Holding up half the sky? The continuity and change of visual gender representation in elementary language textbooks in post-Mao China

Li Xiangmei 이화여자대학교 아시아여성학센터 2016 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.22 No.4

This article examines visual gender representation in school textbooks in post-Mao China. I conducted a visual content analysis of 1800 characters in two sets of elementary language textbooks used during the 1980s and the 2000s. Findings revealed male-dominant patterns regarding illustration type, gender presence, real-life characters, and occupational roles in the two sets of textbooks examined. Close scrutiny suggested that women were subject to more severe under-representation than girls. Regarding the change in gender images in the new textbooks, children were much less involved in productive and military activities and were more frequently depicted as engaged in apolitical settings, indicating de-politicization of the young in the new era. Only real-life male characters and men’s occupational roles displayed a trend of downplaying the revolutionary proletarian class and emphasis on the intellectual elites in the recent textbooks. Social change was not saliently reflected by women’s images in the textbooks investigated.

韓國 詞文學 硏究의 歷史와 現況 —한국 漢文學으로서의 詞文學 硏究를 중심으로—

安向梅(An xiangmei) 동양한문학회(구 부산한문학회) 2016 동양한문학연구 Vol.45 No.-

한국 한문학으로서의 詞文學에 대한 본격적인 연구는 지난 20세기 60년대 益齋 詞에 대한 연구로부터 시작되었다. 사문학의 개황기인 60년대는 차주환의 자료정리가 가장 중대한 성과로 지금까지의 사문학연구에서 없어서는 안 될 기초자료를 제공해주었다. 70년대는 이제현의 詞 외에 이규보의 詞가 새로 학계에 소개되었고, 조선시대의 詞人에 대한 연구가 시작되었으 며, 가장 주목할 만한 것은 사문학에 관한 첫 석사학위논문이 나타났다는 것이다. 80년대는 退溪, 茶山, 梅月堂, 象村 등 한문대가의 詞硏究에까지 범위가 확대되었고 金克己(3편), 金宗直(4편), 李滉(3편) 등 少作인 作家에 대한 연구도 나타났다. 90년대는 사문학연구가 본격적인 궤도에 들어선 시기다. 柳己洙와 白禎喜의 박사학위 논문이 선후로 발표되었고 한국 詞文學 연구에서 비교문학의 이론을 도입하여 연구를 시도한 시기이며, 처음으로 고려와 조선 두 시기의 詞文學을 두루 살피려고 시도했다. 2000년대는 처음 으로 한국사문학을 다룬 전문 저작인 韓國詞文學通論이 나왔다. 이 시기 에는 고려 시기 사문학에 대한 배경 고찰, 한국 詞창작 부진에 대한 원인 규명, 조선 시기 詞文學 인식 등 다양한 각도로 연구를 진행하였고, 비교문 학적 차원에서는 중국 詞文學에 대한 고려의 수용연구가 주류를 이루었던 시기다. 2010년 이후 현재까지 사문학연구는 여전히 형성 발전 단계에 있다. 50년간의 硏究史를 검토해본 결과 몇 가지 문제점이 눈에 띈다. 첫째는 아직도 자료발굴이 충분치 않아 전체적인 조감이 어렵다는 점이다. 둘째, 연구의 대상이 지나치게 일부 작가에만 집중되어 있다 보니 중복연구 현상이 나타나고 있다. 셋째, 詞의 연구에 있어서 형식과 내용의 균형을 이루지 못했다. 넷째, 시기적으로 여전히 고려 시대에 치우쳐 있다. 한국 詞文學은 한문학 연구 분야에 속하지만 현재로서는 한국의 중문학 자들과 중국의 비교문학 연구자들이 오히려 더 여기에 관심을 가지고 있는 상황이다. 보다 전체적이고 구체적인 연구를 진행하려면 한문학 연구자들의 작가론, 작품론을 비롯한 문헌학적인 연구가 선행되어야 하고, 거기에 기초하여 중문학자들의 이론적인 분석과 설명, 비교문학 연구자들의 독특한 시각과 다양한 방법론을 모두 동원해야 할 것이다. Research on ci literature (詞文學) as Chinese classics in Korea genuinely began from the 1960’s in the 20th century with research on Ikjae (益齋)’s ci (詞). In the 1960’s, the golden period of ci literature, Cha Ju-hwan produced the most significant outcome with his data arrangement, and it provided foundational data that are indispensable even now for research on ci literature. In the 1970’s, not only Lee Je-hyeon’s but Lee Gyu-bo’s ci were introduced newly to the academic circles, and research on Sain (詞人) in Chosun started. What is the most noticeable is that the first master’s thesis on ci literature was written then. In the 1980’s, research on ci was extended to the masters of Chinese including Toegye (退溪), Dasan (茶山), Maewoldang (梅月堂), or Sangchon (象村), and research on authors who wrote little such as Kim Geuk-gi (金克己) (3 pieces), Kim Jong-jik (金宗直) (4 pieces), and Lee Hwang (李滉) (3 pieces) was conducted, too. The 1990’s was the period that research on ci literature entered the track in earnest. Ryu Gii-su and Baek Jeong-hui’s doctoral dissertations were published in turn, and for research on ci literature in Korea, theories of comparative literature were induced. Also, ci literature in Goryeo and Chosun both was intended to be examined all around for the first time. In the 2000’s, Introduction to Korean Ci Literature (韓國詞文學通論), the first specialized book dealing with Korean ci literature, came out. In this period, they considered the background of ci literature in Goryeo, figured out the causes of Korean ci creation in slump, and studied recognition over ci literature in Chosun multilaterally. In terms of comparative literature, research mainly dealt with Goryeo’ acceptance of China’s ci literature. From 2010 up till now, research on ci literature has been still at the step of formation and development. According to the results of examining the history of research for 50 years, there are some noticeable problems found. First, there are data yet to be discovered, so it is difficult to have a view of it as a whole. Second, research is focused on only some of the authors exclusively, so it is quite overlapped somehow. Third, in research on ci, the forms and contents are not in balance. Fourth, in terms of periods, still, most of it is focused on Goryeo. Korean ci literature belongs to research on Chinese classics, but as of now, Korean scholars of Chinese literature and Chinese researchers of comparative literature seem to have interest in it more instead. To conduct research more holistically and concretely afterwards, it is necessary to conduct research on the writer’s theory of Chinese classics researchers and also theory of works and bibliography in advance. Grounded on that, it will be needed to mobilize theoretical analysis and explanation from scholars of Chinese literature as well as unique viewpoints and various methodologies from researchers of comparative literature all.

노인주거의 색채 및 선호도 분석 - 국내 학술지 중심으로 -

맹향미(MENG, XIANGMEI),이현수(LEE, HYUNSOO) 한국실내디자인학회 2019 한국실내디자인학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.21 No.1

In Korea, 14.5% of population is elderly. This means going to an aging society. The phenomenon is caused by low fertility problems and increased lifespan due to medical technology development. The increase in the elderly population means the increase in demand for the physical environment for the elderly. This study focused on the color of the elderly housing environment and analyzed the color preference of the elderly people for the appropriate environment. To do this, we searched what kind of prior research had been done and tried to suggest specific improvement. A total of 81 papers were found in the journals with the keywords "elderly people" and "color". Among them, there were 38 papers on the color scheme of the elderly. 14 papers ot them dealt with the research on the color preference of elderly people. As a result of previous researches, elderly people tend to prefer color of long wavelength series. The elderly"s vision is different from that of healthy people, and the main cause is age-related changes in color perception due to cataracts and yellowed eye sight. The preference of long wavelength color is considered to be due to the aging of the body and the psychological health condition of the elderly.

주거 색채 환경을 위한 VR활용 실험 설계

맹향미(MENG, XIANGMEI),이현수(LEE, HYUNSOO) 한국실내디자인학회 2019 한국실내디자인학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.21 No.3

Color affects the emotional part of human beings and is especially important for the most closely related indoor environment. For this reason, research has been actively conducted on color planning and color therapy for a long time. However, previous studies have shown the limitations of the research because they cannot present a consistent color because they do not maintain a constant light environment. Therefore, this study proposes an experimental design for the study of residential color environment using VR. VR technology can maintain a constant experimental environment under any circumstances and enable more immersive and realistic experience experiments. The study extracted the four most popular color scheme codes by analyzing the colors presented through the color therapy previous studies. In addition, the living room space where people stay the longest time in the residential space was set as the test subject. The final design of the VR experiment environment is applied to a total of eight color schemes by creating a residential living space model based on BIM and using the four color schemes extracted from the game physics engine, Unreal Engine. It was. Experimental design of residential color environment using VR proposed in this study is not influenced by surrounding environment or light environment when applied to color therapy research of residential environment in the future, and it can be applied in immersive and clear way to overcome the limitations of existing color research. It can be supplemented.

Parallel Parking Path Planning and Tracking Control Based on Adaptive Algorithms

Maoyue Li,Peng Zhou,Xiangmei He,Hongyu Lv,Hongchun Zhang 한국자동차공학회 2021 International journal of automotive technology Vol.22 No.4

Aiming at the sudden change of path curvature in traditional bi-arc parking trajectory planning, an improved bi-arc parking trajectory fitting method is proposed to meet the requirements of curvature and steering angular velocity of parking path. The minimum parking space size and feasible parking starting area are obtained by calculation. Then, parking path tracking is controlled based on adaptive algorithm, and the adaptive algorithm is optimized and compensated, so that the path tracking error is controlled in a small range. Two kinds of parking conditions are designed according to the limit position of the feasible parking starting area. The proposed method is verified by simulation in MATLAB, and dynamic simulation is carried out in CARSIM software. The practical driving of the intelligent experimental vehicle is used to verify whether the relevant methods and functions of the proposed parallel parking system can meet the design requirements. The results show that the proposed method can be applied to parking path planning at any location in the feasible parking starting area.

Development of High-specificity Antibodies against Renal Urate Transporters Using Genetic Immunization

Xu, Guoshuang,Chen, Xiangmei,Wu, Di,Shi, Suozhu,Wang, Jianzhong,Ding, Rui,Hong, Quan,Feng, Zhe,Lin, Shupeng,Lu, Yang Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2006 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.39 No.6

Recently three proteins, playing central roles in the bidirectional transport of urate in renal proximal tubules, were identified: two members of the organic anion transporter (OAT) family, OAT1 and OAT3, and a protein that designated renal urate-anion exchanger (URAT1). Antibodies against these transporters are very important for investigating their expressions and functions. With the cytokine gene as a molecular adjuvant, genetic immunization-based antibody production offers several advantages including high specificity and high recognition to the native protein compared with current methods. We fused high antigenicity fragments of the three transporters to the plasmids pBQAP-TT containing T-cell epitopes and flanking regions from tetanus toxin, respectively. Gene gun immunization with these recombinant plasmids and two other adjuvant plasmids, which express granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, induced high level immunoglobulin G antibodies, respectively. The native corresponding proteins of URAT1, OAT1 and OAT3, in human kidney can be recognized by their specific antibodies, respectively, with Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Besides, URAT1 expression in Xenopus oocytes can also be recognized by its corresponding antibody with immuno-fluorescence. The successful production of the antibodies has provided an important tool for the study of UA transporters.

MLCK and PKC Involvements via Gi and Rho A Protein in Contraction by the Electrical Field Stimulation in Feline Esophageal Smooth Muscle

박선영,심재호,김미나,Yih Hsiu Sun,곽현수,Xiangmei Yan,최병철,임채욱,손의동,심상수,정지훈,김인겸,민영실 대한약리학회 2010 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.14 No.1

We have shown that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) was required for the off-contraction in response to the electrical field stimulation (EFS) of feline esophageal smooth muscle. In this study, we investigated whether protein kinase C (PKC) may require the on-contraction in response to EFS using feline esophageal smooth muscle. The contractions were recorded using an isometric force transducer. On-contraction occurred in the presence of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), suggesting that nitric oxide acts as an inhibitory mediator in smooth muscle. The excitatory composition of both contractions was cholinergic dependent which was blocked by tetrodotoxin or atropine. The on-contraction was abolished in Ca2+-free buffer but reappeared in normal Ca2+- containing buffer indicating that the contraction was Ca2+ dependent. 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), voltage-dependent K+ channel blocker, significantly enhanced on-contraction. Aluminum fluoride (a G-protein activator) increased on-contraction. Pertussis toxin (a Gi inactivator) and C3 exoenzyme (a rhoA inactivator) significantly decreased on-contraction suggesting that Gi or rhoA protein may be related with Ca2+ and K+ channel. ML-9, a MLCK inhibitor, significantly inhibited on-contraction, and chelerythrine (PKC inhibitor) affected on the contraction. These results suggest that endogenous cholinergic contractions activated directly by low-frequency EFS may be mediated by Ca2+, and G proteins, such as Gi and rhoA, which resulted in the activation of MLCK, and PKC to produce the contraction in feline distal esophageal smooth muscle.

Acidic treatment of sodium sulfide by-product sediment to recover sodium oxide and preparation porous ceramics for building applications

Changrong Liu,Hongbin Tan,Aiguo Zheng,Xiangmei Kang,Ao Jiang,Rui Fang,Haorong Ren,Wanwei Fang 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2020 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.21 No.3

The manufacture of sodium sulfide through a carbon reduction process, using sodium sulfate as raw material, generatessodium sulfide by-product sediment, which has potential health and environmental impacts. Herein, a novel strategy isproposed to recover sodium oxide from the sediment by using acidic treatment and the influence of solution pH on sodiumoxide content is systematically studied. The results reveal that the sodium oxide content decreases with decreasing pH valueof the solution. At pH = 4, the as-treated sediment results in Na2O content of 3.10 wt. %, which recovery rate is about 90%. Furthermore, the influences of sintering temperature and time on compressive strength and bulk density are studied. Ingeneral, the compressive strength and bulk density increase with increasing sintering temperature and time. After sinteringat 1,300 oC for 120 min, the compressive strength and bulk density of the sintered porous ceramic are 26.66 MPa and 1.31 g/cm3, respectively. The porous ceramic, sintered at 1,300 oC, mainly consists of hauyne, gehlenite and hematite phases. Insummary, the few flaws in cell-walls result in high compressive strength of the as-prepared porous ceramics.

Effect of hydrogen-rich water on the lactic acid level in metformin-treated diabetic rats under hypoxia

Chuan Zhao,Yushu Guo,Ruoxi Wang,Cheng Cheng,Xiangmei Chen 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 2021 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.25 No.6

The present study aims to investigate the impact of hydrogen-rich water on the lactic acid level in metformin-treated diabetic rats under hypoxia. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups, including normal diet group, and diabetes model (DM) group, DM + metformin treatment (DMM) group, DMM + hypoxia treatment (DMMH) group and DMMH + hydrogenrich water (DMMHR) group. We found that the levels of lactic acid, pyruvate and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly lower in the blood of DMMHR group than DMMH group. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels in liver and heart were significantly higher in DMMH group after hydrogen-rich water treatment, while malondialdehyde and oxidized glutathione levels were decreased in DMMHR group when compared with DMMH group, which indicates that hydrogen-rich water could reduce oxidative stress. qPCR analysis demonstrated that that pro-apoptotic genes Bax/Caspase-3 were upregulated in DM group and metformin treatment suppressed their upregulation (DMM group). However, hypoxic condition reversed the effect of metformin on apoptotic gene expression, and hydrogen-rich water showed little effect on these genes under hypoxia. HE staining showed that hydrogen-rich water prevented myocardial fiber damages under hypoxia. In summary, we conclude that hydrogen-rich water could prevent lactate accumulation and reduce oxidant stress in diabetic rat model to prevent hypoxia-induced damages. It could be served as a potential agent for diabetes patients with metformin treatment to prevent lactic acidosis and reduce myocardial damages under hypoxic conditions.

The effects of deletion of cellobiohydrolase genes on carbon source-dependent growth and enzymatic lignocellulose hydrolysis in Trichoderma reesei

Ren Meibin,Wang Yifan,Liu Guoxin,Zuo Bin,Zhang Yuancheng,Wang Yunhe,Liu Weifeng,Liu Xiangmei,Zhong Yaohua 한국미생물학회 2020 The journal of microbiology Vol.58 No.8

The saprophytic fungus Trichoderma reesei has long been used as a model to study microbial degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. The major cellulolytic enzymes of T. reesei are the cellobiohydrolases CBH1 and CBH2, which constitute more than 70% of total proteins secreted by the fungus. However, their physiological functions and effects on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose substrates are not sufficiently elucidated. Here, the cellobiohydrolase-encoding genes cbh1 and cbh2 were deleted, individually or combinatively, by using an auxotrophic marker-recycling technique in T. reesei. When cultured on media with different soluble carbon sources, all three deletion strains (Δcbh1, Δcbh2, and Δcbh1Δcbh2) exhibited no dramatic variation in morphological phenotypes, but their growth rates increased apparently when cultured on soluble cellulase-inducing carbon sources. In addition, Δcbh1 showed dramatically reduced growth and Δcbh1Δcbh2 could hardly grew on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), whereas all strains grew equally on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), suggesting that the influence of the CBHs on growth was carbon source-dependent. Moreover, five representative cellulose substrates were used to analyse the influence of the absence of CBHs on saccharification efficiency. CBH1 deficiency significantly affected the enzymatic hydrolysis rates of various cellulose substrates, where acid pre-treated corn stover (PCS) was influenced the least. CBH2 deficiency reduced the hydrolysis of MCC, PCS, and acid pre-treated and delignified corncob but improved the hydrolysis ability of filter paper. These results demonstrate the specific contributions of CBHs to the hydrolysis of different types of biomass, which could facilitate the development of tailor-made strains with highly efficient hydrolysis enzymes for certain biomass types in the biofuel industry.