A comparative study on chemical composition of total saponins extracted from fermented and white ginseng under the effect of macrophage phagocytotic function

Xiao, Dan,Xiu, Yang,Yue, Hao,Sun, Xiuli,Zhao, Huanxi,Liu, Shuying The Korean Society of Ginseng 2017 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.41 No.3

In this study, white ginseng was used as the raw material, which was fermented with Paecilomyces hepiali through solid culture medium, to produce ginsenosides with modified chemical composition. The characteristic chemical markers of the products thus produced were investigated using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-QTOF-MS). Chemical profiling data were obtained, which were then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis for the systematic comparison of active ingredients in white ginseng and fermented ginseng to understand the beneficial properties of ginsenoside metabolites. In addition, the effects of these components on biological activity were investigated to understand the improvements in the phagocytic function of macrophages in zebrafish. According to the established RRLC-QTOF-MS chemical profiling, the contents in ginsenosides of high molecular weight, especially malonylated protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, were slightly reduced due to the fermentation, which were hydrolyzed into rare and minor ginsenosides. Moreover, the facilitation of macrophage phagocytic function in zebrafish following treatment with different ginseng extracts confirmed that the fermented ginseng is superior to white ginseng. Our results prove that there is a profound change in chemical constituents of ginsenosides during the fermentation process, which has a significant effect on the biological activity of these compounds.

Accumulation characteristics and correlation analysis of five ginsenosides with different cultivation ages from different regions

Xiao, Dan,Yue, Hao,Xiu, Yang,Sun, Xiuli,Wang, YiBo,Liu, ShuYing The Korean Society of Ginseng 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.4

Background: Ginseng (the roots of Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-known traditional Oriental medicine and is now widely used as a health food. It contains several types of ginsenosides, which are considered the major active medicinal components of ginseng. It has recently been reported that the qualitative and quantitative properties of ginsenosides found in ginseng may differ, depending on cultivation regions, ages, species, and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to study these variations with respect to cultivation ages and regions. Methods: In this study, 3-6-yr-old roots of P. ginseng were collected from three different cultivation regions. The contents of five ginsenosides (Rb1, Rd, Rc, Re, and Rgl) were measured by rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadruple-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The Kruskal-Wallis Rank sum test and multiple t test were used for comparative analysis of the data to evaluate the dynamic changes in the accumulation of these ginsenosides affected by cultivation regions and ages. Results: The content and composition of ginsenosides varied significantly among specimens collected from different cultivation regions and having different cultivation ages. For all samples, the content of Rg1 and Re ginsenosides increases with age and this rate of increase is different for each sample. The contents of Rb1, Rc, and Rd varied with cultivation ages in samples from different cultivation regions; especially, Rb1 from a 6-yr-old root showed approximately twofold variation among the samples from three cultivation regions. Furthermore, the content of Rb1 highly correlated with that of Rd (r = 0.89 across all locations and ages). Conclusion: In our study, only the contents of ginsenosides Rg1 and Re were affected by the root age. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, and Rd varied widely with ages in samples from different cultivation regions.

Forensics Aided Steganalysis of Heterogeneous Bitmap Images with Different Compression History

( Xiaodan Hou ),( Tao Zhang ),( Gang Xiong ),( Baoji Wan ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2012 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.6 No.8

In this paper, two practical forensics aided steganalyzers (FA-steganalyzer) for heterogeneous bitmap images are constructed, which can properly handle steganalysis problems for mixed image sources consisting of raw uncompressed images and JPEG decompressed images with different quality factors. The first FA-steganalyzer consists of a JPEG decompressed image identifier followed by two corresponding steganalyzers, one of which is used to deal with uncompressed images and the other is used for mixed JPEG decompressed images with different quality factors. In the second FA-steganalyzer scheme, we further estimate the quality factors for JPEG decompressed images, and then steganalyzers trained on the corresponding quality factors are used. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed two FA-steganalyzers outperform the existing steganalyzer that is trained on a mixed dataset. Additionally, in our proposed FA-steganalyzer scheme, we can select the steganalysis methods specially designed for raw uncompressed images and JPEG decompressed images respectively, which can achieve much more reliable detection accuracy than adopting the identical steganalysis method regardless of the type of cover source.

Chemical constituents and their acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities from leaves of Acanthopanax henryi: potential complementary source against Alzheimer’s disease

Xiaodan Zhang,Xiang Qian Liu,김영희,황완균 대한약학회 2014 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.37 No.5

The aim of this study was to investigatechemical constituents of the leaves of Acanthopanax henryi,and their antioxidant, acetyl cholinesterase inhibitoryactivities. Caffeoyl quinic acid derivates and flavonoidswere obtained from A. henry, through column chromatographytechnologies, and the content of major constituentswas determined by the HPLC–UV method. Anti-oxidantactivity of the isolated metabolites was evaluated by freeradical scavenging (DPPH, ABTS radicals) and superoxideanion scavenging. The results showed that di-caffeoylquinic acid derivates had stronger antioxidant activity thanpositive controls (ascorbic acid, trolox and allopurinol). Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activity was estimated onthe constituents, among which, quercetin, 4-caffeoyl-quinicacid and 4,5-caffeoyl quinic acid were found to have strongacetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activity with IC50 valuesranging from 62.6 to 121.9 lM. The present study showedthat some of the tested constituents from the leaves of A. henryi exhibit strong antioxidant and acetyl cholinesteraseinhibitory effects. This suggest that the leaves of A. henryi can be used as a new natural complementary source ofacetyl cholinesterase inhibitors and anti-oxidant agents,thus being a promising potential complementary sourceagainst Alzheimer’s disease.

MiR-1297 and MiR-26a-5p Inhibit Cell Progression of Keratinocytes in Cholesteatoma Depending on the Regulation of BMI1

Xiaodan Zhu,Fanglei Ye,Shaojuan Hao,Qiuning Yu,Yang Wang,Weihua Lou,Kun Zhao,Hongmin Li 한국생물공학회 2022 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.27 No.1

Cholesteatoma is a pathologically benign but clinically destructive middle ear disease characterized by hyperproliferative keratinocytes. B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion site 1 (BMI1) has been reported to be upregulated in cholesteatoma tissues. This study aimed to explore the biological role and underlying mechanisms of BMI1 in the progression of cholesteatoma. The expression levels of microRNA (miR)-1297, miR-26a- 5p, and BMI1 in cholesteatoma tissues and cells were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) or western blot. Functional experiments were performed by CCK-8 assay for cell proliferation viability, 5-ethynyl-2'deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay for DNA biosynthesis, colony formation assay for cloning forming ability analysis, transwell assay and wound healing assay for cell metastasis, flow cytometry for cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis. The protein expression of apoptosis-associated proteins was investigated by western blot. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted to verify the interaction between miR-1297 or miR-26a-5p and BMI1. BMI1 was highly expressed in cholesteatoma tumor tissues. Functional analyses showed that BMI1 knockdown could inhibit the proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion, cell cycle progression and promoted the apoptosis of keratinocytes. Mechanically, BMI1 was a target of miR-1297 and miR-26a-5p. Moreover, the rescue experiments presented that BMI1 addition could abolish the suppressive effects of miR-1297 or miR-26a-5p overexpression on cell malignant behaviors in keratinocytes. BMI1 could exert an oncogenic role in the malignant development of cholesteatoma through serving as the targets of miR-1297 and miR-26a-5p, which might provide novel strategies for cholesteatoma treatment.

Analysis of Impact of Terrain Factors on Landscape-scale Solar Radiation

Xiaodan Mei,Wenyi Fan,Xuegang Mao 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Smart Home Vol.9 No.10

Incident solar radiation is one of the major sources of energy for driving biological and physical processes on earth. In this paper, simple conversion factors are designed to determine how the four landforms (i.e. plain, plateau, hill and mountain) will affect incident solar radiation at one month intervals using the ArcGIS tool appropriate for regional solar radiation analysis. A comparison is made between simulation results and those measurements taken in actual radiation stations, providing a correlation R2 of 0.9063. Results indicate first, that if the ratio of the monthly mean of the DEM-based regional solar radiation to the monthly mean of the hypothesis DEM-based regional solar radiation is defined as the conversion factor (R) of the solar radiation and the ArcGIS tool for regional solar radiation analysis is employed, then the computation can be simplified and the impact of terrain factors on incident solar radiation can be correctly represented. Secondly, with each of the four landforms, R varies according to the season, slope gradient and aspect; the season induces more impacts than the terrain factors; R increases first and then decreases when the aspect changes clockwise, but decreases continuously with an increase in slope grade; R varies in a complex way in the case of mountains, especially for grade-five slopes. Thirdly, R increases initially and then decreases in a sinusoidal manner with an increase in aspect under the influence of slope gradient during the winter; R varies in a linear and somewhat symmetric manner (monotone increasing, monotone decreasing and stable) with the increase in slope gradient and under the influence of the aspect. These results are helpful in studying the impact of terrain factors of different landforms on incident solar radiation on the landscape scale using the simple conversion factors.

Stable Cu-Co/C carbon-based composites for efficiency catalytic degradation of Orange II by PMS: Effect factors, application potential analysis, and mechanism

Xiaodan Huang,Caihua Liu,Zhiyong Zhang,V. Vasanthakumar,Huiying Ai,Lei Xu,Ming-Lai Fu,Baoling Yuan 한국공업화학회 2023 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.126 No.-

Carbon-based metallic catalysts (CMCs) have emerged as efficient materials for removing water contaminants,but preparing CMCs with high efficiency and stability remains a great challenge. In this study, weprepared a bimetallic composite of Cu-Co/C catalyst via a gelation and calcination method to degradeOrange II by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The characterization results demonstrated that thespecific surface area and pore size of Cu-Co/C catalysts were 1.675 m2/g and 6.313 nm, respectively,which can provide larger catalytic active sites for boosting PMS activation. Moreover, the effects of differentfactors on Orange II degradation efficiency, cyclic experiments, and possible application in realwater bodies were investigated. The Cu-Co/C catalyst can effectively activate PMS, and 50 mg/L ofOrange II was almost completely removed within 15 min. Additionally, the Cu-Co/C catalyst exhibitedhigh degradation efficiency for other organic dye pollutants. The radical quenching experiments indicatedthat the main active species for Cu-Co/C catalyzed degradation of Orange II were SO4and singlet oxygen(1O2). The catalyst demonstrated good stability and performance in real water bodies. We believe thatthis study will promote the application of carbon-based bimetallic catalysts in the environmental remediationprocess that utilize SO4based advanced oxidation.

Correlation of NUF2 Overexpression with Poorer Patient Survival in Multiple Cancers

Xiaodan Jiang,Yan Jiang,Senbiao Luo,Karthik Sekar,Clara Kai Ting Koh,Amudha Deivasigamani,Qingzhe Dong,Niankai Zhang,Shenling Li,Fengyun Hao,Brian Kim Poh Goh,London Lucien Ooi,Yu Wang,Kam Man Hui 대한암학회 2021 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.53 No.4

Purpose NUF2 has been implicated in multiple cancers recently, suggesting NUF2 may play a role in the common tumorigenesis process. In this study, we aim to perform comprehensive meta-analysis of NUF2 expression in the cancer types included in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Materials and Methods RNA-sequencing data in 31 cancer types in the TCGA data and 11 independent datasets were used to examine NUF2 expression. Silencing NUF2 using targeting shRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines was used to evaluate NUF2’s role in HCC in vitro and in vivo. Results NUF2 up-regulation is significantly observed in 23 out of the 31 cancer types in the TCGA datasets and validated in 13 major cancer types using 11 independent datasets. NUF2 overexpression was clinically important as high NUF2 was significantly associated with tumor stages in eight different cancers. High NUF2 was also associated with significantly poorer patient overall survival and disease-free survival in eight and six cancers, respectively. We proceeded to validate NUF2 overexpression and its negative association with overall survival at the protein level in an independent cohort of 40 HCC patients. Compared to the non-targeting controls, NUF2 knockdown cells showed significantly reduced ability to grow, migrate into a scratch wound and invade the 8 μm porous membrane in vitro. Moreover, NUF2 knockdown cells also formed significantly smaller tumors than control cells in mouse xenograft assays in vivo. Conclusion NUF2 up-regulation is a common feature of many cancers. The prognostic potential and functional impact of NUF2 up-regulation warrant further studies.

Crystal Structure and Tautomerism Study of the Mono-protonated Metformin Salt

Xiaodan Wei,Yuhua Fan,Caifeng Bi,Xingchen Yan,Xia Zhang,Xin Li 대한화학회 2014 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.35 No.12

A novel crystal, the mono-protonated metformin acetate (1), was obtained and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. It was found that one of the imino group in the metformin cation was protonated along with the proton transfer from the secondary amino group to the other imino group. Its crystal structure was then compared with the previously reported diprotonated metformin oxalate (2). The difference between them is that the mono-protonated metformin cations can be linked by hydrogen bonding to form dimers while the diprotonated metformin cations cannot. Both of them are stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen bonds to assemble a 3-D supermolecular structure. The four potential tautomer of the monoprotonated metformin cation (tautomers 1a, 1b, 1c and 1d) were optimized and their single point energies were calculated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) B3LYP method based on the Polarized Continuum Model (PCM) in water, which shows that the most likely existed tautomer in human cells is the same in the crystal structure. Based on the optimized structure, their Wiberg bond orders, Natural Population Analysis (NPA) atomic charges, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps were calculated to analyze their electronic structures, which were then compared with the corresponding values of the diprotonated metformin cation (cation 2) and the neutral metformin (compound 3). Finally, the possible tautomeric mechanism of the monoprotonated metformin cation was discussed based on the observed phenomena.

Exploring Influencing Factors of Smart Learning for English Learning

( Xiaodan Sun ),( Yang-soo Jung ) 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 2018 인문학연구 Vol.57 No.1

스마트 학습과 관련된 최근 연구들은 학습자 및 학습환경의 특성을 파악하는데 관심을 보였다. 본 연구는 영어 학습을 위해서 학습자들이 실제스마트 학습을 사용하도록 동기 부여하는 다른 요인들을 파악하는데 목적이 있다. 동기이론과 ATM 모델에 근거하여, 1) 스마트 학습 자체의 기계적 속성, 2) 스마트 학습을 통해 전달되는 교과내용 속성, 3) 학습자 및 사회적 가치 속성에 근거한 연구 모델을 개념화 하여 실제 이러한 요인들이 실제 학습자들이 스마트 학습을 사용하는데 어떤 관련이 있는 지를 조사하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 연구 모델이 적합한지를 알아보기 위해서 타당도 및 신뢰도 검사가 이루어졌다. 본 연구를 위해 131명의 중국 학생들이 참여하였고, 이들을 대상으로 설문조사가 이루어졌다. 연구결과에 의하면, 스마트 학습에서 제공하는 교과내용의 특성이 학습자들의 스마트 학습 사용에 가장 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 스마트 학습의 사용 여부에 대해 학습자 개개인의 가치관 역시 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. The recent smart learning has been focused on the attributes of the learners and learning environments. This current paper aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by examining other factors that motivate learners to use smart learning for English language learning. Based on the Motivational Theory and the Technology Acceptance Model, this paper conceptualized a research model incorporates three items for smart learning application attributes (visual appeal, ease of use, compatibility), three items for course content credibility (relevance, sufficiency, currentness), two items for value attributes (personal value, social value). For this study, 131 Chinese students using smart learning for their English learning were participated. And a questionnaire was developed and used to collect the data and SPSS (ver. 24) was used to analyze the data as well as its reliability and validity. The results showed that except for ease of use and course content relevance, the other six independent variables accounted for 69% of the variance explained in the learners’ motivation to use smart learning for English language learning. Course content sufficiency is the best predictor of user’s motivation to use smart learning, followed by compatibility and personal value.