Gallbladder Tuberculosis: CT Findings with Histopathologic Correlation

Xiu-Fang Xu,Ri-Sheng Yu,Ling-Ling Qiu,Jian Shen,Fei Dong,Ying Chen 대한영상의학회 2011 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.12 No.2

Objective: We wanted to describe the computed tomography (CT) fi ndings of gallbladder tuberculosis (TB) and to correlate them with pathologic fi ndings. Materials and Methods: There were seven patients (M:F = 3:4; mean age, 46.3 years; age range, 32 to 78 years) in whom gallbladder TB was eventually diagnosed. All of them underwent cross-sectional imaging with CT, a pathologic examination and a retrospective review. CT imaging evaluation was done in each case, including the fi ndings of a mass versus nodule, wall thickening (uniform or irregular) and the enhancement patterns (homogeneous or heterogeneous). Results: All the cases of gallbladder TB revealed the following three different CT fi ndings: micronodular lesion of the gallbladder wall (n = 1), a thickened wall (n = 4) and a gallbladder mass (n = 2). There were three cases of homogeneous enhancement of the lesions, including homogeneous enhancement with nodular lesion, homogeneous uniform thickness enhancement and homogeneous thickness enhancement in one case each, and these cases pathology showed tuberculous granuloma with a little caseating necrosis in one case and tuberculous granuloma with rich fi brous tissue, but little or no evident caseating necrosis in two cases. Four cases of heterogeneous enhancement of the lesions, including heterogeneous uniform-thickness enhancement in two cases, heterogeneous enhancement with a local mass lesion in one case and heterogeneous enhancement with a mass that replaced the gallbladder in one case; in these cases, pathology showed tuberculous granuloma with marked caseation or liquefaction necrosis in three cases and tuberculous granuloma by fi brous and calcifi cations accompanied by caseating necrosis in one case. Among the seven cases of gallbladder TB, six cases were accompanied by abdominal extra-gallbladder TB, including abdominal lymph node TB in fi ve cases and hepatic TB in four cases. Conclusion: Gallbladder TB has various CT manifestations, and the enhanced CT findings are well matched with pathological features. An irregularly thickened gallbladder wall or a gallbladder wall mass with multiple-focus necrosis or calcifi cations accompanied by the typical CT fi ndings of abdominal extra-gallbladder TB should suggest the diagnosis of gallbladder TB.

China-U.S. Relations and the Security of the Korean Peninsula

( Xiu Yu Fang ),( Xin Hua ) 한국국방연구원 2013 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.25 No.3

This article outlines the general framework of bilateral relations between China and the United States, and identifies their central strategic interests that are embodied in their respective policies toward the Korea Peninsula. Based on this elaboration, the authors further explore the divergences and convergences of the Chinese and American security strategies and foreign policies on issues related to Korea, with a focus on the effects of North Korea`s latest nuclear test in February2013 on their respective interests and attitudes. In conclusion, the authors offer some practical approaches that might be jointly implemented by China and the United States in their handling of Korea-related issues. The authors argue that, despite the complexities of China-U.S. bilateral relations and some potential sources of hostility between them, China and the United States can still manage to establish a mechanism to stabilize the Korea Peninsula through joint efforts.

A Chinese Perspective on the Causes of Chinese-Japanese Conflict and Possible Solutions

( Xiu Yu Fang ),( Xin Hua ) 한국국방연구원 2016 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.28 No.1

Chinese-Japanese relations have become increasingly tense in recent years. It might be concluded superficially that the recent tensions originated from the historical issues and the bilateral sovereignty disputes over some islands. However, these tensions are deeply rooted in the structural contradictions of these bilateral relations, such as the conflicting national strategies of China and Japan, the relative balance of power between them, and the discrepancy of their interests in their games against the background of macro transition of the overall strategic pattern of the Asia-Pacific region. Furthermore, the U.S. strategic dilemma in this gaming process adds destabilizing factors to the development of China-Japan bilateral relations. The outcomes of the China-Japan tensions not only affect the rise and fall of the relative strengths of these two countries, but also have major influences over the general strategic arrangements of East Asia and the whole Asia-Pacific. Therefore, it is very meaningful to probe the deep-rooted causes of the Chinese-Japanese conflicts and to observe current China-Japan relations from the strategic perspective because some solutions might be discoverd in this way.

새로운 동북아 질서의 태동과 한중관계의 미래

FANG Xiu Yu 제주평화연구원 2011 JPI Research Series Vol.2011 No.12

Alu Tandem Sequences Inhibit GFP Gene Expression by Triggering Chromatin Wrapping

Xiu Fang Wang,Xiao Yan Wang,Jing Liu,Jing Jing Feng,Wen Li Mu,Xiao Juan Shi,Qin Qing Yang,Xiao Cui Duan,Ying Xie,Zhan Jun Lu 한국유전학회 2009 Genes & Genomics Vol.31 No.3

Alu elements belonging to the short interspersed nuclear elements (SINE) of repetitive elements are present in more than one million copies which altogether represent 10% of the whole human genome. In this study, the roles of Alu tandem sequences in the process of GFP gene (GFP) expression and packing into chromatin of its DNA were studied. To detect the effect of Alu repeats on gene expression, different copies of Alus were inserted GFP downstream respectively in pEGFP-C1 vector. We found that Alu sequences decreased the amount of GFP transcription, the percentage of GFP positive cells and the accessibility to DNase I in length-dependent manner. Inserting Alu caused the production of higher-molecular-mass RNA, indicating Alu sequence did not induce premature transcriptional termination. Tight packing chromatins keep silent and resist to DNase I digestion, which is a general phenomenon. We suggested that head and tail tandem Alu sequences suppressed GFP expression in length dependent manner by triggering chromatin packing.

Functional Features and Significance of the Times of Neo-Romantic Music in the 1970s

Fang, Xiu Qing 한국문화산업학회 2017 문화산업연구 Vol.17 No.2

Due to the influence of postmodernism in the 1960s, a trend was observed that avant-garde composers returned to tonality in the pre-twentieth century. Thus, the composers no longer pursued only serialism, but combined avant-garde music with composition music instead. The resulting work of this combination was called Neo-Romantic Music. This study analyzes functional features of Neo-Romantic Music in 1970s and sheds light on its significance of the times. This study further proposes a direction at which pure musical composers of our time should aim. Due to the influence of postmodernism in the 1960s, a trend was observed that avant-garde composers returned to tonality in the pre-twentieth century. Thus, the composers no longer pursued only serialism, but combined avant-garde music with composition music instead. The resulting work of this combination was called Neo-Romantic Music. This study analyzes functional features of Neo-Romantic Music in 1970s and sheds light on its significance of the times. This study further proposes a direction at which pure musical composers of our time should aim.

Emergence of a New Northeast Asian Order and the Future of Korea-China Relations

FANG Xiu Yu 제주평화연구원 2011 JPI Research Series Vol.2011 No.12

Prognostic Implications for High Expression of MiR-25 in Lung Adenocarcinomas of Female Non-smokers

Xu, Fang-Xiu,Su, Yu-Liang,Zhang, Huan,Kong, Jin-Yu,Yu, Herbert,Qian, Bi-Yun Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.3

Background: Adenocarcinoma (ADC) is the most common histological type of lung cancer and its proportion is rising, especially in Asian non-smoking women. Recent studies suggest miR-25 may have diverse effects on the pathogenesis of different types of cancer. However, the role of miR-25 in lung cancer is still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential clinical value of miR-25 in non-smoking women with lung ADC. Patients and Methods: Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to evaluate the expression of miR-25 in 100 lung ADC tumor tissues and matched plasma samples and Pearson correlation tests were used to analyze the relationship between values. Associations of miR-25 expression with clinicopathological features were determined using the Student's t-test. To determine prognostic value, overall survival (OS) was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Results: Expression of miR-25 in tissue was found to be associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.021) and disease stage (P=0.012). Moreover, high miR-25 expression was also associated with poorer overall survival of women with lung ADC (P=0.008). Conclusion: Tissue miR-25 expression may be associated with tumor progression and have prognostic implications in female lung ADC patients.

한반도의 안보와 중·미 양국의 공동이익 추구 가능성 모색

방수옥(Xiu Yu Fang),김동찬(Dong Chan Kim) 경희대학교 인류사회재건연구원 2011 OUGHTOPIA Vol.26 No.3

한반도는 지정학적 위치에서 기인하는 전략적 중요성으로 인해 주변 강대국들의 관심이 집중되는 지역이다. 현 상황을 고려할 때, 한반도 정세의 불확실성은 앞으로도 상당기간 동안 지속될 것으로 평가된다. 따라서 한반도에서의 안정추구와 혼란방지는 여전히 강대국들 이 추구하는 공동의 목표가 될 것이다. 현재 한반도 주변 강대국들의 힘의 균형관계를 볼 때, 중?미 양국은 한반도의 주요한 외부 행위자임에 틀림없으며 양국 간의 관계는 향후 일정기간 한반도 정세에 큰 영향을 미치게 될 것으로 보인다. 중?미 양국이 한반도 안보문제에 있어 협력할 가능성이 있는지 규명하기 위해 본문에서는 우선 국제정치학에서 통용되는 안보개념에 대한 정의를 내리고 한반도의 전략적 특수성을 검토한 후, 이를 바탕으로 하여 중국과 미국이 각각 한반도에서 어떠한 안보 이익을 추구하고 있는지를 역사적 사례와 양국이 현재 채택하고 있는 국가 발전 전략을 통해 분석해 보고자 한다. 이 분석을 기초로 중?미 양국이 비록 여러 측면에서 경쟁 관계에 있고 마찰의 여지가 있음에도 불구하고, 한반도 문제를 다루는 데 있어서는 상호 협력 관계를 유지할 필요성과 공통의 이익이 충분히 존재한다는 점을 검토하여 제시하고자 한다. The surrounding Powers have been concerned about the Korean Peninsula, because of strategical importance originated from her geopolitical position. Under present situation, we can estimate that the uncertainty of this region would not be concluded in a short period of time. Therefore, maintaining stability and preventing this region from falling into disorder would still be surrounding Powers" common aim to pursue. Considering the balance of power between the surrounding Powers, China and U.S. are the key player in the Korean Peninsula, and relationship between two Powers will also have a great influence on this region. To study the possibility of cooperation between two Powers, in this paper, we define the security and examine the strategical particularity of this region. And then, we would like to analyze what kinds of national interest China and U.S. have pursued on the Korean Peninsula by considering historical instance and their present national strategy. On the basis of this analysis, we would examine and bring up the necessity and the common interest between two Powers as a foundation of making them keep up cooperation, though they compete with each other in many other fields and even have possibilities of discord.

가상현실 예술의 몰입형 체험 유형과 체험 요소 분류에 관한 연구 -MANA 플랫폼의 대표적인 VR 예술작품 사례 중심으로-

류슈팡 ( Liu Xiu-fang ),김해윤 ( Kim Hae Yoon ) 커뮤니케이션디자인학회 2024 커뮤니케이션 디자인학연구 Vol.86 No.-

현대사회는 사회 서비스형에서 사회 체험형으로 변화고 있으며, 몰입형 체험은 최근 사용 빈도가 높은 단어로, 몰입형 예술 전시회, 몰입형 문화관광, 몰입형 레저오락 등이 속속 등장하고 있으며, 몰입형 체험은 점점 더 중요한 체험 방법 중의 하나가 되어가고 있다. 본 연구는 번트 H. 슈미트가 제시한 체험 이론을 바탕으로 현재 몰입형 체험의 특징을 가진 가상현실 예술작품의 체험 유형과 체험 요소를 분류하여 연구한다. 체험 유형과 체험 요소로 가상현실 예술작품의 몰입적 체험에서의 관계를 탐구한다. 본 연구의 대상 범위는 2023년 1월부터 12월까지 MANA 플랫폼에서 사용자 “좋아요” 수가 상위 8개이며 몰입형 체험특징을 가진 가상현실 예술작품으로 한정한다. 첫째, 문헌연구를 통해 가상현실 예술과 몰입형 체험의 개념을 정의하고, 둘째, 번트 H. 슈미트의 체험 이론을 바탕으로 선행연구를 기반으로 몰입형 체험을 감각적 체험, 감정적 체험, 인지적 체험, 행동적 체험, 관계적 체험의 5가지 유형으로 구분하며 체험 요소를 감각, 탐구, 오락, 관계 심미의 5가지 유형으로 구분하여 이에 따른 사례의 평가 기준을 선정하였으며. 전문가 인터뷰 방법을 사용하여 전문가를 초청하여 평가 기준에 따라 사례를 평가하고 평가 데이터 및 분석 결과를 얻는다. 몰입형 가상현실 예술작품은 체험 유형 면에서 매우 종합적이며 체험 수준이 다양하며 감각적 체험 유형이 가장 뚜렷하다는 결과가 도출되었다. 그러나 후각 및 미각 체험 요소가 비교적 적었으며 이러한 요소가 더 많이 활용될 수 있는 기술적 발전이 요구된다. 인지적 체험과 행동적 체험은 작품의 상호작용성 및 탐구성과 관련이 있으며, 성격이 강할수록 인지 및 행동 체험도 강해진다. 상호작용성 디자인이 부족한 작품은 관계적 체험이 약해 체험자가 다른 사람이나 집단과의 관계를 구축하기 어렵다. 가상현실작품의 몰입형 체험 요소는 심미, 감각 요소의 디자인에 집중되고 다음은 탐구, 관계 요소이며 오락 요소의 디자인은 부족하다. 명확한 심미적 주제와 심미적 이미지는 체험자에게 더 나은 심미 및 감각적 체험을 준다. 그러나 대부분의 작품은 논리적인 토론 요소가 부족하여 비판적인 관점으로 관찰하고 체험하고 토론할 수 없다. 미래는 체험경제시대인 만큼 가상현실 예술작품의 몰입형 체험의 새로운 방향을 끊임없이 모색해야 한다. 본 연구가 향후 가상현실 예술작품의 몰입형 체험 디자인 및 개발에 이론적 참고자료를 제공하여 관객들이 가상현실 예술작품의 몰입적 체험에서 체험 유형 및 체험 요소의 관계를 더 잘 이해할 수 있도록 도움이 되며 관객의 예술적 감상 수준과 심미적 행복지수를 향상시키는데 기여할 수 있기를 기대한다. The current society is undergoing a transformation from a service-oriented society to an experiential-oriented society. The term immersive experience has become increasingly prevalent recently, with immersive art exhibitions, immersive cultural tourism, immersive leisure entertainment, and more emerging continuously. Immersive experiences are becoming one of the essential ways to engage audiences in the present context. This research, based on Bernd H. Schmitt's Experience Theory, categorizes the experiential types and elements of immersive virtual reality art in the current context. The aim is to explore the relationship between experiential types and elements in the immersive experience of virtual reality art. The study focuses on the top 8 immersive virtual reality art pieces on the MANA Global New Media Art Platform from January to December 2023, based on the comprehensive ranking of user likes.Firstly, through literature review, the concepts of virtual reality art and immersive experiences are defined. Secondly, using Bernd H. Schmitt's Experience Theory, immersive experiences are divided into five types: sensory, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and relational experiences. The experience elements are categorized into sensory, exploratory, entertainment, relational, and aesthetic elements. Evaluation criteria are then extracted based on these categories. Following this, expert interviews are conducted, and experts evaluate the selected cases according to the criteria, providing evaluation data and analysis results.The comprehensive analysis of the cases indicates that immersive virtual reality art pieces exhibit strong comprehensiveness in terms of experiential types, with rich experiential levels and a prominent emphasis on sensory experiences. However, olfactory and gustatory experience elements are relatively scarce and require further development and design. Cognitive and behavioral experiences are related to the interactivity and exploratory nature of the pieces; the stronger the interaction and exploration, the more intense the cognitive and behavioral experiences. Pieces lacking interactive design show weaker relational experiences, making it challenging for participants to establish connections with others or groups.Immersive experience elements in virtual reality art pieces prioritize aesthetic and sensory elements, followed by exploratory and relational elements, with a lack of design in entertainment elements. Clearly defined aesthetic themes and images contribute to better aesthetic and sensory experiences for participants. However, most pieces lack logical discussion elements, preventing critical observation, experience, and discussion from a critical perspective.In the era of the experience economy, continuous exploration of new directions for the immersive experience of virtual reality art pieces is crucial. This research aims to provide theoretical references for the design and development of immersive experiences in future virtual reality art pieces. The goal is to help audiences better understand the relationship between experiential types and elements in the immersive experience of virtual reality art, thereby enhancing the audience's level of artistic appreciation and aesthetic happiness.