비인슐린 의존형 당뇨병에 있어서의 식사와 운동

Wheeler, Madelyn L. 대한영양사회 1986 國民營養 Vol.89 No.-

THE CLASSIFICATION AND PHYSICS OF SUPERNOVAE

Wheeler, J. Craig The Korean Astronomical Society 1993 天文學論叢 Vol.8 No.1

Observed spectra of supernovae allow the empirical classification of supernovae into two basic categories, Type I with little or no evidence of hydrogen, and Type II with obvious evidence for hydrogen. The broad class of Type I can be subdivided depending on whether helium or silicon and other intermediate mass elements is observed. Understanding the physical processes that underlie these classifications---the progenitor evolution. the explosion mechanism, and end products---requires calculation of radiative transfer and model spectra. While most Type II occur in evolved massive stars that undergo core collapse. some may span the dividing line between degenerate and non-degenerate carbon burning and involve both core collapse and thermonuclear explosion. Type Ia are still most plausibly explained as thermonuclear explosions in carbon/oxygen white dwarfs in binary systems. Type Ib reveal helium atmospheres and are probably the result of core collapse in the helium core of a massive star that has lost its hydrogen envelope to a binary companion or to a wind. Type Ic supernovae are probably related to Type Ib but have also lost their helium envelope to reveal a mantle rich in oxygen.

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF ACCRETION DISK

Wheeler, J. Craig The Korean Astronomical Society 1993 天文學論叢 Vol.8 No.1

At intermediate mass transfer rates, accretion disks in binary star systems undergo a thermally-driven limit cycle instability. This instability leads to outburst episodes when the disk is bright and the flow through the disk is rapid separated by long intervals when the disk is dim and the flow through it is low. This intrinsic outburst mechanism can help to understand a wide range of astrophysical phenomena from dwarf novae to soft X -ray transients involving white dwarf, neutron star, and black holes. and to a deeper understanding of the mechanism of angular transport and viscosity in the accretion disk.

Impact of common genetic determinants of Hemoglobin A1c on type 2 diabetes risk and diagnosis in ancestrally diverse populations: A transethnic genome-wide meta-analysis

Wheeler, Eleanor,Leong, Aaron,Liu, Ching-Ti,Hivert, Marie-France,Strawbridge, Rona J.,Podmore, Clara,Li, Man,Yao, Jie,Sim, Xueling,Hong, Jaeyoung,Chu, Audrey Y.,Zhang, Weihua,Wang, Xu,Chen, Peng,Marut Public Library of Science 2017 PLoS medicine Vol.14 No.9

<▼1><P><B>Background</B></P><P>Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is used to diagnose type 2 diabetes (T2D) and assess glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 18 HbA1c-associated genetic variants. These variants proved to be classifiable by their likely biological action as erythrocytic (also associated with erythrocyte traits) or glycemic (associated with other glucose-related traits). In this study, we tested the hypotheses that, in a very large scale GWAS, we would identify more genetic variants associated with HbA1c and that HbA1c variants implicated in erythrocytic biology would affect the diagnostic accuracy of HbA1c. We therefore expanded the number of HbA1c-associated loci and tested the effect of genetic risk-scores comprised of erythrocytic or glycemic variants on incident diabetes prediction and on prevalent diabetes screening performance. Throughout this multiancestry study, we kept a focus on interancestry differences in HbA1c genetics performance that might influence race-ancestry differences in health outcomes.</P><P><B>Methods & findings</B></P><P>Using genome-wide association meta-analyses in up to 159,940 individuals from 82 cohorts of European, African, East Asian, and South Asian ancestry, we identified 60 common genetic variants associated with HbA1c. We classified variants as implicated in glycemic, erythrocytic, or unclassified biology and tested whether additive genetic scores of erythrocytic variants (GS-E) or glycemic variants (GS-G) were associated with higher T2D incidence in multiethnic longitudinal cohorts (<I>N</I> = 33,241). Nineteen glycemic and 22 erythrocytic variants were associated with HbA1c at genome-wide significance. GS-G was associated with higher T2D risk (incidence OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.04–1.06, per HbA1c-raising allele, <I>p</I> = 3 × 10<SUP>−29</SUP>); whereas GS-E was not (OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.99–1.01, <I>p</I> = 0.60). In Europeans and Asians, erythrocytic variants in aggregate had only modest effects on the diagnostic accuracy of HbA1c. Yet, in African Americans, the X-linked <I>G6PD</I> G202A variant (T-allele frequency 11%) was associated with an absolute decrease in HbA1c of 0.81%-units (95% CI 0.66–0.96) per allele in hemizygous men, and 0.68%-units (95% CI 0.38–0.97) in homozygous women. The <I>G6PD</I> variant may cause approximately 2% (<I>N</I> = 0.65 million, 95% CI 0.55–0.74) of African American adults with T2D to remain undiagnosed when screened with HbA1c. Limitations include the smaller sample sizes for non-European ancestries and the inability to classify approximately one-third of the variants. Further studies in large multiethnic cohorts with HbA1c, glycemic, and erythrocytic traits are required to better determine the biological action of the unclassified variants.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>As G6PD deficiency can be clinically silent until illness strikes, we recommend investigation of the possible benefits of screening for the <I>G6PD</I> genotype along with using HbA1c to diagnose T2D in populations of African ancestry or groups where <I>G6PD</I> deficiency is common. Screening with direct glucose measurements, or genetically-informed HbA1c diagnostic thresholds in people with G6PD deficiency, may be required to avoid missed or delayed diagnoses.</P></▼1><▼2><P>Ines Barroso and colleagues identify a genetic variant that leads to reduced levels of HbA1c in African American adults; 2% of this population are at risk of missed diagnosis for diabetes.</P></▼2><▼3><P><B>Author summary</B></P><P><B>Why was this study done?</B></P><P>Blood glucose binds in an irreversible manner to circulating hemoglobin in red blood cells (RBCs), generating “glycated hemoglobin,” called HbA1c. HbA1c is used to diagnose and monitor diabetes.</P><P>Previous large-scale human genetic studies have demonstrated that HbA1c is influenced by genetic variants. Some vari

Cyclopentanoid Norsesquiterpenes from Gyrinid Beetles

Wheeler, J. W.,Oh, S. K.,Benfield, E. F.,Neff, S. E. 경희대학교 부설 식량자원개발연구소 1988 硏究論文集 Vol.9 No.-

Although beetle secretions contain relatively simple compounds,^1 steroids and other more complex molecules have been identified recengly.^2 The "whirl-agig" beetle(Dineutes discolor aube, Coleoptera; Gyrinidae)secretes a complex mixture of C_14 polycarbonyl compounds from its pygidial glands which have a defensive function toward fish.^3

Defensive Secretions of Cychrine Beetles : Coleoptera: Carabidae

WHEELER, J. W.,CHUNG, R. H.,OH, S. K.,BENFIELD, E. F.,NEFF, S. E. 경희대학교 부설 식량자원개발연구소 1988 硏究論文集 Vol.9 No.-

Defensive secretions of 4 species of Scaphinotns were found to contain a mixture of methacrylic and tiglic acids. Temporal variation in the percent composition of each acid in the secretion may be controlled by diet. Such variation indicates that caution should be used in characterizing species by the composition of their defensive secretion.

RETENTION AID DEMANDS OF HIGHLY FILLED SHEETS -PILOT MACHINE STUDY

Wheeler,Clay 강원대학교 부설 창강제지 기술연구소 1998 제지기술 Vol.- No.12

This paper is about some of the demands we place on the wet end of a papermachine and some of the problems we face while making high ash sheets - mainly as they pertain to achieving first pass retention and first pass ash retention in Printing and Writing grades. Are there systems out there to handle not only where we are today, but also where we want to go tomorrow. This paper will discuss work recently completed on a high speed pilot former with ash levels approachting 35% - 40% in Printing and Writing grades. Under acid conditions where TiO_2 and clay were the primary fillers, financial incentive to raise ash levels were small and difficult to achieve because of the weaker sheet. With the conversion to alkaline papermaking for printing and writing grades in the 80's and early 90's, papermakers began to substitute low cost calcium carbonate for fiber provided papermakers with a good financial return and improvements in sheet quality. Today, 85% - 90% of printing and writing grades are made under alkaline conditions. Papermakers who made the conversion to alkaline a few years age are now raising ash levels to further capitalize on the cost savings and improved paper quality. It is estimated that by the end of 1997, the average filler content in printing and writing grades in North America will be 17% - 18%. By the year 2000, we expect average ash levels in printing and Writing grades to be greater than 20%. As ash levels increase today and increase to even higher levels tomorrow, what are some of the problems associated with high ash sheeets. Strength - As ash levels increase, we see reductions in most strength properties (stiffness, tensile, mullen). With eht introduction of improved fillers and improved application of existing fillers, these obstacles can be minimized. Paper Machine Runnability - Another problem associated with high ash sheets is machine runnability. The decrease in web strength can cause problems with holes and breaks. When breaks do occur, if the sheet does not have integrity to pass through the press section, then re-threading is difficult. Low Retentions - Low retentions caused by high levels of ash in the sheet can be a major problem related to papermaking.

THE BUSH DOCTRINE : THE DANGERS OF AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM IN A REVOLUTIONARY AGE

Wheeler, Nicholas J. 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2003 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.27 No.4

This article considers whether the Bush Doctrine seeks to establish a new rule for the preventive use of force against states and terrorist groups armed with weapons of mass destruction. Alternatively, does the Doctrine aim to carve out an exceptional right of intervention that is restricted to America alone? After emphasizing the dangers of changing the general rules on the use of force, I argue that the Bush Doctrine is not seeking such a modification. Instead, the new strategy should be viewed in the context of American exceptionalism. This has two sources: the long-standing belief of successive American governments that it is a carrier of universal values, which the United States has a historic responsibility to protect; and the administration's belief that the United States is uniquely threatened after 9/11, and thus is justified in exempting itself from the ordinary legal rules. The article highlights the dangers of this type of thinking. It also considers whether it is possible to ameliorate U.S. unilateralism by devising new collective approaches to the threat posed by the spread of weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups.

A Study on the Australian Law Regarding RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System): Need for an International Approach

Wheeler, Joseph,Lee, Jae-Woon Korea Society of AirSpace Law and Policy 2015 한국항공우주정책·법학회지 Vol.30 No.2

본 논문은 무인항공기 관련 현행 국제법을 국제항공공법과 국제항공사법의 관점에서 조사하고, 무인항공기관련 현행 호주 국내법과 입법 예고된 호주 국내법을 무인항공기 운항에 따른 위험요소 (민사책임, 안전, 사생활보호)에 중점을 두면서 검토한다. 현재 전체 상업용 비행에서 무인항공기 운항이 차지하는 비율은 미미한 수준이지만, 상업용 목적의 국제무인항공비행은 현실이 될 것이다. 무인기 관련산업이 빠르게 발전하고 있으므로, 빠른 시일 내에 정책적인 해결방안이 연구되어야만, 무인항공기관련 위험요소들이 실제로 일어났을 때 적절하게 대응할 수 있는 법규범이 만들어 질 수 있을 것이다. 호주의 무인항공기관련 성공적인 국내입법에서 보듯이, 국내법적 또는 지역단위의 접근이 무인항공기 관련 문제를 주도하고 있고, 계속해서 주도할 것이다. 안전문제는 호주의 현행 입법 예고된 무인항공기관련 법규에 가장 중요한 요소이고, 국제적으로도 마찬가지이다. 안전관련 법규를 만드는 것은 매우 중요하고, 민사책임 관련법규를 만드는 것보다 선행되어야 한다. 그 이유는 안전관련 법규를 만드는 것이 민사책임 법규가 적용되는 사고의 발생위험 자체를 줄일 수 있기 때문이다. 무인항공기 운항자에 대한 구속력 있는 감항기준이 구비되어 있지 않다는 점은, 운항자의 엄격책임이 적용되는 민사책임 체계가 무인항공기 분야에는 적절하지 않다는 주장을 가능하게 할 수 있다. 이에 대한 해결책으로 ICAO 지침개정과 무인기 안전 및 감항관련 SARPs 개정, 또한 잠재적으로는 민사책임 (참가자, 승객, 지상손해 대상)관련 문제들을 포함하는 SARPs 개정의 필요성을 제안한다. 이러한 ICAO지침은 적절한 절차를 거쳐서 각국의 국내법으로 차용될 수 있을 것이고, 이럴 경우 국제협약을 제정하고 발효까지 필요한 행정적 부담과 시간을 피할 수 있을 것이다. This article surveys the current international law with respect to RPAS from both the public air law and private air law perspectives. It then reviews current and proposed Australian domestic RPAS regulation while emphasizing the peculiar risks in operation of RPAS; and how they affect concepts of liability, safety and privacy. While RPAS operations still constitute only a small portion of total operations within commercial aviation, international pilotless flight for commercial air transport remains a future reality. As the industry is developing so quickly the earlier the pursuit of the right policy solutions begins, the better the law will be able to cope with the technological realities when the inevitable risks manifest in accidents. The paper acknowledges that a domestic or regional approach to RPAS, typified by the legislative success of the Australian experience, is and continues to be the principal measure to deal with RPAS issues globally. Furthermore, safety remains the foremost factor in present and revised Australian RPAS regulation. This has an analogue to the international situation. Creating safety-related rules is imperative and must precede the creation or adoption of liability rules because the former mitigates the risk of accidents which trigger the application of the latter. The flipside of a lack of binding airworthiness standards for RPAS operators is potentially a strong argument that the liability regime (and particularly strict liability of operators) is unfair and unsuited to pilotless flight. The potential solutions the authors raise include the need for revised ICAO guidance and, in particular, SARPs with respect to RPAS air safety, airworthiness, and potentially liability issues for participants/passengers, and those on the ground. Such guidance could then be adapted swiftly for appropriate incorporation into domestic laws bypassing the need for or administrative burden and time it would take to activate the treaty process to deal with an arm of aviation that states know all too well is in need of safety regulation and monitoring.

THE BUSH DOCTRINE: THE DANGERS OF AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM IN A REVOLUTIONARY AGE

NicholasJ.Wheeler 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2003 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.27 No.4

This article considers whether the Bush Doctrine seeks to establish a new rule for the preventive use of force against states and terrorist groups armed with weapons of mass destruction. Alternatively, does the Doctrine aim to carve out an exceptional right of intervention that is restricted to America alone? After emphasizing the dangers of changing the general rules on the use of force, I argue that the Bush Doctrine is not seeking such a modification. Instead, the new strategy should be viewed in the context of American exceptionalism. This has two sources: the long-standing belief of successive American governments that it is a carrier of universal values, which the United States has a historic responsibility to protect; and the administration’s belief that the United States is uniquely threatened after 9/11, and thus is justified in exempting itself from the ordinary legal rules. The article highlights the dangers of this type of thinking. It also considers whether it is possible to ameliorate U.S. unilateralism by devising new collective approaches to the threat posed by the spread of weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups.