複制中國書畵文物的歷史和現狀及複制工藝技術

曹靜樓,郭文林 용인대학교 박물관 2003 丹豪文化硏究 Vol.- No.7

Imno(臨摹 copying) of the painting and writing in China is combined result of many closely-related elements that include Chinese cultural tradition and philosophy and substantial characteristics of Chinese paintings and calligraphy. ① Chinese rulers throughout history, under the so-called theory of 'Sungkyohuajoinlon' (成敎化助人論 to help people by educating them) often relied on paintings as a means to strengthen their governing foundation while using them to educate their subjects and people. For example, Hyojaeuisudo ≪孝子義士圖, a painting of devoted children and righteous people≫ meant the loyalty and obedience, Yulyujun ≪烈女傳, a story of virtuous women≫ was used to signify the importance of chastity in a feudal society. Paintings with such themes were met with the rulers ethics and, with the supports from the rulers, used as a means to publicize their ethics and educate their subjects and people. ② There were many rulers who were good at or loved the writing and painting in ancient China. Among many, Taizhong Li Shimin at Tang Dynasty(唐 太宗 李世民), Xianzhong Li Jiangji(玄宗 李降基), Huizhong Jo Ji at Song Dynasty (宋代 徽宗 趙佶), Xunzhong Zhu Jianshen at Ming Dynasty(明代 憲宗 朱見深), Gaozhong Hong Li at Qing Dynasty(靑代 高宗 弘力) are such examples. Development of painting and writing arts in China was achieved with the interests of rulers in them, and important eras that marked the history of Chinese painting and writing arts were created. Until the year of Huizhong(徽宗), the level of painting and writing was an important condition in deciding a governmental position. However, in ancient times, since there was a limited number of painting and writing works and lack of printing technology, emperors and high officials of literature had to be satisfied only with enjoying them and hoped to possess them. In the government, a special bureau was established to educate and raise the professionals who could duplicate the paintings and writings. This tendency influenced the society as a whole, and the atmosphere of reproduction of painting and writing works by duplication gradually culminated. ③ Chinese philosophy had also influenced their painting and writing arts. Chinese drawings pursue objectivity and has an expression style of Chuninhapil (天人合一, heaven and human beings are one). In Chinese drawings, artists describe the natural object and at the same time transfer their mind and feelings in them. Nature in the drawings is not just the nature as it is seen, but it is the nature observed and attained by artists and drawn from deep inside of artists. When people learn Chinese drawings for the first time, they are not taught how to describe the forms as in the western style but receive formative train in that people enter into the nature and sketch. This is the reason why artists, when copying the works in the past, are able to obtain the feelings of nature and learn various brush techniques that are applied in Chinese drawings. Therefore, copying is a significant method to learn Chinese drawings. For example, SunMyo(線描 line description) has a certain form, and a famous ShipPalMyo (十八描 18 descriptions) including ChulSunMyo(鐵線描), YuSaMyo (遊絲描), NanYupMyo (蘭葉描), YuYupMyo (柳葉描), JoEuiMyo (曹衣描) was created. Since these lines don't exist in natural objects, it is impossible to learn them through sketching. They can be learned only by copying the works in the past, in which they equates with various drawing styles that are applied when painting various objects. For example, JunBup(준法 technique to express the feel of the surface as it is) used for landscape drawings is helpful when expressing the touch and feelings of various rocks. For example, BuByukJun(斧劈준) or WooJumJun(雨點준) are good for expressing the characteristics of Chinese northern landscape, PiMaJun(披痲준) or MiJumJun(米點준) for Chinese southern landscape. This JunBup does not exist in natural objects such as mountain or rock, and artists can learn the right JunBup for various rocks through copying the works of the past. ④ Traditional thinking that stresses the relationship between a teacher and disciple in Chinese culture had also influenced Chinese painting and writing arts. When people beging to learn Chinese drawings, they must copy the works of their teacher. Therefore, when other people look at the drawings, they know who is with which teacher and which school. The drawings of certain artists are used as an educational purpose when students learn drawings for copying. For example, SaSaengJinBuDo ≪寫生珍禽圖≫ by Huang Jun (黃筌) in Song Dynasty was inherited to his son and learned as a work for copying. Each word in Immo(臨摹), according to the explanation in the ancient literature, has a separate meaning, Mo(摹 to copy) means Tap(榻 to copy), and Im(臨 to overlook) means Sa(寫 to write). Current meaning of Im(臨) is, while looking at the original drawing, to understand deeply and in details. When doing it, not only the techniques of brush, ink, and color but also the compositional characteristics should be thoroughly studied in order to completely familiarize with the form and line of the original drawing. And then, it has to be reproduced on another paper in one moment, and the copy does not have to be and can not be exactly the same as the original. Im(臨), based upon the complete understanding of the original, is to complete the copy with one energy without looking at the original. Mo(摹) is, while placing a thin paper right over the ancient drawing book, to copy both thick and thin lines, and Mo(摹)'s meaning in copying of a painting (摹畵) is the same. In ancient times, Mo(摹) was replaced with Mo(模 to imitate) or Mu(撫 to stroke). In other words, a transparent paper is placed over the original, the first copy is accurately made, the original is removed, drawing paper is placed over the first copy, and drawing is done in details while referring the original. Two words, Im(臨) and Mo(摹), originally impose a separate meaning and cant be one word, but they are habitually used as one word. Mo(摹) used in current China cant be Im (臨) but has to be called as Motap (摹榻). Especially, copying and counterfeiting are fundamentally different and can't be used as same meaning. The purpose of copying is a complete reproduction of energy and form of the original, and it is to conserve and actively publicize the original. The purpose of counterfeiting is to gain profits while falsely stating someone else's name as his or her own, and it includes the meaning of damaging the original. They also have difference in using the technique. The work of copying is faithful to the original and completely reproduce the smallest detail. People producing the copies must perfectly understand the spirit and form of the original, and successful copies should contain both the form and spirit. Rather, counterfeit is not based on the original but freely drawn upon studying a certain brush style of ones own. As a result, artists of counterfeit who are very well aware of the brush style used by the original artist are famous artists and might be the person who lives the same period with or the disciple of the original artist. Paintings produced for the purpose of counterfeiting possibly be the fraud and trouble to judge the authenticity of the work in a later period. Copying project of painting and writing at the Palace Museum is to replace the original work with the copied one by the time of difficulty in exhibiting the original, which is the best way to conserve the original. Copying of ancient paintings and calligraphy does not only mean the line description, outlining, coloring), or usage of ink. It is a very difficult process of re-creation that requires sincerity and efforts. Since the Palace Museum has started the copying project in 1950s, top artists are putting their efforts to copy and duplicate highly-valuable cultural artifacts. They have copied famous drawings of Qin, Tang, Song and Yuan dynasty with strict working attitude and exquisite techniques. Famous Chungmyungsanghudo≪淸明上河圖≫, Hanheejaeyayeondo ≪韓熙載夜宴圖≫, Guasukpyungwondo≪과石平遠圖≫ by Kwak Hee(郭熙), and Chunggeumdo ≪聽琴圖≫ by Jo Gil (趙佶) are such examples. Not many professionals are working for the copies in China. There were few in the Shanghai(上海) and Nanjing(南京) Museum during 1980s, but they are no longer there with various reasons. In Dunhuang(敦煌) and Xian (西安), frescoes are mainly being replicated. The quality of professionals who work to copy at the Palace Museum are the best in its technique and size and cannot be compared to other museums. Copying one painting successfully requires a lot of preparations. When producing the copies, it takes from few days to several years. Thus, safety of the original should be guaranteed, and there should not be done even a small damage. But observing the original should be convenient, and copying process should be progressed with many attentions.

ORiginal Article : Tryptase and Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Expression Levels in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

( Wen Jing Liang ),( Guo Zhang ),( He Sheng Luo ),( Lie Xin Liang ),( Dan Huang ),( Fa Can Zhang ) 대한간학회 2016 Gut and Liver Vol.10 No.3

Background/Aims: Previous studies have revealed that mast cells (MCs) may activate the protease-activated receptors and release of neuropeptides involved in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The levels of proteaseactivated receptor 2 (PAR-2) and tryptase can contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of IBS. Methods: Colonoscopic biopsies were performed of 38 subjects (20 with IBSdiarrhea [IBS-D], eight with IBS-constipation [IBS-C], and 10 healthy volunteers). The mRNA and protein levels of tryptase and PAR-2 were assessed by real-time PCR and Western blot. The levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were measured by immunohistochemistry, and MCs were counted by toluidine blue staining. Results: Significant increases in the mRNA expression of tryptase (p<0.05, IBS-D, IBS-C vs control) and PAR-2 (p<0.05, IBS-D, IBS-C vs control) and in the tryptase protein level (p<0.05, IBS-D, IBS-C vs control) were detected in IBS. Elevations of MCs, CGRP, VIP and SP (p<0.05, IBS-D vs control) were observed for IBS-D only. Conclusions: Tryptase levels may upregulate the function of PAR- 2, resulting in the release of neuropeptide and they were correlated with clinical symptoms associated with IBS. (Gut Liver 2016;10:382-390)

MiR-214 inhibits apoptosis in thyroid epithelial follicular cells induced by amiodarone through the FASL/MAPK pathway

Wen Jing,Deng Chaonan,Shi Lixin,Zhou Shi,Zhang Miao,Hu Xiaoli,Wang Nianxue,Luo Lijuan 대한독성 유전단백체 학회 2022 Molecular & cellular toxicology Vol.18 No.2

Background Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is one of the most common autoimmune disease (AITD) in clinical practice. It is urgent to explore the mechanism of amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction. Objective This study aims to assess the expression levels of miR-214 and FasL in amiodarone contact type of HT, and the effect of miR-214 on cell viability and apoptosis and potential mechanism. Results We found that miR-214 was low expressed in the tissues of amiodarone-treated thyroiditis patients. MiR-214 increased the survival rate of amiodarone-induced thyroid epithelial follicular cells and inhibited apoptosis. Mechanically, we found that miR-214 could bind to FASL and regulate MAPK signaling pathway through FASL. Conclusions Our results suggested that miR-214 could be a potential therapeutic target for Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Adaptive Controller Design for Switched Stochastic Nonlinear Systems Subject to Unknown Dead-zone Input via New Type of Network Approach

Wen-Jing He,Shan-Liang Zhu,Na Li,Yu-Qun Han 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2023 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.21 No.2

In this article, adaptive tracking control for a class of switched stochastic nonlinear systems subject to unknown dead-zone input using multi-dimensional Taylor network (MTN) is studied. Firstly, the characteristic function is introduced to convert the nonlinearity of the input dead-zone into a linear model. Secondly, a novel adaptive control method based on the backstepping recursive design technique is proposed, which combines MTN and common Lyapunov functions (CLFs). Significantly, a method to reduce the computational complexity of switched stochastic nonlinear systems is proposed for the first time, which introduces characteristic function and MTN technology. The result makes clear that the proposed controller can ensure all signals of the closed-loop system are bounded in probability, and the output of the system can track reference signal well. Finally, the effectiveness of proposed control method is verified by simulation results.

Efficient extraction and separation of vanadium and chromium in high chromium vanadium slag by sodium salt roasting-(NH4)2SO4 leaching

Jing Wen,Tao Jiang,Yingzhe Xu,Jing Cao,Xiangxin Xue 한국공업화학회 2019 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.71 No.-

A novelty process based on sodium salt roasting-(NH4)2SO4 leaching was proposed to extract vanadiumand chromium in high chromium vanadium slag (HCVS). V2O5 and Cr2O3 was then prepared. The effectsof roasting and leaching conditions on vanadium and chromium extraction behavior were studiedsystematically and completely. Vanadium precipitation conditions and chromium reduction conditionswere optimized further. 94.6% vanadium and 96.5% chromium were extracted when HCVS and Na2CO3were mixed in the molar ratio of n(Na2CO3)/n(V2O3 + Cr2O3) of 2.5, then leached in 30 g/L (NH4)2SO4solution. 94.8% vanadium was precipitated as ammonium polyvanadate (APV) just by adjusting theleaching liquid pH at 4.5, almost all chromium was remained in liquid, achieving the efficient separationof vanadium and chromium. Chromium was then recovered by reduction and precipitation. More than99% chromium was reduced when Na2S2O5 was added in m(Na2S2O5)/m[Cr(VI)] above 3. By roasting thedeposits of vanadium and chromium respectively, 91.49% V2O5 and 89.89% Cr2O3 were obtained. Thesupernatant after vanadium and chromium extraction containing NH4+ could be recycled as the newleaching medium with some new (NH4)2SO4 added, which greatly reduced the discharge of ammonianitrogenwastewater and made the whole process more environmentally friendly.

2-Hydroxydiplopterol, A New Cytotoxic Pentacyclic Triterpenoid from the Halotolerant Fungus Aspergillus variecolor B-17

Wen-Liang Wang,Pei-Pei Liu,Ya-Peng Zhang,Jing Li,Hong-Wen Tao,Qian-Qun Gu,Wei-Ming Zhu 대한약학회 2009 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.32 No.9

A new hopane type pentacyclic triterpenoid, 2-hydroxydiplopterol (1) has been isolated from the metabolites produced by the halotolerant fungal strain Aspergillus variecolor B-17. The structure of 1 was determined by spectroscopic methods and single crystal X-Ray diffraction analysis. 2-Hydroxydiplopterol (1) exhibited cytotoxicity against K562 cells with an IC50 value of 22 μM.

Bond-slip Constitutive Relation between BFRP Bar and Basalt Fiber Recycled-aggregate Concrete

Wen-jing Meng,Hua-xin Liu,Gen-jin Liu,Xiang-qing Kong,Xue-zhi Wang 대한토목학회 2016 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.20 No.5

In order to investigate the bond stress-slip constitutive relation between BFRP bar and basalt fiber recycled-aggregate concrete, 81 central pullout specimens were tested. Basalt fiber volume percent, fiber length and concrete strength grade were considered to be experimental variables to obtain the bond stress-slip curves. The results showed that adding basalt fiber into recycled-aggregate concrete will reduce the bond stress between BFRP bar and recycled-aggregate concrete but enhance the ductility of bond property; the bond stress increases with the increasing of fiber length and concrete strength grade. The bond stress-slip constitutive model was proposed and the results showed that the model is good in effect of fitting. The constitutive model can reflect the bonding mechanism between BFRP bar and basalt fiber concrete well, it also can provide reference for theoretical analysis and engineering applications of the bond and anchor property between BFRP bars strengthened recycled concrete.

Investigation on separation principle of vanadium and chromium among Fe2VO4-CaO-FeCr2O4 system: Simplify and simulate calcification roasting process of vanadium-chromium slag

Jing Wen,Tao Jiang,Hongyan Sun,Tangxia Yu,Ming Li,Yi Peng 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.115 No.-

The competitive reaction of vanadium and chromium with calcium additives, along with the formationmechanism of calcium vanadate and calcium chromate are the central issue to the efficient separationand extraction of vanadium and chromium from vanadium-chromium slag (V-Cr slag) by calcificationroasting. In this study, Fe2VO4 and FeCr2O4 were synthesized to simulate the vanadium chromium spinelin V-Cr slag; then, the reaction mechanism of Fe2VO4-CaO-FeCr2O4 powder system was studied by XRD,SEM and leaching experiments. Results showed that calcium vanadate and calcium chromate are generatedafter roasting Fe2VO4-CaO system and FeCr2O4-CaO system individually. In Fe2VO4-CaO-FeCr2O4 system,as n(CaO)/n(V2O3) is 2, vanadium exists in the form of Ca2V2O7 while almost all Cr2O3 from thedecomposition of FeCr2O4 reacts with Fe2O3 to continuously form solid solution with more FeCr2O4 adding. After leaching, the addition of FeCr2O4 has no obvious effect on the leaching ratio of vanadium, andthe leaching ratio of chromium decrease with FeCr2O4 adding. Consequently, 94.03% of vanadium and0.15% of chromium are leached with n(CaO)/n(V2O3)/n(Cr2O3) of 2/1/1.03 at 900 C. When n(CaO)/n(V2O3) is 4, Fe2VO4 is oxidized and calcified gradually to form Ca2V2O7 and Ca3V2O8 with increasing roastingtemperature. A small amount of CaCrO4 is generated owing to the calcification of chromium, and mostchromium still exists in the form of solid solution. The reaction result of Cr2O3 and Fe2O3 is the superpositionof solid solution reactions with different degrees. Increasing the roasting temperature can significantlyreduce the chromium leaching ratio. All above would provide a theoretical support for thecalcification roasting process from V-Cr slag.

Biosynthesis of graphene‐metal nanocomposites using plant extract and their biological activities

Wen, Jing,Salunke, Bipinchandra K,Kim, Beom Soo WILEY & SONS 2017 Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology Vol. No.

<P>CONCLUSION: The present results show that GN/Ag and GN/Au nanocomposites can be ecofriendly synthesized using Xanthium strumarium leaf extract. The graphene/metal nanocomposites produced may be less-toxic, biocompatible, and useful for bioapplications. (C) 2016 Society of Chemical Industry</P>

Scheme for Implementing the Optimal Quantum Cloning via Long-range Off-resonant Raman Coupling

Jing-Ji Wen,연규황,Hong-Fu Wang,Shou Zhang 한국물리학회 2013 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.63 No.9

We propose a physical scheme to implement the optimal 1 ! 2 quantum cloning via long-rangeoff-resonant Raman coupling for distant atoms trapped in separate cavities connected by opticalfibers. We show that, if the single-qubit rotation angles are choosen appropriately, the optimalsymmetric (asymmetric) universal quantum cloning and optimal symmetric (asymmetric) phasecovariantcloning can be effectively realized. The scheme is insensitive to cavity decay, fiber loss, andatomic spontaneous emission because the effective long-distance interaction induced by long-rangeoff-resonant Raman coupling is mediated by the vacuum fields of the fiber and cavity and becausethe total system evolves in the decoherence-free subspace in which neither of the subsystems isexcited.