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Experimental Study on Interfacial Shear Performance of RC Beams Added to Existing RC Columns
Xin-Ling Wang,Lei-Lei Jin,Ke Li,Jun-Tao Zhu 대한토목학회 2020 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.24 No.11
The primary objectives of this study were to experimentally investigate the shear characteristicsof the interface between an existing RC column and a reinforced concrete (RC) beam added to the existing RC column, and to propose a formula for estimating the shear capacity of the beam-column interface. The major test variables consisted of concrete strength, added steel reinforcement ratio and shear span to depth ratio. Failure characteristics, displacements at the loading point, slips of the beam-column interface, and shear capacities of the beam-column interface were analyzed. Test results indicate that both the shear capacity of the beam-column interface and the corresponding interfacial slip increased with a decrease in shear span to depth ratio. In addition, as concrete strength grew, the shear capacity of the beam-column interface increased, but the interfacial slip corresponding to the interfacial shear capacity remained almost unchanged. Moreover, both the shear capacity of the beam-column interface and the corresponding interfacial slip increased with an increase in the longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio of the added RC beam. A formula for predicting the shear capacity of the beam-column interface was developed. The test results validate the proposed formula and provide important guidance for the design of the RC beam added to the existing RC column.
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Novel zinc sources as antimicrobial growth promoters for monogastric animals: a review
( Xin Jian Lei ),( Zhang Zhuang Liu ),( Jae Hong Park ),( In Ho Kim ) 한국축산학회 2022 한국축산학회지 Vol.64 No.2
The essentiality of zinc for animals has been recognized over 80 years. Zinc is an essen tial trace element that is a component of many enzymes and is associated with the various hormones. Apart from the nutritional function, zinc has antimicrobial property and often be supplemented in diets in the quantities greater than which is required to meet the nutritional requirement, especially for weaning pigs. This review will focus on the application of pharma cological zinc and its mechanisms which may be responsible for the effects of zinc on perfor mance and health of monogastric animals. Various novel sources of zinc in non-ruminant ani mal production will also be discussed. These should assist in more precisely formulating feed to maximize the production performance and to maintain the health condition of monogastric animals.
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Lei, Xin Jian,Bae, Jun,Lee, Ju,Lee, Sang,Kim, In Agricultural Research Communication Center 2017 Indian journal of animal research Vol.51 No.-
<P>The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of expanded diets on growth performance, meat quality, and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 80 finishing pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments: 1) unexpanded corn-soybean meal diets; 2) expanded corn-soybean meal diets. Each treatment consisted of ten replicate pens with four pigs (2 gilts and 2 barrows) per pen. There were no differences in daily feed intake and daily gain throughout the experiment (P less than 0.05). However, expanded diets decreased feed conversion ratio compared with unexpanded diets (P less than 0.05). Expanded diets had no effect on carcass characteristics and meat quality with the exception of increased sensory evaluation (color) of meat compared with unexpanded diets (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, expanded diets can improve feed conversion ratio but have no effect on daily gain and daily feed intake and sensory evaluation of meat color.</P>
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Lei, Xin Jian,Lee, Sang In,Lee, Kwang Yong,Nguyen, Dinh Hai,Kim, In Ho,Plaizier, J. Canadian Science Publishing 2018 Canadian journal of animal science Vol.98 No.4
<P> An experiment was conducted to assess effects of Enterococcus faecium and a blend of organic acids (OAs) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) in finishing pigs. A total of 120 pigs [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace); 51.04 ± 1.82 kg] were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: CON, basal diet; BOM1, CON + 500 mg kg<SUP>−1</SUP> blend of OAs and MCFAs; BOM2, CON + 1000 mg kg<SUP>−1</SUP> blend of OAs and MCFAs; EBOM1, BOM1 + 20 mg kg<SUP>−1</SUP> E. faecium; EBOM2, BOM2 + 20 mg kg<SUP>−1</SUP> E. faecium. Pigs fed EBOM1 and EBOM2 diets had higher average daily gain and average daily feed intake (during days 36-70 and days 1-70) and greater digestibility of dry matter (days 35 and 70) compared with those fed BOM1 and BOM2 diets (P @@<@@ 0.05). However, no differences on blood parameters and meat quality were observed between pigs offered BOM1 and BOM2 diets and those fed EBOM1 and EBOM2 diets (P @@>@@ 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation with the combination of E. faecium and a blend of OAs and MCFAs was more effective in improving growth performance and nutrient digestibility than supplementation with blend of OAs and MCFAs alone in finishing pigs. </P>
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Lei, Xin Jian,Kim, In Ho Elsevier 2018 Animal feed science and technology Vol.245 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of coated zinc oxide on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal scores, minerals concentrations in serum, fecal zinc, intestinal morphology, and selected microbial population in weaned pigs. A total of 192 crossbred [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] weaned pigs (7.42 ± 0.97 kg) were randomly assigned into one of the following dietary treatments: (1) negative control (NC): basal diet; (2) positive control (PC): NC + 2500 mg/kg conventional zinc oxide; (3) CZO300: NC + 300 mg/kg coated zinc oxide; (4) CZO500: NC + 500 mg/kg coated zinc oxide; (5) CZO1000: NC + 1000 mg/kg coated zinc oxide; (6) CZO2000: NC + 2000 mg/kg coated zinc oxide. Each treatment had 8 replicate pens, with 4 pigs per pen. Pigs fed PC, CZO500, CZO1000, and CZO2000 diets had higher (<I>P</I> < 0.01) average daily gain (ADG) than those fed NC diet during days 0–21. During days 0–42, supplementation of coated zinc oxide at levels of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg increased ADG compared with NC treatment (<I>P</I> < 0.05). Pigs fed PC, CZO300, CZO500, CZO1000, and CZO2000 diets had lower (<I>P</I> < 0.01) fecal scores compared with those fed NC diet during weeks 1, 2, and 3, but no significant difference was observed among coated zinc oxide-supplemented diets. Pigs fed the PC, CZO1000, or CZO2000 diet had greater (<I>P</I> < 0.05) coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter than pigs fed NC diet. Compared with pigs fed NC diets, pigs fed the PC diet or coated zinc oxide-supplemented diets had increased (<I>P</I> < 0.01) serum and fecal zinc concentrations. Duodenal villus height and ratio of villus height to crypt depth of pigs fed PC, CZO1000, and CZO2000 diets were higher (<I>P</I> < 0.05) than those of pigs fed NC diet, whereas no significant differences were observed between pigs fed the PC, CZO1000, and CZO2000 diets. In conclusion, supplementing low doses (500–1000 mg/kg) of coated zinc oxide were as effective in stimulating growth, alleviating post-weaning diarrhea, and improving small intestinal morphology and nutrient digestibility as when a pharmacological level of zinc oxide (2500 mg/kg) was included. Additionally, low doses of coated zinc oxide reduced the amount of zinc excreted into the feces compared with 2500 mg/kg conventional zinc oxide.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We evaluated the effects of coated zinc oxide and conventional zinc oxide in weaned pigs. </LI> <LI> 500–1000 mg/kg coated zinc oxide stimulated growth as effective as 2500 mg/kg conventional zinc oxide in weaned pigs. </LI> <LI> 500–1000 mg/kg coated zinc oxide alleviated post-weaning diarrhea as effective as 2500 mg/kg conventional zinc oxide. </LI> <LI> Feeding coated zinc oxide excreted less zinc into the feces compared with 2500 mg/kg conventional zinc oxide. </LI> </UL> </P>
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Evaluation of different dietary electrolyte balance in weanling pigs diets
Lei, Xin Jian,Chung, Jing Young,Park, Jae Hong,Kim, In Ho Elsevier 2017 Animal feed science and technology Vol.226 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A total of 160 weanling pigs ((Duroc×Landrace)×Yorkshire; average initial body weight of 7.67±0.97kg, 28±1 d of age) were allotted into 1 of 4 treatments to determine effects of dietary electrolyte balance (dEB, Na+K−Cl mEq/kg of the diet) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Pigs were fed 4 diets with different dEB levels: 0, 83, 166, and 250mEq/kg of dEB for 4 weeks. Various dEB values were obtained by altering the concentrations of calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate. Pigs fed diets with dEB of 166 and 250mEq/kg exhibited greater average daily gain (ADG) than those fed 0mEq/kg diet throughout the experiment (<I>P</I> <0.05). During d 14–28 and d 0–28, the average daily feed intake (ADFI) was greater in 166 and 250mEq/kg dietary treatments compared with 0mEq/kg dietary treatment (<I>P</I> <0.05). However, no difference was observed on gain to feed ratio between dietary treatments throughout the experiment (<I>P</I> >0.05). 166 and 250mEq/kg dietary treatments had greater apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter and nitrogen compared with 0mEq/kg dietary treatment (<I>P</I> <0.05). There was no effect on ATTD of gross energy between dietary treatments (<I>P</I> >0.05). Taken together, these results suggested that weanling pigs obtained optimal growth performance and nutrient digestibility when fed diets with dEB in the range of 166–250mEq/kg.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We evaluated effects of 4 levels (0, 83, 166, 250mEq/kg of diet) of dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weanling pigs. </LI> <LI> Average daily feed intake and average daily gain were optimized when pig fed diets with dEB ranging from 166 to 250mEq/kg. </LI> <LI> Pigs fed diets with dEB of 166 and 250mEq/kg had greater apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen. </LI> </UL> </P>
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Lei, Xin Jian,Yun, Hyeok Min,Yang, Yi,Kim, In Ho Sciendo 2018 Annals of animal science Vol.18 No.3
<P>This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary beta-glucan supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and fecal characteristics in weaner pigs. A total of 140 weaner pigs [(Yorkshire x Landrace) x Duroc] with an average body weight of 6.37 +/- 1.14 kg were allotted to one of the following dietary treatments: 1) negative control (NC, basal diet); 2) positive control (NC, basal diet supplemented with 39 ppm Tiamulin); 3) basal diet supplemented with 0.1% beta-giucan (GO; 4) basal diet supplemented with 0.2% beta-glucan (62). During days 22 to 42 and 1 to 42, pigs offered PC and G2 diets grew faster than those offered NC diet (P<0.05). Additionally, during the same periods, pigs fed G2 and PC diets exhibited improved gain:feed ratio compared to pigs receiving NC and G1 diets (P<0.05). Pigs fed G2 diet exhibited higher coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter than those fed NC diet (P<0.05). There were no differences on blood profiles, fecal scores, fecal moisture, and fecal pH (P>0.05). Fecal lactic acid bacteria counts in G2 treatment were higher compared with PC and NC treatments (P<0.05). Conform bacteria concentrations were decreased in pigs fed PC and 62 diets compared with those fed NC diet (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of the current study indicate that dietary supplementation of 0.2% beta-glucan can improve growth performance and dry matter digestibility, increase fecal lactic acid bacteria concentration but decrease fecal conform bacteria concentration in weaner pigs.</P>
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