An Analysis of the Precautionary Principle in the Fishery Products Dispute between Korea and Japan

Yan Cai,김은미 한국무역연구원 2019 무역연구 Vol.15 No.3

Purpose - This study aims to explore how and to what extent the precautionary principle (PP) might be applied in the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the SPS Agreement). Design/methodology/approach - This study conducted a case analysis on Korea-Import Bans, and Testing and Certification Requirements for Radionuclides, whose Appellate Body (AB) Report was circulated very recently on April 11, 2019. Findings - This study found that the Panel is still reluctant to allow members considerable policy space needed to operationalize the PP by taking an overly narrow approach in the interpretation of Article 5.7 of the SPS Agreement. However, the AB, overturning an earlier ruling made by the Panel for the first time in the World Trade Organization (WTO) history, sets forth its consistent position of supporting a “prudent precaution” approach. Research implications or Originality - Since the establishment of the WTO, disputes over the role of PP in the world trade law have been for a long time; however, there is still a long way to go for a well-established jurisprudence to take hold. This study suggests that it might be desirable for future panels to follow the AB’s interpretation approach and move further away from an overly narrow interpretation of the PP.

In silico modeling of pathogenic or possibly pathogenic point mutations in PSEN2

Yan Cai,Eva Bagyinszky,안성수,김상윤,Eva Bagyinszky 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2016 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.12 No.4

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. 3 genes found to be involved in early-onset AD encode amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin1 (PSEN1), and presenilin2 (PSEN2). Presenilin mutations play a key role, with more than 200 mutations described for PSEN1 and approximately 40 for PSEN2. However, whether mutations cause disease or have effects on protein function is often unknown. For further study, such as genetic counseling and pathogenesis, the important thing we need do is to classify mutations into “pathogenic” or “not pathogenic”. Building a structural context in cell for all mutations is expensive and time consuming. In this study, we summarized substitution mutations in the PSEN2 gene and attempted to identify pathogenic mutations using Polyphen2 (polymorphism phenotyping v2), SIFT (Sorting Intolerant From Tolerant), and 3-D structure analysis techniques.

Analyzing China’s Non-market Economy Status:

Yan Cai,Eun-Mi Kim 한국무역연구원 2016 무역연구 Vol.12 No.4

The Market Economy Status (MES) issue has come to the top of the international agenda, bringing heated discussions on whether or not China will soon be granted this status after December 11, 2016. Until 2014, there has been a total of 1052 Anti-Dumping (AD) investigations initiated against China, ranking it the first in the world. One of the reasons for this is that China is still treated as a Non-Market Economy (NME) by many other countries or politico-economic unions, represented by the United States (U.S.) and the European Union (EU). The U.S. and the EU reserve their own “market economy test” practice for goods from China, which allows the derogation from general price comparability methodology and in turn causes damaging effects to China. To address the problem of whether China should be treated as a Market Economy (ME) in AD investigations, this study tries to examine the ME indicators used both in Chinese domestic studies and foreign studies. Finally, by comparing and combing the U.S. and the EU scholars’ suggestions on what their government should do as the 2016 expiration date approaches, this study presents four scenarios that might unfold by the U.S. and the EU and the corresponding Chinese government alternatives

A Study on the Non-market Economic Treatment of WTO Trade Remedies: A Focus on Case Analysis

Yan Cai,Eun-Mi Kim 한국무역연구원 2017 무역연구 Vol.13 No.3

The early stages of the GATT focused on MEs and did not include rules related to NMEs. With the creation of the WTO in 1995 and the participation of NMEs in a multilateral trading system, the WTO became interested in different treatments between MEs and NMEs. However, the ambiguity of the WTO Agreement on NME treatment has been exploited as a tool of protectionism. Particularly, some powerful countries, such as the U.S. and the EU, have even enacted national laws that do not match the WTO to discriminate against NMEs and protect domestic industries. Through trade dispute analysis between the U.S. and China (DS379) and the EU and China (DS397), this study investigates whether the WTO fulfills its fair free trade obligations. If the WTO cannot solve the problem of discrepancy between multilateral agreements and domestic laws, free trade competition will be negatively affected by distorted resource allocation. In order to strengthen the legal status of the WTO and to avoid a global trade war, it is necessary to clarify NME issues on multilateral agreement tables such as the Doha Development Round. NMEs also need to focus on negotiating NME treatment rules and demonstrate diplomatic and political capabilities more than ever.

Fuzzy Design for Ship Heading Control Using ACFB for e-Navigation

Yancai Hu,Gyei-Kark Park,Taeho Hong,Geonung Kim 한국지능시스템학회 2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of FUZZY LOGIC and INTELLIGE Vol.17 No.4

In this paper, a fuzzy robust design for ship heading control using ACFB (adaptive command filtered backstepping) is proposed considering the input saturation constraints and external disturbances for e-Navigation. This novel adaptive controller is constructed for the underactuated surface ship with rudder dynamics control system based on the Lyapunov stability theory, and this control algorithm guarantees the stability of the closed-loop system. T-S fuzzy logic system is employed to approximate nonlinear uncertainty in the control system. The proposed algorithm is developed by combining command filter and minimal learning parameter (MLP) techniques to compensate the control error. The substantial problems of “explosion of complexity” and “dimension curse” existed in the conventional adaptive backstepping technique are circumvented. It is convenient to implement for the e-Navigation application. Moreover, in order to deal with the effect of input saturation constraints, an auxiliary system is developed. Finally, the MATLAB simulation results of a case study of Ship YULONG are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed scheme.

Robust Adaptive Fuzzy Design for Ship Linear-tracking Control with Input Saturation

Yancai HU,Gyei-Kark PARK,Hengtao WU,Qiang ZHANG 국제이네비해양경제학회 2017 International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Vol.6 No.1

A robust adaptive control approach is proposed for underactuated surface ship linear path-tracking control system based on the backstepping control method and Lyapunov stability theory. By employing T-S fuzzy system to approximate nonlinear uncertainties of the control system, the proposed scheme is developed by combining “dynamic surface control” (DSC) and “minimal learning parameter” (MLP) techniques. The substantial problems of “explosion of complexity” and “dimension curse” existed in the traditional backstepping technique are circumvented, and it is convenient to implement in applications. In addition, an auxiliary system is developed to deal with the effect of input saturation constraints. The control algorithm avoids the singularity problem of controller and guarantees the stability of the closed-loop system. The tracking error converges to an arbitrarily small neighborhood. Finally, MATLAB simulation results are given from an application case of Dalian Maritime University training ship to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Ship Collision Avoidance Path Planning Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Neural Network in Bad Weather

Hu Yancai,Gai Xudong,Zhang Qiang,Liu Yang 국제이네비해양경제학회 2023 International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Vol.20 No.-

Ship collision accidents not only endanger the safety of ships and personnel, but also may cause serious marine environmental pollution. To solve this problem, advanced technologies have been developed and applied in the field of intelligent ships in recent years. In this paper, a novel path planning algorithm is proposed based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) to construct a decision-making system for ship's autonomous collision avoidance using the process analysis which combines with the ship encounter situation and the decision-making method based on ship collision avoidance responsibility. This algorithm is designed to avoid both static and dynamic obstacles by judging the collision risk considering bad weather conditions by using BP neural network. When the two ships enter a certain distance, the optimal collision avoidance course and speed of the ship are obtained through the improved collision avoidance decision-making method. Finally, through MATLAB and Visual C++ platform simulations, the results show that the ship collision avoidance decision-making scheme can obtain reasonable optimal collision avoidance speed and course, which can ensure the safety of ship path planning and reduce energy consumption.

Collision risk assessment based on the vulnerability of marine accidents using fuzzy logic

Hu, Yancai,Park, Gyei-Kark The Society of Naval Architects of Korea 2020 International Journal of Naval Architecture and Oc Vol.12 No.-

Based on the trend, there have been numerous researches analysing the ship collision risk. However, in this scope, the navigational conditions and external environment are ignored or incompletely considered in training or/and real situation. It has been identified as a significant limitation in the navigational collision risk assessment. Therefore, a novel algorithm of the ship navigational collision risk solving system has been proposed based on basic collision risk and vulnerabilities of marine accidents. The vulnerability can increase the possibility of marine collision accidents. The factors of vulnerabilities including bad weather, tidal currents, accidents prone area, traffic congestion, operator fatigue and fishing boat operating area are involved in the fuzzy reasoning engines to evaluate the navigational conditions and environment. Fuzzy logic is employed to reason basic collision risk using Distance to Closest Point of Approach (DCPA) and Time of Closest Point of Approach (TCPA) and the degree of vulnerability in the specific coastal waterways. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is used to obtain the integration of vulnerabilities. In this paper, vulnerability factors have been proposed to improve the collision risk assessment especially for non-SOLAS ships such as coastal operating ships and fishing vessels in practice. Simulation is implemented to validate the practicability of the designed navigational collision risk solving system.

Collision risk assessment based on the vulnerability of marine accidents using fuzzy logic

Hu, Yancai,Park, Gyei-Kark The Society of Naval Architects of Korea 2020 International Journal of Naval Architecture and Oc Vol.12 No.1

Based on the trend, there have been numerous researches analysing the ship collision risk. However, in this scope, the navigational conditions and external environment are ignored or incompletely considered in training or/and real situation. It has been identified as a significant limitation in the navigational collision risk assessment. Therefore, a novel algorithm of the ship navigational collision risk solving system has been proposed based on basic collision risk and vulnerabilities of marine accidents. The vulnerability can increase the possibility of marine collision accidents. The factors of vulnerabilities including bad weather, tidal currents, accidents prone area, traffic congestion, operator fatigue and fishing boat operating area are involved in the fuzzy reasoning engines to evaluate the navigational conditions and environment. Fuzzy logic is employed to reason basic collision risk using Distance to Closest Point of Approach (DCPA) and Time of Closest Point of Approach (TCPA) and the degree of vulnerability in the specific coastal waterways. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is used to obtain the integration of vulnerabilities. In this paper, vulnerability factors have been proposed to improve the collision risk assessment especially for non-SOLAS ships such as coastal operating ships and fishing vessels in practice. Simulation is implemented to validate the practicability of the designed navigational collision risk solving system.

Building of an Algorithm to Generate Ship’s Collision Risk based on Accident Vulnerability under Bad Weather using Fuzzy Logic

Gi-Jong Jo(조기정),Yancai Hu(호연재),Gyei-Kark Park(박계각),Taeho Hong(홍태호) 한국지능시스템학회 2018 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.28 No.4

There have been many studies to analyze the ship collision risk of navigation. However, most papers mainly solve the navigation collision risk using DCPA (Distance to Closest Point Approach) and TCPA (Time to Closest Point Approach). There are limitations for being lack of considering the traffic weather conditions around the ships. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm to solve the ship’s collision risk based on vulnerability, where DCPA, TCPA and bad weather environment are combined using fuzzy logic for e-Navigation. and its validity is shown with some experiments.