Aptamer‑linked immobilized sorbent assay for detecting GMO marker, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT)

Woo‑Ri Shin,Mun‑Jong Lee,SEKHONSIMRANJEET SINGH,Ji Hun Kim,Sun Chang Kim,Byung‑Kwan Cho,Ji‑Young Ahn,Yang‑Hoon Kim 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2020 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.16 No.3

Background Development of genetically modified crops has rapidly increased in last few years. The most widely grown GM crops express genes that confer herbicide tolerance and insect resistance. Detection system of GM crops is important for safety evaluation before its consumption. Objective The purpose of this research is to detect GM crops, especially PAT, in food-samples. Results The bar gene (PAT protein, herbicide resistant) was cloned in pGEX-4T-1 and expressed by E. coli. The high-affinity PAT-specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamers were obtained from a random DNA library. MOE docking study was performed to identify the potential binding region of the selected aptamers on PAT. Aptamer-linked immobilized sorbent assay (ALISA) method was used to detect PAT. Conclusion We screened aptamer against PAT for developing an efficient detection method. The selected PAT specific aptamers, HRPA-05 and HRPA-07, showed the distinct target binding behaviors, and detected PAT protein by aptamer-linked immobilized sorbent assay method with high efficiency and selectivity.

北韓 靑少年의 精神戰力形成에 關한 考察 : 人間鑄造를 위한 北韓의 思想敎育

李宇榮 경북대학교 평화문제연구소 1979 평화연구 Vol.5 No.-

靑少年의 社會 및 國家意識에 關한 調査와 그 强化策

李宇榮,金相漢,韓點洙,洪亮杓 慶北大學校 平和問題硏究所 1977 평화연구 Vol.2 No.-

1. Problems Our people and nation are in serious ordeal and also aur concentration of attention and effort to overcome the ordeal are, we can say, very praisable. The violent changes in the aspects of politics, culture, society and economy are at last exposed of the danger of loss of our values. In such changing social phenomena, we with no exception are all experiencing the morbidness caused by them. It is exactly the Yu-Shin (Revitalizing Reform in 1971) and Saemaul(New Community Movement) that supplied and showed the direction of nation-state as r revolution in climate of unestablishment of new values with loss of old ones. It can be true tht we have reaped great fruits in political, economic, social and cultural fields in such hard environments. Then it is very useful project not only in academic and policy-reponse fields, but also in education areas that we try to survey and analyze the Juvenile's response to the national mevements and the changes of concious-structures. 2. Purposes The purposes of the study are: ① to grasp the reality of the Juveniles' view of value by sex, region, age etc., ② to review their responses to government's achievements, policy and its direction, ③ and to diagnose their approach to desirable view of values and degree of achievement. We belive in that concious-reality whcih we can find in process the study will be very important materials to education-policy. 3. Study-methods ① We did survey and analysis of juvenile's veiw of values. ② We set the juveniles of whole nation as the mother group, however, excluding bipolar ones such as Seoulities and the juveniles living in islands and remote hamlet, finally selected the objects of three regions such as Kyeong sang, Chung Cheong and Cheol Ra regions and compared them by various dimensions. Except for detail-survey of Kyung Buk province, we set the objects of students of 3rd grade of sr. high school, professional school (Jr. College) and college in other regions, and surveyed subregionally by large city, medium size city and ruralfishing villages, and by sex. ③ Total number of the surveyed is 3,229 and by regionally, they are 1,725 in Kyung Sang, 616 in chung cheong and 888 in Cheol Ra. ④ The questionairs are handed directly by surveyers and colloected on the spot as soon as they are filled out. ⑤ The view of value by social strata and response degree to policy are tested by %² including the differences among regions, sexes, ages and ect., and to the question required quantitative evaluation, we gave +10, +5, 0, -5, -10 pionts as consent-dissent continuum and calculated the mean number and to other questions, the responses were shown by %. 4. the Juvenile's social and collective life ① Social and collective life of the Juvenile is relatively good in social-conciousness. The view or moral-order was shown 5.31 of f(R)/N. Generally juveniles are answered "waiting for one's turn" in the line at the station of public transit. Girls are shown to be a little better-observer in public order than boys, and teenagers better than the twenties. The view on law-abiding is shown 3.97 of f(R)/N and generally in case of minor offence, they expressed around "be shame". Criminal conciousness is getting stronger from large city to rural and fishing village. There are great differences between the two. Girls are stronger in the conciousness than boys and teenagers stronger than twenties. It is particularly a problem that twenties' f(R)/N is less than 1.72 and theyt are inclining to "may commit so". To the degree of success in the Reform of General Administrative Affairs by our government, f(R)/N is shown 4.94, responding generally "there are a bit fruitful". To the question, degree of recognition is getting stronger to rural-fishing village. Male is stronger than female and teenagers stronger than twenties. And in the hot-bed of corruption, enterprises and tax office are shown 29.63%, and politician 23.27%. General administrative office, judicial and police offices are high in distrust in rural-fishing villages, and tax office, enterprises and politician are getting higher in distrust to larger cities, however, educational institutions are high of trust in medium-size city. Judicial office, enterprises, tax-office, education instution and politician are in high ofdistrust by female, and general administrative office is in high of distrust by male. Teenagers are in side distrust in judicial, police, enterprise and education institutions, and twenties are in side of distrust in general administration and politician. And degree of trust in shamanism is low of 4,76, generally selecting"almost deny", rural-fishing village, female and twenties are higher trust on superstition than large city, male and teenager respectively. The view on national value is shown 2.42. In the village, female, and twenties, cohesion is shown stronger than in city, male and twenties respectively. ② In measurement of juvenile's conciousness on inter-relationship, they are strong in degree of participation of family and community affairs, but in conciousness on collective life, unsatisfactory. They degree of satisfaction in family life is 4.68, generally "in side of satisfaction". It is getting more satisfaction from the villages to large cities. Juveniles in the villages seem to be much unsatisfied with their family, and females than males and twenties than teenagers are higher in satisfaction. Participation degree in community affairs is shown 8.00, generally close to "active participation". Villager than city-dweller and teenagers than twenties are higher in conciousness of participation. The degree of non-alienation from collective life is 2.71 showing the response of "relativelly no particular alienation" and "so on so" generally. Villager than citizen, male than female and twenties than teenagers are higher in alienation. The degree of acception of individual idea in collective life is shown 1.81, close to "so on so". Male's unsatisfaction is higher a little. Their preferable occupations are in priority of production enterprises(28.73%), public service(26.32%) and agriculture-forestry(19.23%). The popular occupations are agriculture-forestry and public service in rural-fishing villages, production-enterprises in medium -size cities and commerce-industry in large cities. Males are favorable to take agriculture-forestry, production and free enterprise and females are to bublic servidce. For teenager, agriculture-forestry and public service are high in priority and for twenties other areas of occupation are high. ③ In conciousness on traditional culture and identity, they are supporting the thought of "loyalty and filial piety", showing 5.36 and generally selected "It is great view on social order though required a lot of revision". females and teenagers are more active on the though required a lot of revision". Females and teenagers are more active on the thought than males and twenties respectively. The capability of foreign affairs in aspects of independent diplomacy was measured to 2.25 barely approaching to "be seen independent efforts". Trust was seen in females, teenagers and the villagers. In cultural conciousness, national superiority was shown very apparently as 28.67%. ④ In aspects of democratic and national conciousness, they showed the degree of satisfaction at democratic society. It was measured through the fruits of Yu-Shin Reform and resulted in 2.17, responding better in females, teenagers and the rural than in males, tweenties and the urban. On 6 years of current term of congressmen, 45.46% responded on "too long", 38.24% on "ordinary" while in rural-fishing villages, they showed high support of 48.90% selecting"appropriate". Many urbans are on "too long" (49.51% in large cities and 49.62% in medium). 44.04% out of females showed the response of "appropriate" while 47.22% of males did that of "too long". 44.43% of teenagers responded "appropriate" while 53.13% of twenties did "too long". National conciousness measured through "degree of confident explanation on national flag" was shown 2.87, responding "can explain to a certain extent" and "can explain" as medium quantity. The villagers, males and teenagers are shown high confidence of it. To the present big increase in national power, juveniles resopnded high motive of "people's self-conciousness" and "great leader" while female showed relatively hgh response on "New Community Movenment" and "Result of education" and so on. teenagers showed "great leader" and twenties did "Result of Education". The view of ideal nation measured through "approach to welfare state" showed 3.87, close to "be seen the effort for welfrare state". The villager, female and teenager showed high response to the positive side. as the way of education how to plant Korean Democracyh among the people they replied "Explaining Korean particular environments" is most useful as 41.40%. Juveniles in medium-size cities, males and twenties showed mainly the above answer. The patriotic attitudes measured through participation of nationa defense showed 8.47, responding close to "participate battle immediately". It can be said very active response that significant number of females selected the attitudes of "support in rear theater". The villagers, males and teenagers are strong in loyalty. If we consider females' particularity, we cannot say they are weaker in loyalty. However it is very considerable that there are responses of "may decide on the scene then", "immigrate abroad" and "negociate with enemy and live together though a few. We are sure that our goverment be required educate and enlighten them immediately. 5. Juvenile's view of Security and National Unification ① Through the measurement of conciousness on communism the surveyer saw that critical ability and attitudes of it is the nearest short cut to anti-communism a key to victory over it. In this dimension, the surveyer analyzed sources of knowledge from masscom 971.47%) and exposed the weak points on lectures and those on government's activities of public information, while rising of masscom's importance. The comparison of South-North living standards showed that 51.34% responded "South Korea is much superior" and 35.08% "superior". Then total 87% of juveniles are on our superio9rity and the rest (13%) showed "equal" or "don't know". In large cities "superiority" was low in % of males and twenties. The confidence in pursuading North Korean on our democratic society's strong points was shown 73.55% of "be confident". However it is very insufficient in education on communism that out 87% of "Our superiority", some 13% are not confident in pursuasion. 13.47% are shown "will decide on the spot to meet" and 5.85% "need not pursuade". The villager, male and teenager have strong response to the above 7.6% of "national symbols". Legality of national foundation" for the urbans and males and twenties "legitimacy of the country" for villagers, and "national culture" for females and teenagers are shown as the grounds of the legitimacy. ② The conciousness of national security measured through the question on aug. 18 Incident(1976) at Pan Mun Jeom appeared following; the causes of the Incident are shown in order of "domestic unstability of North Korea" 928.92%) "shifting responding dissent, 48.77% are on " a little humiliating" and 21.12% are on "utter humiliating". Only 23% showed satisfaction at the counteraction. They showed youthful active counteraction of purnishment, however, it also may cause some anti-American or uncredibility over United States. By region, sex and age, the re3sponses were diffeent greatly. Juvenile's predictions on the possibility of Sino-Soviet Support in case of total war are following; some 80% calculate psychologically that both China and Russia will surely support North Korea militarily and materially, 45.09%, "material support by both". To the way of spritutal militarization, they responded in order of "introduction of North Kjorean affairs" (29.48%), "explanation of N. K's attitudes"(26.20%), "education on N.K's strategy to the South"(20.50%), "to criticize communist thory"(17.96%) and so on. Different responses among regions, sexs and ages are apparent. The Juvenile's pride to foreigner is shown 0.92% of f(R)/N, a little higher to "equality". Villagers are relatively high, medium-size urbans are lowest, and females and teenagers are high in pride to foreigners. ③ To the question on Unification time as one of the conciousnesses of Unification, they responded in order of "impossible forever" (40.16%), "in 30 years"(23.59%) and "in 10 years" (17.99%). It is very undesirable that possibility of Unification is renounced gradually among juveniles. Juveniles are in deadly need of education and enlightenment on increase of Unification conciousness. Differences among the given variable are very apparent. In large city, females and twenties, the re3nunciation is shown greatly. The reasons of Unification are shown in order of "single-nation" (36.38%), "political stability"(32.48%), "preferable to international competition"(20.53%) and so on. Urbans of large cities, males, twenties responded "preferable to Int'l competition", female did "political stability" and teenagers did "single-nation". To "the factors of obstacles to Unification" are shown "antagonistic ideologies" (64.16%), interest situations among Big Four" (18.14%), "North Korean reluctance"(9.60%)and so on. "Interest Situation among Big Four" is shown in large cities and twenties, "N.K's reuctance" in males and teenagers. and "antagonistic ideologies" in females. The ways of Unification are appeared in "economic development"(46.67%). "South-North Dialogue" (26.72%) and so on. "S.N Dialogue" in the villagers, females and teenagers, "Military March for Unification" in males, and "none available" in twenties are expressed relatively high. 6. Conclusion As mentioned above, social conciousness among juvenile is generally good, however, their alienation may be problematic a bit and capabbilty to foreign countries and national conciousness on democratic society are insufficient. However, defence conciousness is highly praisable. That the main sources on communism appeared to be masscom is required to reconsider. Juvenile's view of superiority in living to the North is very confident attitudes and their demandes of more information on North Korean reality and their attitdes toward S. N. Talk as a way of spiritual strengthening is needed to consider by goverment, and some policy-arrangements must be required. Renunication of Unification possibility as "impossible forever" is terrible and therfore, we need to educate and enlighten them for increase of the condiousness. "Military march for Unification"(11.30%) and "no way available"(3.37%) on Unification are surely problematic. In these re3spects, the education on Unification and anticommunism should be strengthended more. To the idea of "loyalty and filial piety", our juveniles are very positive, but indicated "requring a lot of revisions" Then the idea is required significant study and analysis in order to establish as a new value.

民族解放과 美ㆍ蘇의 對韓半島 統一論爭

李宇榮 경북대학교 평화문제연구소 1980 평화연구 Vol.6 No.-

美·蘇의 軍政과 對韓半島 統一政策

李宇榮 경북대학교 사회과학대학 1983 社會科學 Vol.2 No.-

The objective of this thesis is to study the policies of the United States and the Soviet Union with regard to their unification policies toward Korea during the three years of their occupation period on the Korean peninsula immediately following the end of the Pacific War in 1945. After a careful and thorough evaluation of their policies, the following conclusions were found: 1. It was the United States which suggested the trusteeship for Korea during the World War Ⅱ. It was finalized at Moscow Conference in December, 1945. However, the trusteeship plan turned out to be a failure of the American policy as the most of Korean sopposed the plan. The United States should have been able to persuade, if not convince, the leaders of the South Korea on the merits of the trusteeship plan, which Washington failed to do. Furthermore, inconsistence of the American policy as evidenced by its alteration of the original plan after the majority of the Koreans rejected the trusteeship plan also contributed to the failure of the American policy in Korea. 2. The Soviet Union participated actively on Korean problem since the end of the World War Ⅱ in Europe, particularly during the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences of Allied Powers. Moscow attempted to communize the entire peninsula from the outset of its occupation of North Korea in 1945. The Soviet Union tried to gather the support of Koreans for its scheme by insisting, in forming the Provisional government for Korea, on consulting only with "democratic"-meaning communist-parties and social groups. And its decision to shorten the period of trusteeship to five years instead of up to ten years as proposed by the United states, was to hasten the communization of entire peninsula. Also, Moscow's insistence on discussing the political affairs prior to the solution of the economic matters reflects the basic Soviet strategy of comminization of entire Korea. The Soviet Union's proposal at the United Nations that the withdrawal of foreign troops from Korea should precede the formation of a unified government also reflects Moscow's scheme of communizing Korea militarily. 3. In conclusion, the clash of national interests of both the United States and the Soviet Union on the Korean question resulted in the failure of the peninsula to he reunified after the liberation of Korea from the Japanese domination in 1945. The initial decision of the United States to partition the Korean peninsula along the 38th parallel was another reason, perhaps the most crucial reason, for the perpetuated division of Korea in the first place. Along with these, the lack of consensus among the political leaders of Korea on the formula for reunifying the peninsula also contributed toward the failure of the country to be reunited.

韓末日本人 居留地의 設定과 그 役割

李宇榮 慶北大學校 1969 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

The Foreign Settlement of Western Powers in Asia was established for the purpose of free trade and settling their citizens, enjoying the extra-territoriality. The beginning of Foreign Settlement in Asia was made in China by Western Powers and it was overlapped by the invasion into the Chinese sovereignty. The Japanese Settlement in Korea was established in Pusan, Wonsan, Inchon, Masan, Kunsan and Chinnampo during Lee-dynasty, pretending to promote the good-neighbour-hood through he Korea-Japan relation, especially diplomatic contacts and commercial trade. However, a treaty-port was erected in Pusan according to Kwang-Wha Island Theaty by which Korea was turned into open-country and openport; subsequently Pusan Settlement was set up by Pusan Settlement Menorandum. In this article, I have attempted to examine the invasive role of Japanese Settlement in Korea. Then I have found that the roles of Japanese Settlement in Korea are two. One is the economic function from the open-country to Chino-Japanese war and the other is the military strategical function from the Chino-Japanese war to the Russo-Japanese war. In addition to this, I have compared the character of the Japanese Settlement in Korea with the China's. Here I have also found that the character of the Japanese Settlement in Korea is the mixed form of Leased Territory and Fereign Settlement in China. Continually, I will study how Japanese Settlement in Korea was linked with the marine transportation of Korea during Lee-dynasty.

유럽政治協力(EPC)에 관한 硏究 : An Outlook

李宇榮,鄭鐘泰 경북대학교 환태평양연구소 1992 環太平洋硏究 Vol.5 No.-

We would revisit the several aspects of the European Political Cooperation(EPC) as a new foreign policy mechanism. 1) EPC's historical background, 2) its process, 3) theoretical approaches to the EPC, and 4) the realities of Common European Foreign Policy and its limits. First, As a new styled foreign policy model, We analyzed its mechanism(the European Council, the Conference of foreign ministers, the Political Committee, the European Correspondents, the Working Groups, and so on). Second, Analyzing the documents in relation to EPC from Luxembourg Report to Maastricht Treaty, we analyzed its facets in literature. Third, theoretically, we attempted to broaden the theoretical enquiry from the traditional international theories to new ones. Last, we revisted the reality of EPC's activities from its creation to nowadays. In conclusion, We find the facts as follows: To theorize about EPC is very difficult, and the existing theories applied to EPC are only partly relevant. Especially, we bacame to be concerned about the consociational theory as well as regime theory and world-system perspective. and, It si necessary to develop a more appropriate paradigm. In reality, EPC's implementations have shown a characteristic of intergovernmentalism, not that of supranationalism (or federalism ultimately) which EC endeavor to achieve. One of the important points given attention to EPC's role in international context is inter-regional cooperation. For example, it has to bloc relations with ASEAN, the Arab League, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the Contadora Group.

亞太地域의 軍事·安保環境의 推移

李宇榮 경북대학교 환태평양연구소 1988 環太平洋硏究 Vol.1 No.-

The inportance of countries of Pacific area which will lead 21 century is newly emerging due to the increase of national income, the trade of goods. and the transfer of science and technology etx., which owe much to the population specific gravity, enormous resources, and industrialization. Especially, in the late of 1984, the second-term policy report or speech etc., by R. Reagan, the presdent of the United States said that the trade quantity with Pacific area began to exceed from 1982 in comparision with. Atlantic Europe countries and have declared the commencement of performance toward Pacific period on the basis of reversal phenomenon of trade quantity. new leading class of the Soviet Union is making a challenge to Pacific Rim area with triple objects, that is, 1) geographical expansion and increase of influence power, 2) approach of up-to-date techniques, 3) resources development and labor population increase in Siberia and Maritime Territory and so on, and the United states makes stress on control of the growth of the Soviet military power as a security interests. But this area is lacking in comprehensive security device and exposing potential fragility against outside military powers on aggressions without multilateral security device being able to cope with them. Just in this context, since now the problems of the Korean penninsula have international issues including Pacific Rim. visualizing active, wide, local security deivce, they have not to be limited only between the parties, South and North Korea, and they have to be studied, estimated and discussed by connecting with comprehensive international security problem. By doing so, we will preserve splendid achievements of Korea and other democratic countries of pacific Rim area and prevent them from war.

地域主義의 擡頭와 國際統合

李宇榮,鄭鍾泰 경북대학교 환태평양연구소 1991 環太平洋硏究 Vol.4 No.-

Today, the most prominent phenomena of international relations are interdependence and regional integration. The reason is that the traditional internutional relations [so-called billiard ball model] have become new international relations [so-called cobweb model] gradually. In addition, the low politics of economic and social affairs has increasingly become more important than the high politics of military security in international relations. International interdependence can be divided into two dimensions ; universal interdependence and regional interdependence. Analysis of regional integration in terms of interdependence concepts may help to place integration theory in its proper context. In this paper, mainly, we analyzed the regional integration in the three regions : europe, America and Asia-pacific. We could find that the European Community(EC) is more unique than any other regional integrations ; other regional integrations except E.C are in the first step in view of economic integration. And we found that the followings are emerging as areas of research in the international integrations. Political integration prior to economic integration is likely to be harmful to regional integration ; Political stability and external security of member states seem to be important in the process on integration ; The formation of Asia-Pacific Community seems to be difficult in near future, but in the long run it will be established. Lastly, regional integrations should be regarded as transitional stages toward the formation of a World federation, and it should not be exclusive. Korea must consider such points in approch to the various proposals concerning to the asia-Pacific Community.

北韓政治體制와 그 變動展望

李宇榮 경북대학교 평화문제연구소 1987 평화연구 Vol.12 No.-