인지언어학에 기반한 신체어 합성명사의 의미 교육 연구

위윤 ( Weiyun ),김정아 ( Kim Jung-a ) 한민족어문학회 2020 韓民族語文學 Vol.0 No.90

이 연구의 목적은 신체어 합성명사의 의미를 개념적 은유와 환유로 분석하고 한국어 학습자를 위한 의미 교육 방법을 제안하는 것이다. 어휘 학습에 있어 어휘의 양적 능력도 중요하지만 질적 능력, 즉 어휘를 생산하고 적용할 수 있는 능력이 특히 중요하다. 어휘의 의미가 불투명하거나 비유적이면 학습자들은 어려움을 느낀다. 따라서 불투명하고 비유적인 단어의 의미를 이해할 수 있도록 학습하는 것이 중요하다. 이 연구는 기초 어휘인 신체어의 의미를 분석하여 한국어 학습자들이 효율적으로 어휘를 학습할 수 있는 방법을 모색해 보았다. 이를 위해서 신체어 합성명사를 개념적 은유와 개념적 환유로 분석했다. 이런 분석 방법은 한국어의 보편적인 개념화 방식을 알 수 있어 어휘 확장의 원리, 합성어의 의미 결합 방식 등을 이해하는 데 도움이 된다. 특히 신체는 우리가 세상을 이해하고 표현하는 하나의 도구로, 신체어는 우리의 사고방식을 내포하고 있다. 우리는 신체를 ‘그릇’으로 여기기도 하고 ‘물건’, ‘사물’, ‘동물’로 인식하기도 한다. 한편 신체의 일부를 통해 사람 ‘전체’를 가리키기도 하고 신체가 가진 ‘기능’을 나타내기도 한다. 우리의 이러한 인지 능력은 개념적 은유, 개념적 환유라고 하는데, 이는상당히 보편적인 사고 원리이다. 개념적 은유와 환유에 의해 합성된 신체어 합성명사를 분석하여 신체어를 개념화하는 일반적인 원리를 한국어 어휘 교육에 적용해 보았다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the meaning of compound nouns that include body-part terms and discuss methods for semantic education for Korean language learners. although it is important for foreign language learners to know a lot of vocabulary, they must be able to understand and express that vocabulary. To achieve this end, learners must know the principles of word formation and semantic relationships. Hence, this study analyzes the meaning of body-part terms from a cognitive-linguistic perspective with compound nouns that include body-part terms in order to propose efficient learning content and methods. Body-part terms are basic vocabulary, but at the same time, they expand into various meanings. Therefore, body-part terms help Korean-language learners learn the principles of expanding lexical meaning. Because, according to cognitive linguistics, language reflects the way humans think-, Koreans' use of compound nouns that include body-part terms reflects the general way they think. With these principles in mind, the study analyzed compound nouns that include body-part terms as conceptual metaphors and conceptual metonymy. On the basis of the results, the study proposed a learning method using conceptual metaphors to represent [The body is a container)] and [Body organs are containers.)]

Effects of Feeding Increasing Proportions of Corn Grain on Concentration of Lipopolysaccharide in the Rumen Fluid and the Subsequent Alterations in Immune Responses in Goats

Huo, Wenjie,Zhu, Weiyun,Mao, Shengyong Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2013 Animal Bioscience Vol.26 No.10

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding increasing proportions of corn grain on concentration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the rumen fluid and the subsequent alterations in immune responses as reflected by plasma concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp) in goats. Nine goats were assigned to three diets (0%, 25%, and 50% corn grain) in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square experimental design. The results showed that as the proportion of dietary corn increased, the ruminal pH decreased (p<0.001), and the concentrations of propionate (p<0.001), butyrate (p<0.001), lactic acid (p = 0.013) and total volatile fatty acid (p = 0.031) elevated and the ruminal LPS level increased (p<0.001). As the proportion of dietary corn increased, the concentration of SAA increased (p = 0.013). LPS was detectable in the blood of individual goats fed 25% and 50% corn. A real-time PCR analysis showed that the copy number of phylum Bacteroidetes (p<0.001) was reduced ($4.61{\times}10^9$ copies/mL to $1.48{\times}10^9$ copies/mL) by the increasing dietary corn, and a correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the number of Bacteroidetes and rumen LPS levels. Collectively, these results indicated that feeding goats high proportions (50%) of corn grain decreased the ruminal pH, increased LPS in the rumen fluid and tended to stimulate an inflammatory response.

Synthesis and characterization of acrylate copolymer containing fluorescein functional group

Anyong Zhong,Guodong Hui,Weiyun Huang,Yunzhao Song,Deben Chen 한국화학공학회 2013 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.30 No.8

We report a novel method to fabricate fluorescent polymer (F-CPA) based on the esterification between acrylate copolymer (CPA) and fluorescein using N, N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC)/4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)as catalyst. The resulting copolymer was characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ultravioletvisible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, the influences of concentration, solvents,pH and metal cations (Cu2+, Fe3+ and Zn2+) on the fluorescent behaviors of F-CPA are discussed in detail. All those observations suggest that the synthesized F-CPA is an excellent luminescent macromolecular material with simple synthesis method and excellent solubility. Moreover, its sensitive fluorescence response behaviors to solvents, pH and metal cations make it to become a polymer-based probe.

Effects of Ruminal Infusion of Garlic Oil on Fermentation Dynamics, Fatty Acid Profile and Abundance of Bacteria Involved in Biohydrogenation in Rumen of Goats

Zhu, Zhi,Mao, Shengyong,Zhu, Weiyun Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.7

This study aimed to investigate the effects of ruminal infusion of garlic oil (GO) on fermentation dynamics, fatty acid (FA) profile, and abundance of bacteria involved in biohydrogenation in the rumen. Six wethers fitted with ruminal fistula were assigned to two groups for cross-over design with a 14-d interval. Each 30-d experimental period consisted of a 27-d adaptation and a 3-d sample collection. Goats were fed a basal diet without (control) or with GO ruminal infusion (0.8 g/d). Ruminal contents collected before (0 h) and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h after morning feeding were used for fermentation analysis, and 0 h samples were further used for FA determination and DNA extraction. Garlic oil had no influence on dry matter intakes of concentrate and hay. During ruminal fermentation, GO had no effects on total VFA concentration and individual VFA molar proportions, whereas GO increased the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and microbial crude protein (p<0.05). Compared with control, GO group took a longer time for total VFA concentration and propionate molar proportion to reach their respective maxima after morning feeding. The ratio of acetate to propionate in control reduced sharply after morning feeding, whereas it remained relatively stable in GO group. Fatty acid analysis showed that GO reduced saturated FA proportion (p<0.05), while increasing the proportions of C18, t11-18:1 (TVA), c9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9,t11-CLA), t10,c12-CLA, and polyunsaturated FA (p<0.05). The values of TVA/(c9,t11-CLA+TVA) and C18:0/(TVA+C18:0) were reduced by GO (p<0.05). Real-time PCR showed that GO tended to reduce Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus abundance (p = 0.058), whereas GO had no effect on total abundance of the Butyrivibrio group bacteria. A low correlation was found between B. proteoclasticus abundance and C18:0/(TVA+C18:0) (p = 0.910). The changes of fermentation over time suggested a role of GO in delaying the fermentation process and maintaining a relatively modest change of ruminal environment. The inhibitory effects of GO on the final step of biohydrogenation may be related to its antibacterial activity against B. proteoclasticus and other unknown bacteria involved.

Effect of Gynosaponin on Rumen In vitro Methanogenesis under Different Forage-Concentrate Ratios

Manatbay, Bakhetgul,Cheng, Yanfen,Mao, Shengyong,Zhu, Weiyun Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.8

The study aimed to investigate the effects of gynosaponin on in vitro methanogenesis under different forage-concentrate ratios (F:C ratios). Experiment was conducted with two kinds of F:C ratios (F:C = 7:3 and F:C = 3:7) and gynosaponin addition (0 mg and 16 mg) in a $2{\times}2$ double factorial design. In the presence of gynosaponin, methane production and acetate concentration were significantly decreased, whereas concentration of propionate tended to be increased resulting in a significant reduction (p<0.05) of acetate:propionate ratio (A:P ratio), in high-forage substrate. Gynosaponin treatment increased (p<0.05) the butyrate concentration in both F:C ratios. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis showed there was no apparent shift in the composition of total bacteria, protozoa and methanogens after treated by gynosaponin under both F:C ratios. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis indicated that variable F:C ratios significantly affected the abundances of Fibrobacter succinogenes, Rumninococcus flavefaciens, total fungi and counts of protozoa (p<0.05), but did not affect the mcrA gene copies of methanogens and abundance of total bacteria. Counts of protozoa and abundance of F.succinogenes were decreased significantly (p<0.05), whereas mcrA gene copies of methanogens were decreased slightly (p<0.10) in high-forage substrate after treated by gynosaponin. However, gynosaponin treatment under high-concentrate level did not affect the methanogenesis, fermentation characteristics and tested microbes. Accordingly, overall results suggested that gynosaponin supplementation reduced the in vitro methanogenesis and improved rumen fermentation under highforage condition by changing the abundances of related rumen microbes.

Comparison of Faecal Microbial Community of Lantang, Bama, Erhualian, Meishan, Xiaomeishan, Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire Sows

Yang, Lina,Bian, Gaorui,Su, Yong,Zhu, Weiyun Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.6

The objective of this study was to investigate differences in the faecal microbial composition among Lantang, Bama, Erhualian, Meishan, Xiaomeishan, Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire sows and to explore the possible link of the pig breed with the gut microbial community. Among the sows, the Meishan, Landrace, Duroc, and Yorkshire sows were from the same breeding farm with the same feed. Fresh faeces were collected from three sows of each purebred breed for microbiota analysis and volatile fatty acid (VFA) determination. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed that samples from Bama, Erhualian, and Xiaomeishan sows, which from different farms, were generally grouped in one cluster, with similarity higher than 67.2%, and those from Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire sows were grouped in another cluster. Principal component analysis of the DGGE profile showed that samples from the foreign breeds and the samples from the Chinese indigenous breeds were scattered in two different groups, irrespective of the farm origin. Faecal VFA concentrations were significantly affected by the pig breed. The proportion of acetate was higher in the Bama sows than in the other breeds. The real-time PCR analysis showed that 16S rRNA gene copies of total bacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were significantly higher in the Bama sows compared to Xiaomeishan and Duroc sows. Both Meishan and Erhualian sows had higher numbers of total bacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and sulphate-reducing bacteria as compared to Duroc sows. The results suggest that the pig breed affects the composition of gut microbiota. The microbial composition is different with different breeds, especially between overseas breeds (lean type) and Chinese breeds (relatively obese type).

Diversity of Butyrivibrio Group Bacteria in the Rumen of Goats and Its Response to the Supplementation of Garlic Oil

Zhu, Zhi,Hang, Suqin,Mao, Shengyong,Zhu, Weiyun Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.2

This study aimed to investigate the diversity of the Butyrivibrio group bacteria in goat rumen and its response to garlic oil (GO) supplementation as revealed by molecular analysis of cloned 16S rRNA genes. Six wethers fitted with ruminal fistulas were assigned to two groups for a cross-over design with 28-d experimental period and 14-d interval. Goats were fed a basal diet without (control) or with GO ruminal infusion (0.8 g/d). Ruminal contents were used for DNA extraction collected before morning feeding on d 28. A total bacterial clone library was firstly constructed by nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene cloned sequences using universal primers. The resulting plasmids selected by Butyrivibrio-specific primers were used to construct a Butyrivibrio group-specific bacterial clone library. Butyrivibrio group represented 12.98% and 10.95% of total bacteria in control and GO group, respectively. In libraries, clones were classified to the genus Pseudobutyrivibrio, Butyrivibrio and others within the family Lachnospiraceae. Additionally, some specific clones were observed in GO group, being classified to the genus Ruminococcus and others within the family Ruminococcaceae. Based on the criterion that the similarity was 97% or greater with database sequences, there were 29.73% and 18.42% of clones identified as known isolates (i.e. B. proteoclasticus and Ps. ruminis) in control and GO groups, respectively. Further clones identified as B. fibrisolvens (5.41%) and R. flavefaciens (7.89%) were specifically found in control and GO groups, respectively. The majority of clones resembled Ps. ruminis (98% to 99% similarity), except for Lachnospiraceae bacteria (87% to 92% similarity) in the two libraries. The two clone libraries also appeared different in Shannon diversity index (control 2.47 and GO group 2.91). Our results indicated that the Butyrivibrio group bacteria had a complex community with considerable unknown species in the goat rumen.

Chitosan-chelated zinc modulates cecal microbiota and attenuates inflammatory response in weaned rats challenged with Escherichia coli

Dan Feng,Minyang Zhang,Shiyi Tian,Jing Wang,Weiyun Zhu 한국미생물학회 2020 The journal of microbiology Vol.58 No.9

Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection is very common among young growing animals, and zinc supplementation is often used to alleviate inflammation induced by this disease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether chitosan- chelated zinc (CS-Zn) supplementation could attenuate gut injury induced by E. coli challenge and to explore how CSZn modulates cecal microbiota and alleviates intestinal inflammation in weaned rats challenged with E. coli. 36 weaned rats (55.65 ± 2.18 g of BW, n = 12) were divided into three treatment groups consisting of unchallenged rats fed a basal diet (Control) and two groups of rats challenged with E. coli and fed a basal diet or a diet containing 640 mg/kg CS-Zn (E. coli + CS-Zn, containing 50 mg/kg Zn) for a 14-day experiment. On days 10 to 12, each rat was given 4 ml of E. coli solution with a total bacteria count of 1010 CFU by oral gavage daily or normal saline of equal dosage. CS-Zn supplementation mitigated intestinal morphology impairment (e.g. higher crypt depth and lower macroscopic damage index) induced by E. coli challenge (P < 0.05), and alleviated the increase of Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity after E. coli challenge (P < 0.05). 16S rRNA sequencing analyses revealed that E. coli challenge significantly increased the abundance of Verrucomicrobia and E. coli (P < 0.05). However, CS-Zn supplementation increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Desulfovibrio and E. coli (P < 0.05). The concentrations of butyrate in the cecal digesta, which decreased due to the challenge, were higher in the E. coli + CS-Zn group (P < 0.05). In addition, CS-Zn supplementation significantly prevented the elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 concentration and upregulated the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 in cecal mucosa induced by E. coli infection (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these results indicate that CS-Zn produces beneficial effects in alleviating gut mucosal injury of E. coli challenged rats by enhancing the intestinal morphology and modulating cecal bacterial composition, as well as attenuating inflammatory response.

Effects of early commercial milk supplement on the mucosal morphology, bacterial community and bacterial metabolites in jejunum of the pre- and post-weaning piglets

Hu, Ping,Niu, Qingyan,Zhu, Yizhi,Shi, Chao,Wang, Jing,Zhu, Weiyun Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2020 Animal Bioscience Vol.33 No.3

Objective: Sow milk (SM) may not be able to meet the piglet's nutritional needs in late lactation. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of early commercial milk (CM) supplement on the mucosal morphology, bacterial community and bacterial metabolites in jejunum of piglets. Methods: Ten litters of newborn piglets ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) were randomly divided into 2 groups of 5 litters. The piglets in the control group were suckled by the sow (SM), while the piglets in the treatment group (CM supplement) were supplemented with a CM supplement along with suckling from d 4 to d 28 of age. Results: No significant differences were observed about jejunal mucosal morphology on d 28 and d 35 between two groups. On d 28, the activity of lactase in the jejunum was significantly decreased in the CM group, while the activity of sucrase and the ratio of maltase to lactase were significantly increased (p<0.05). On d 35, the activity of maltase in the jejunum was significantly increased in the CM group (p<0.05), and maltase to lactase ratio tended to increase in the CM group (p = 0.065). In addition, piglets in the CM group had a higher abundance of Clostridium XI, Tuicibater, and Moraxella in the jejunum on d 28, while the abundance of Lactobacillus was significantly increased on d 35 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The early CM supplement improved the maturation of the jejunum to some extent by enhancing the maltase and sucrase activities. Moreover, the early CM supplement could help maintain the homeostasis of internal environment in jejunum by increasing the microbial-derived metabolites.

Calcium-sensing receptor-mediated L-tryptophan-induced secretion of cholecystokinin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide in swine duodenum

Xiuying Zhao,Yihan Xian,Chao Wang,Liren Ding,Xianglong Meng,Weiyun Zhu,Suqin Hang 대한수의학회 2018 JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE Vol.19 No.2

This study aimed to elucidate the effect of tryptophan (Trp) on gut hormone secretion as well as the roles of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR)and its downstream signaling pathway in gut hormone secretion by assessing swine duodenal perfusion in vitro. Swine duodenum was perfusedwith Krebs-Henseleit buffer as a basal solution. Various concentrations (0, 10, and 20 mM) of Trp were applied to investigate its effect ongut hormone secretion. A CaSR antagonist was used to detect the involvement of CaSR and its signal molecules. The 20 mM Trp concentrationpromoted the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), elevated the mRNA level of CaSR,and upregulated the protein levels of CaSR, protein kinase C (PKC), and inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R). However, NPS 2143, aninhibitor of CaSR, attenuated the CCK and GIP release, reduced the mRNA level of CaSR, and decreased the protein levels of CaSR, PKC,and IP3R with 20 mM Trp perfusion. The results indicate that CCK and GIP secretion can be induced by Trp in swine duodenum in vitro,and the effect is mediated by CaSR and its downstream signal molecules PKC and IP3R.