Brain SPECT 영상의 Attenuation Correction 방법들에 대한 비교

조진우,김창호,나수경,이귀원,Jo, Jin U,Kim, Chang Ho,Na, Soo Kyung,Lee, Gui Won 대한핵의학기술학회 2012 핵의학 기술 Vol.16 No.2

이 연구의 목적은 Brain SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography)의 Non-attenuation correction (AC-non) 영상에 대한 attenuation correction(AC) 방법 중 Chang's method와 CT based attenuation correction(AC-CT) 사이의 count를 비교하기 위함이다. phantom study는 증류수로 채워진 hoffman 3D phantom에 $^{99m}Tc$ 37Mbq을 투여하였고, patient study는 normal volunteer에 $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO 750Mbq를 정맥주입하고 Siemens사의 Symbia T6로 Brain SPECT 영상을 획득하였고 뇌 정량 분석을 하였다. 각각의 방법들을 적용한 transverse image는 같은 위치에서 재구성 되었으며 각각 10, 20, 30번째 slice에서 6개의 region of interest(ROI)를 그려 AC-non 과 AC-CT 그리고 Chang's method의 count를 비교하였다. phantom study에서 AC-non, AC-CT, Chang's method의 각각 평균 count는 $4606.8{\pm}511.3$, $16794.6{\pm}2429.4$, $8752.6{\pm}896.5$이었으며 patient study에서 $5460.8{\pm}519.6$, $15320{\pm}1171.6$, $12795{\pm}1422.1$이었다. phantom study에서 AC-CT와 AC-non 사이의 비는 3.70이고 Chang's method와 AC-non 사이의 비는 1.92였으며 patient study에서는 각각 2.85, 2.38이었다. 우리는 이 연구를 통하여 AC-CT가 Chang's method보다 더 높은 AC을 해준다는 걸 알 수 있었다. 그리고 Chang's method는 patient study에서의 AC 값이 phantom study에서의 AC값보다 더 높다는 것을 알 수 있었다. brain SPECT/CT를 시행하는 경우 scatter correction을 같이 시행하고 bone에 의한 감쇠 정보를 반영할 수 있는 AC-CT가 chang's method보다 정확하다 할 수 있겠다. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare count between Chang's method and CT-based attenuation correction (AC-CT) among the attenuation correction (AC) methods for non-attenuation correction (AC-non) images of Brain SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography). Materials and Methods : We injected $^{99m}Tc$ 37Mbq in a Hoffman 3D phantom filled with distilled water in the phantom study, and injected intravenously $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO 740Mbq in a normal volunteer in the patient study, and then obtained Brain SPECT images with Symbia T6 of Siemens and conducted quantitative brain analysis. Transverse images to which each method was applied were rebuilt at the same position, and 6 regions of interest (ROI) were drawn on each of Slice No. 10, 20 and 30 and then the counts of AC-non, AC-CT and Chang's method were compared. Results : The mean counts of AC-non, AC-CT and Chang's method were $4606.8{\pm}511.3$, $16794.6{\pm}2429.4$, and $8752.6{\pm}896.5$, respectively, in the phantom study and $5460.8{\pm}519.6$, $15320{\pm}1171.6$ and $12795{\pm}1422.1$, respectively, in the patient study. In the phantom study, the ratio of AC-CT to AC-non was 3.70 and the ratio of Chang's method to AC-non was 1.92, and in the patient study, they were 2.85 and 2.38, respectively. Conclusion : From this study, we found that AC-CT makes higher AC than Chang's method. In addition, when Chang's method was used, AC in the patient study was higher than that in the phantom study. These results need to be considered also in other examinations.

폐경전후 및 폐경후 골감소에서 호르몬대체요법과 Fluocalcic Effervescent® 병합치료 후 골밀도 및 골대사의 생화학 지표의 변화

어완규,이창원 고신대학교 의학부 2004 高神大學校 醫學部 論文集 Vol.19 No.1

Background: Sodium fluoride stimulates bone formation and has been used to treat osteoporosis for decades despite debate about the antifracture efficacy. For women with low bone mass, the ideal therapy should not only inhibit bone resorption but simultaneously stimulate bone formation to increase the bone mass, the ideal therapy should not only inhibit bone resorption but simultaneously stimulate bone formation to increase the bone mass above the fracture threshold. We thus performed an intervention study to investigate the effect of a low dose fluoride prospectively, in combination with HRT, on bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical markers of bone turnover. Methods: Thirty perimenopausal or postmenopausal osteopenic women were enrolled, and were treated with Fluocalcic effervescent® (disodium monofluorophophate [MFP] 100㎎ + calcium carbonate 1,250 ㎎) 1 tablet BID and conjugated equine estrogen (HRT) 0.625㎎ QD for 12 months in Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital from January 2001 to December 2002. BMD and chemical markers of bone turnover, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum osteocalcin, and urine deoxypyridinoline(DPD), were evaluated before and 12 months after starting treatment. Results: Serum alkaline phosphatase, serum osteocalcin, and urine DPD after 12 months were not significantly different from those of pre-treatment values. The post-treatment BMD's but they were not correlated with all the pretreatment chemical markers of bone metabolism. Changes of the BMD of L2-L4 were not correlated with the changes of chemical markers except urine DPD. Pretreatment markers, BMD of L2-L4 , serum osteocalcin, serum alkaline phosphatase, and FSH were correlated with changes in BMD of L2-L4. There was no chemical markers correlated with the change in BMD of femoral neck. Conclusion: Twelve-month treatment with MFP and HRT was not associated with improvement in BMD. Pretreatment markers, BMD of L2-L4, serum osteocalcin, serum alkaline phosphatase, and FSH may predict changes in the BMD of L2-L4.

Fluoxetine과 Haloperidol의 병합투여시 정신병리 및 추체외로 증상의 변화

이민수,한창수,김제원,원경식,곽동일,Lee, Min-Soo,Han, Chang-Su,Kim, Jae-Won,Won, Kyung-Sik,Kwak, Dong-Il 대한생물정신의학회 1997 생물정신의학 Vol.4 No.1

본 연구는 정신분열증 환자 38명을 대상으로 하여 haloperidol과 fluoxetine을 8주간 병합투여 하였고, PANSS, CGI, Simpson-Angus 척도를 투여전과 투여후 2, 4, 6, 8주에 시행하여 임상증상 및 추체외로 부작용을 평가하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 8주간의 연구기간동안 양성, 음성증상의 유의한 변화가 없었다. 2) 8주의 연구기간동안 추체외로 부작용의 증가가 나타나지 않았다. 이는 기존 연구에서 fluoxetine에 의해 haloperidol의 혈중농도가 증가하여 효과 및 부작용이 증가한다는 연구보고와는 다르며, 이 결과는 haloperidol과 fluoxetine의 병합사용을 안전하게 할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다고 하겠다. Objectives : The authors have intended to know the drug interaction of fluoxetine and haloperidol when coadministering two drugs to the chronic schizophrenics by assessing the changes of positive, negative symptoms and extrapyramidal symptoms. Method : We selected 38 patients, the chronic schizophrenics with no physical problems. they are randomly assigned to placebo group and drug group. And then, placebo or fluoxetine 20mg were administered to the subjects of each group during 8 week period. We have assessed their psychopatholgy and extrapyramidal symptoms using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS), Clinical Global Impression(CGI), Simpson-Angus Scale at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 week during the period. Results : 38 patients have completed the study during 8 weeks. 1) PANSS, CGI : no significant difference between groups and no significant change according to the times. 2) Simpson-Angus Scale : no significant changes. Conclusion : When co-administering fluoxetine and haloperidol, there were no significant changes of psychopathology and extrapyramidal symptoms. These results suggest that it is safe to coadminister fluoxetine to schizophrenic patients with haloperidol treatmemt.

Estimation of Demand For Meat In Korea

( Won W. Koo ),( Seung Ryong Yang ),( Chang Buhm Lee ) 한국농촌경제연구원 1993 Journal of Rural Development Vol.16 No.2

This study estimates the Korean meat demand, using a general switching AIDS model, and tests if the demand structure changes over time. The demand for beef, pork, chicken, and other meat products is estimated, using annual data from 1970 to 1989. The separability test suggests that fish does not have to be included in this meat demand analysis. The results indicate that structural change in meat consumption occurred between 1977 and 1989, possibly with no termination during the sample period. Significant structural changes are detected in the beef and pork demands, but not in the chicken demand. While price elasticity of beef remains inelastic before and after the structural change, demand for pork becomes less price elastic and that for chicken more elastic after the structural change.

우리나라 主要輸出商品의 輸出 採算性分析과 그 改善方案硏究

錢昌源 동국대학교 경영관리연구소 1976 經營經濟論叢 Vol.3 No.-

This paper attempts to analyze the international competitiveness of Korean export industrial products under the current foreign exchange rate system(US$1.00: 485won) and to increase the international competitiveness of Korean export industrial products. For this purpose this paper attempts to compare the export prices of the 44 items of major industrial products of Korea with those of the rival countries such as Free China and Hong Kong and investigate the profit and loss of these products under the current foreign exchange rate system by calculating the export logarithm of these products. The adequate foreign exchange rate by items is calculated. The export price of Korea's textiles is equal to the those of Free China and Hong Kong, but the export prices of Korea's wool textile products is higher than those of Free China and Hong Kong. Korea's plywood is exporting at a higher price than those of Free China. The other wood products are now exporting at a higher price than those of the rival countries, because the quality of Korea's wood products is superior. The export prices of iron, steel and electronic products of Korea are lower than those of the rival countries. The export prices of Korea's miscellaneous manufactured articles are lower than those of Japan, but are equal to those of the other rival countries. The under the current foreign exchange rate system. The average profit of wool products is 23 won. The average profit of iron, steel and electric products is 28 won, but out of electronic products the loss of resistor per US$1.00 is 24.25 won. The average profit of chemicals is 59.76 won in Korean currency. The average profit of miscellaneous manufactured articles is 72.95 won. In order to increase competitiveness of Korean industrial products, the export promotion policy put emphasis on the following; ⒜ increased competitiveness of Korean industrial products through modernization of facilities of export industries and establishment of mass production systems ⒝ strengthening of financial support and encouraging the use of domestic raw materials for export ⒞ strengthening of the overseas network for the exploitation of export markets ⒟ diversification and consolidation of expor market, ⒠ aeversification of import market for materials necessary for export, ⒡ encouraging of importing raw materials instead of semi-manufactured goods for materials necessary for export, ⒢ improvement of quality, design and model of industrial products, ⒣ strengthening of diplomatic activities for persuading the developed countries to abolish tariff and non-tarrif barrier to Korean export products.

지속가능발전교육 관점에 입각한 웹기반 기후변화 환경교육이 초등학생의 환경 인식 및 태도에 미치는 영향

정창규,이상원 이화여자대학교 사범대학 교과교육연구소 2010 교과교육학연구 Vol.14 No.3

본 연구는 웹기반을 활용한 기후변화 환경교육이 초등학생의 환경 인식과 태도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 선행연구 고찰을 통하여 웹기반을 활용한 기후변화교육에 관한 교수·학습 모형 및 프로그램을 개발하고, 학습 현장에 적용하였다. 그 효과를 검증하기 위한 검사지는 황수정(2009)이 개발한 설문지를 재구성하였으며, 연구과정에서 얻어진 정량적 자료는 SPSS 12.0 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하고, 정량적 분석의 한계를 보완하기 위하여 정성적 분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 첫째, 지속가능발전 관점에서 바라본 기후변화에 관련된 내용을 추출 및 재구성하여 웹기반을 활용한 기후변화 환경교육을 위한 교수·학습 모형을 개발하고, 이를 바탕으로 환경교육 프로그램을 구안 및 적용시켰다. 둘째, 웹기반을 활용한 기후변화 환경교육 프로그램이 초등학생의 환경 인식 및 태도에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 웹기반을 활용한 기후변화 환경교육 프로그램의 적용은 지식적 측면에서는 차이를 보이진 않았다. 넷째, 웹기반을 활용한 기후변화 환경교육 프로그램을 적용한 후에 환경 인식이 높은 학생일수록 환경태도가 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 웹기반을 활용한 기후변화 환경교육 프로그램은 초등학교 학교현장에 적용 가능하며, 다양한 환경교육 방법이 요구되고 있는 시점에서 새로운 교육방법으로써 그 가치가 크다고 할 수 있다. 차후 이와 관련된 심층적인 연구와 교수ㆍ학습 활동에 관한 후속 연구가 필요하다고 본다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the web-based climate change educational program on environmental awareness and attitudes of 5th grade elementary school students in Gyeonggi-Do. The students were divided into an experiment group and a control group. A reconstructed questionnaire through Hwang(2009)`s test tool was used to survey the affects of web-based climate change educational programs. The SPSS 12.0 program was used to analyze the results. The major results of this study were as follows: First, the researcher was able to develop and apply a professor-learning model for web-based climate change environmental education by extracting and recreating the climate change-related contents from 5th and 6th grader curriculum. Second, the web-based climate change educational program had a positive effect on elementary school students’ environmental awareness and attitude. Third, after implementing the web-based climate change educational program, the students with higher environmental awareness showed a higher regard for the environment. In conclusion, the web-based climate change educational program was effectively used on elementary school students and the program proved to have a positive affect on 5th graders’ environmental awareness and attitude. Therefore, in-depth study and follow-up research on teaching and learning activities should be highly considered.

HPV에 감염된 자궁경부 상피세포의 Keratin 아형 변화에 관한 연구

기근홍,이영미,장원재,임용,임성철,김창원,전호종 조선대학교 1994 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.19 No.2

The human papillomavirus (HPV) are wide spread in the world, causing proliferation of epidermal and mucosal surface. Certain papillomaviral types are oncogenic in vivo and in vitro. HPV DNA has been detected in most of cervical lesions such as condyloma acuminata, dysplasias, and invasive carcinomas. The materials for this study consisted of 5 dysplasias. 5 squamous cell carcinomas, and 5 exocervix for control, that resected for definite treatment of uterine disease at Chosen University Hospital from January, 1991 to December, 1993. All cases were performed of in situ hybridization for HPV DNA type 6/11, 16, and 18. And also immununohistochemical stain for panel of monoclonal cytokeratin (CK) antibodies were done. The result obtained is as fallows : 1. HPV DNA type 6/11 are detected in all dysplasias. HPV DNA type 16 and 18 are detected in squamous cell carcinomas. 2. Stratifed squamous epithelium of exocervix are positive staining for CK 1, CK 5/6, CK 8, CK 13, CK 14, and CK 19. HPV DNA type 6/11 infected cells are positive for CK 1, CK 13, CK 14, CK 17, CK 18, and CK 19. HPV DNA type 16/18 infected cells are positive for CK 1, CK 5/6, CK 10, CK 13, CK 14, CK 17, CK 18, and CK 19. In conclusion, HPV infection of uterine cervix is associated with change of normal cytokeratin expression pattern. Dysplastic cells are changed of CK 5/6, CK 8, CK 17 and CK18. Squamous cell carcinoma cells are changed of CK 8, CK 17, and CK 18.

우리나라 병원의 마케팅 활동수준과 재무성과

한창훈 ( Chang Hoon Han ),김원중 ( Won Joong Kim ) 한국병원경영학회 1999 병원경영학회지 Vol.4 No.2

The main objective oh this paper is to perform an empirical analysis on the relationship between various marketing activities and financial performance of Korean hospitals. A survey was conducted through structured questionnaire for 495 hospitals, and data from 218 hospitals were utilized in the final analysis. (response rate : 44%) Survey items include general characteristics of the hospitals (size, type, location), degree of competition, financial performance, marketing organization/ budget, and level of various marketing activities in service development, access improvement, promotion, and pricing. We examine descriptive statistics of the response scores on marketing activities to evaluate the current status of marketing management of Korean hospitals, compare the results across hospital size, type and location, and perform regression analysis to investigate the relationship between marketing and financial performance. Major findings are as follows : 1) About 46% of the responding hospitals gave marketing departments although they are named as 'planning' or 'PR' departments, and the marketing budget on average represents 1.74% of the total expenditures. 2) Average level of marketing activities is calculated to be about 3.32 on 5-point scale, meaning that Korean hospitals implement their marketing programs 'somewhat actively'; however, the scores on the areas of marketing planning and strategy are relatively low. 3) Large hospitals tend to be more active in marketing than small hospitals, and public hospitals' activities in marketing are not lower compared to private hospitals. 4) Level of overall marketing activities is positively related with financial performance measured by various financial indicators except for profitability, implying that marketing is successful in revenue generation but needs to be more cost-effective. Also, when the marketing variables are separately included in the regression, no significant relationship is found, which means that various marketing activities are more effective when they are collectively implemented.

Brain Topological Correlates of Motor Performance Changes After Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Park, Chang-hyun,Chang, Won Hyuk,Yoo, Woo-Kyoung,Shin, Yong-Il,Kim, Sung Tae,Kim, Yun-Hee Mary Ann Liebert 2014 Brain connectivity Vol.4 No.4

<P>Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) influences the brain temporally beyond the stimulation period and spatially beyond the stimulation site. Application of rTMS over the primary motor cortex (M1) has been shown to lead to plastic changes in interregional connectivity over the motor system as well as alterations in motor performance. With a sequential combination of rTMS over the M1 and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we sought changes in the topology of brain networks and specifically the association of brain topological changes with motor performance changes. In a sham-controlled parallel group experimental design, real or sham rTMS was administered to each of the 15 healthy subjects without prior motor-related dysfunctions, over the right M1 at a high frequency of 10 Hz. Before and after the intervention, fMRI data were acquired during a sequential finger motor task using the left, nondominant hand. Changes in the topology of brain networks were assessed in terms of global and local efficiency, which measures the efficiency in transporting information at global and local scales, respectively, provided by graph-theoretical analysis. Greater motor performance changes toward improvements after real rTMS were shown in individuals who exhibited more increases in global efficiency and more decreases in local efficiency. The enhancement of motor performance after rTMS is supposed to be associated with brain topological changes, such that global information exchange is facilitated, while local information exchange is restricted.</P>

일반논문 : 전국(戰國)시기를 중심으로 본 신(信)관념의 변화 -제주지역 공유재 연구를 위한 담론2-

정창원 ( Chang Won Jung ) 제주대학교 탐라문화연구소 2014 탐라문화 Vol.0 No.46

“공유재(common pool resources)의 사용과 관리”는 역사적 관점에서 접근하자면 “사회적인 약속 - 信”이라는 관념적 기초에서 파생된다고 말할 수 있다. 다자간의 의식 속에 함유된 信의 관념이 유지될 때 비로소 공유재의 사용에 대한 사회적 약속 또한 합리적인 구속력을 유지할 수 있을 것이다. 춘추시대 인식된 信의 관념은 그 시대에 흐름에 따라 변화를 가져올 수밖에 없었을 것이다. 信의 윤리도덕에 내재된 의미는 외부의 열악한 시공과 환경으로 좌절될 수 없지만, 현실정치의 이해와 충돌하였을 때에는 信의 관념이 희생되는 면도 없지 않다. 그러나 信이라고 하는 윤리도덕에 내재하고 있는 의미는 여전히 사람이 처세하고 사회적 합의를 이루는데 있어서 중요하고 영원불변한 기본덕목일 것이다. 춘추전국시대의 정치발전은 ‘信’에 대한 관념이 변하고 있음을 뚜렷이 보여주고 있다. 이러한 현상의 형성은 두 가지 신흥세력인 종횡가와 병가와 밀접한 관계가 있는데, 종횡가와 병가의 공통 목표는 모두 국가로 하여금 강성하게 하는 것이었고, 그들에게 있어 중요한 것은 바로 어떻게 하면 패하지 않는 위치에 서는 것일까라는 점이었다. 현실정치의 환경에 처해서도 그들은 ‘信’의 도덕적 관념을 지킬 수 없었고, 또한 그들의 행위는 전국시대 ‘信’을 중시하지 않는 기풍을 형성하게 하였다. 秦의 통일에 따라 ‘信’의 관념은 도구적인 용도로 변하여 통치의 방법이 되었고, 그 이전시기와는 다르게 도덕적 범주를 벗어났다. 진은 법에 의거하여 국가를 세웠기 때문에 자연히 법가적 통치방법을 계승하였다. 법가는 ‘信’을 국가 통치의 도구로 삼았고 군주가 ‘信’이 있어 여러 도덕적인 역량에 호소하지 않는 것이 신민을 다스리는데 이로웠는데 이는 당연히 통일제국의 출현과 관련이 있다. 춘추시대부터 전국시대까지 ‘信’의 관념은 확실히 변화를 보였다. 그러나 변화의 과정 중에는 또한 영원불변의 부분을 내포하고 있기도 하다. In the study of continuous management of common pool resources that Jeju National University Research Team aims, the use and management of common pool resources can say to be derived from ideological basis "Social commitment - Trust (信)". When the idea of Trust (信) in consciousness of multilateral maintains, the social commitment for common pool resources will also be able to maintain reasonable binding force. Trust (信)" exists as actual personal morality for a very long time. However, the Trust (信) becomes the notion of real morality from the Spring and Autumn period, and the Confucianists (儒家) succeed and complete the ideological system in the pre-Qin period. Many pre-Qin period schools have different point of view for the Trust, but basically, they agree that the Trust (信) is an important moral ethics. The idea of Trust (信) during the Spring and Autumn period would be forced to bring the change, depending on the age. However, during the process of change, it also involves the part of eternal unchange. The notion of morality, which the Trust (信) includes, has construction-transcendent eternity. In other words, it has a part of a constant perpetuity. Inherent meaning of ethics of Trust (信) cannot be frustrated by external construction and environment, but when it confronts the understanding of real politics, the concept of Trust (信) may sacrifice. However, the inherent meaning of the Trust (信) is still important and eternal unchangeable basic virtue in getting along with people and achieving social consensus. As reaching the Warring States Periods, the period spirit becomes more cunning and odd, and so it seems to be recognized that winning the victory by using the trick and force has direct effect. To make favorable circumference of their country, the countries repeat lying and breaking the Trust among them. Therefore, the Trust (信) cannot discuss no longer in this situation. The vow also seems to become almost collapsed. As the result of not believing in each other, the universe unification of the Qin Dynasty (秦) finally could be completed. The political development of spring-autumn period and Warring States Periods shows clearly that the idea of Trust (信) is changing. The formation of this phenomenon is closely related in political strategists (縱橫家) and military strategist in ancient China (兵家). The common goal of them is to make it rigid, and the important thing for them is how to stand at the position that does not defeat. They could not keep the moral ideas of Trust (信) in real politics, and also their actions build the spirit that does not concern the Trust (信) of the Warring States Periods important. According to he unification of Qin (秦), the concept of the Trust (信) is changed to instrumental use and becomes method of ruling. Unlike the previous period, it deviates from the moral category. Jin establishes the nation under the laws, so it succeeds in Legalists(法家) ruling methods. The Legalists (法家) make the Trust (信) as a tool for governing country. It is beneficial to govern the subjects if does not complain to the moral capability. This is, of course, related to the emergence of a unified empire. From the Spring and Autumn period to the Warring States Period, the idea of Trust (信) shows definite change. However, during the process of change, it also implies the part of the eternal unchange. As describe above, the try for exploring the understanding of ideological change of the Trust (信) is for providing historical background to search fundamental elements of common pool resources`` sustainable use and management. Thus, I expect to the historical information above is provided as a basis to the current conflict elements in Jeju community that the Jeju National University SSK Research Team tries. I also hope that it becomes historical background for original searching of current social conflicts through exploring the conscious change of Trust (信) after the Spring and Autumn period.