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Ecology Explains Color Preferences in a Non-Industrialized Culture
Agata Groyecka,Christoph Witzel,C., Marina Butovskaya,Piotr Sorokowski 한국색채학회 2017 AIC 2017 Jeju Vol.2017 No.10
In order to understand how human preferences are related to ecology and culture, we investigated color preferences in a non-industrialized culture. Previous studies indicated that object-color associations can predict color preferences in industrialized societies. but not in a non-industrialized culture (Himba). Here we tested this idea in another indigenous society – the Hadza (Tanzania). We interviewed 94 observers (37.6 +-15.0 years, 44 women). Firstly, observers chose their favorite and least favorite color from a set of 12 colors. Secondly, they were asked to name an object they associate with this color. For each color, we calculated an index based on the specificity of the association between an object and a particular color and the specificity of color preference valence for that object. We found a significant correlation between this index and the favorite color choices. The correlation for the least favorite color choices went to the predicted (negative) direction, but did not reach significance. These findings support the idea that learned associations between objects and their typical colors may explain color preferences even in a remote culture whose color preferences are different from those of industrialized societies.
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Community analysis of betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria using the <i>amoCAB</i> operon
Junier, Pilar,Kim, Ok-Sun,Junier, Thomas,Ahn, Tae-Seok,Imhoff, Johannes F.,Witzel, Karl-Paul Springer-Verlag 2009 Applied microbiology and biotechnology Vol.83 No.1
<P>The genes and intergenic regions of the <I>amoCAB</I> operon were analyzed to establish their potential as molecular markers for analyzing ammonia-oxidizing betaproteobacterial (beta-AOB) communities. Initially, sequence similarity for related taxa, evolutionary rates from linear regressions, and the presence of conserved and variable regions were analyzed for all available sequences of the complete <I>amoCAB</I> operon. The gene <I>amoB</I> showed the highest sequence variability of the three <I>amo</I> genes, suggesting that it might be a better molecular marker than the most frequently used <I>amoA</I> to resolve closely related AOB species. To test the suitability of using the <I>amoCAB</I> genes for community studies, a strategy involving nested PCR was employed. Primers to amplify the whole <I>amoCAB</I> operon and each individual gene were tested. The specificity of the products generated was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, cloning, and sequencing. The fragments obtained showed different grades of sequence identity to <I>amoCAB</I> sequences in the GenBank database. The nested PCR approach provides a possibility to increase the sensitivity of detection of <I>amo</I> genes in samples with low abundance of AOB. It also allows the amplification of the almost complete <I>amoA</I> gene, with about 300 bp more sequence information than the previous approaches. The coupled study of all three <I>amo</I> genes and the intergenic spacer regions that are under different selection pressure might allow a more detailed analysis of the evolutionary processes, which are responsible for the differentiation of AOB communities in different habitats.</P><P><B>Electronic supplementary material</B></P><P>The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00253-009-1923-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</P>
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한국 시화호와 중국 Aha호 저질토에 분포하는 이화성 아황산염 환원효소 유전자의 비교 분석
김인선,김옥선,전선옥,안태석,Kim, In-Seon,Kim, Ok-Sun,Jeon, Sun-Ok,Witzel, Karl-Paul,Ahn, Tae-Seok 한국미생물학회 2008 미생물학회지 Vol.44 No.2
한국의 시화호와 중국의 Aha호 저질토에서 서식하는 황산염 환원세균(sulfate reducing bacteria, SRB)의 깊이에 따른 군집구조를 비교하기 위하여, 이화성 아황산염 환원효소(EC 1.8.99.1; dissimilatory sulfite reductase, dsr) 유전자를 대상으로, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) 및 클론 라이브러리를 이용하여 미생물의 군집구조를 분석하였다. DGGE band 양상을 분석한 결과, Aha호 보다는 시화호에서 더 맡은 밴드를 보여 다양성이 높았고, 깊이별 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 두 서식지에서 얻은총68개 클론의 염기서열을 가지고 계통학적 분석을 한 결과 시화호에서는 Deltaproteobacteria 그룹, Firmicutes 그룹에 속해있는 Desulfotomaculum 종과 archaeal thermophilic SRB 그룹에 속해있는 Archaeoglobus 종이, Aha호에서는 Desulfotomaculum 그룹과 유사성이 높았다. 분리된 대부분의 클론들(59%)은 배양된 황산염 환원세균과는 매우 낮은 유사도를 보였고, 환경에서 분리된 클론들과도90% 이하의 유사도를 나타냈다. 총 클론을 88% 유사도를 기준으로 9그룹으로 나뉘었을 때 시하호와 Aha호의 각 클론은 서로 다른 그룹으로 존재하였다. 이러한 결과는 두 서식지의 이화성 아황산염 환원효소를 가지고 있는 미생물의 군집구조는 확연히 다르고 각 서식지에 특이적인 황산염 환원 미생물이 존재함을 시사한다. The diversity of sulfate reducing bacteria was investigated in different depths of sediments in Lake Sihwa, Korea and Lake Aha, China by PCR amplification, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and clone libraries targeting dissimilatory sulfite redectase (dsr) gene. In the analysis of DGGE band patterns, the community compositions of dsr gene in the sediments of both lakes were significantly different whereas bands in all depths of each environment revealed similar patterns. Bands from Lake Sihwa were produced much more than those from Lake Aha, demonstrating a higher diversity of dsr gene in Lake Sihwa. Total 68 clones containing dsr gene were obtained to analyze their sequences. Sequences from the sediment of Lake Sihwa were affiliated to Deltaproteobacteria, the Gram-positive thermophilic sulfate reducers belonging to the genus Desulforomaculum and archaeal thermophilic SRB belonging to the genus Archaeoglobus, whereas sequences from the sediments of Lake Aha were related to genus Desulfotomaculum. Clones retrieved from sediment of Lake Sihwa revealed a higher numbers than those of Lake Aha, demonstrating a higher diversity of dsr gene in Lake Sihwa. Most of clones (59%) were distantly related to the known cultivated SRB with $60\sim65%$ of similarity, which were clustered only the sequences from the environments showed less than 90% similarity. These habitat specific sequences suggested that the clustered dsr sequences represent species or groups of species that were indigenous to these environments. This study showed that these lakes have a specific bacterial communities having dsr gene distinct from those in other environments such as soil and marine ecosystems around the world.
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