergence of the 58 onion varieties ranged from 0.042 to 0.532 and that of 27 varieties with obvious origin ranged from 0.042 to 0.394. Phylogenetic analysis using PAUP revealed 13 group with 58 varieties and nine group with 27 varieties, but these were not consistent with any bulb phenotypes or origin either, as seen in the NTSYS analysis.