Towards Norms of International Business Behaviour

Simon Webley 피터드러커 소사이어티 2011 창조와 혁신 Vol.4 No.1

The exponential growth of foreign direct investment and international trade coupled with the emergence of international voluntary standards concerning corporate behaviour, are the context of this paper. Its purpose is to look again at a question that both business ethicists and corporate leaders have been concerned about for at least two decades: ‘Can a multinational corporation (MNC) apply its core ethical values in all countries and cultures where it wishes to operate?’ In the early part of the 1990s, an international group of national leaders and experts with royal patronage explored this question. Their approach was to examine the religious values which are invoked when undertaking commercial transactions in their respective nations and cultures. The conclusion was the publication of the Interfaith Declaration on Business Ethics. Sixteen years later this paper asks what relevance the Declaration had on the approach of MNCs to doing business in cultures with which they are not familiar, and whether the four core ‘transactions’ values identified in the Declaration (Justice, Mutual Respect, Stewardship and Honesty) are consistent with transaction values found in other major religions and cultures. Is it possible to achieve and agree on international norms?

AI and the Legal Profession: Ethical and Regulatory Considerations

Lisa Webley 서울대학교 공익산업법센터 2019 경제규제와 법 Vol.12 No.2

Legal and other professional services are entering the fourth industrial age, with predictions that fundamental technological transformation will result in massive disruption to lawyers, legal services and legal systems. AI may yet not have seriously disrupted professional service markets, but with increased commodification of products and services in global law and accountancy firms, these sectors are ripe for change. This may impact the way in which the legal and financial systems operate within countries and across countries that may have profound consequences for all in society. AI raises fundamental questions about the reach, limits and appropriateness of current legislative and regulatory frameworks governing their use. There are ethical challenges and risks for professionals, businesses, consumers, governments and nation states. These powerful technologies might be employed to reduce social inequality and improve access to justice, alongside enhancing productivity and wealth. They may also lead to invasions of privacy, herald an era of greater state or business surveillance of individuals, provide a means for increased authoritarian control and/or greater societal inequality. Lawyers can, and must, play a key role in securing the rule of law, the protection of rights, good governance and fair decision-making in this new context. This paper considers the use of AI systems in legal services and the justice system. It suggests ways in which technology may be harnessed by lawyers and beyond to provide legal help to clients. It touches upon some regulatory and ethical challenges that are yet to be addressed including the powerlessness of jurisdictional boundaries in a virtual age and the powerfulness of those with access to big data to develop AI in a legal context. The paper also considers, in brief, issues of transparency of decision-making, data quality and inferences drawn from data, professional responsibility and ethics, liability, public acceptance and by implication public trust. These discussions are framed within a discussion of the likely impact that these changes may bring to our legal systems and ways in which the rule of law may be strengthened or weakened depending on approaches to regulation of AI technologies and their use.

[국문번역문] 인공지능(AI)과 법조 분야: 윤리적 · 규제적 고려사항

Lisa Webley,권헌영(번역자) 서울대학교 공익산업법센터 2019 경제규제와 법 Vol.12 No.2

법률 및 기타 전문 서비스는 4차 산업 시대에 접어드는 가운데, 근본적 기술 변혁으로 인해 변호사, 법률 서비스, 법률 시스템에 방대한 와해가 발생할 것이라는 예측이 있다. 인공지능(AI)은 아직 전문 서비스 시장을 심각하게 뒤흔들고 있지는 않으나, 글로벌 법률회사 및 회계 법인의 제품과 서비스가 더 많이 상품화되고 있는 상황에서 이 업계의 변화는 멀지 않은 것으로 보인다. 이는 국내 혹은 국가간 금융 시스템의 운영 방식에 영향을 미치고 결국 전 사회에 막대한 여파를 가져올 수 있다. AI는 AI 사용에 대한 현행 법적, 규제적 프레임워크의 범위, 한도, 적절성에 대해 근본적인 질문을 제기한다. 전문가, 비즈니스, 소비자, 정부, 국가가 당면한 윤리적인 도전과제와 위험이 있는 것이다. 이 막강한 기술은 생산성과 부를 증대하는 한편 사회적 불평등을 줄이고 정의에 대한 접근성을 높이기 위해 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 사생활을 침해하거나, 국가나 기업이 개인을 감시하는데 사용될 수도 있으며, 권위주의적 통제와 사회적 불평등의 심화의 도구가 될 수도 있다. 변호사는 이런 새로운 상황에서 법치주의, 권리의 보호, 바람직한 거버넌스, 정당한 의사 결정을 지키는데 앞장설 수 있고, 또한 앞장서야 한다. 본 논문은 법률 서비스와 사법 제도에서 AI 시스템이 어떻게 사용되는지 살펴볼 것이다. 변호사 등이 의뢰인에게 법적 자문을 제공하는데 어떻게 AI 기술을 활용할 수 있을지 제안할 것이다. 또한 가상 시대에 관할권의 무력함과 빅데이터에 접속하여 법적 맥락에서 AI를 개발하는 사람들의 막강함 등 아직 다루어지지 않은 일부 규제적, 윤리적 도전과제에 대해서도 논의할 것이다. 본 논문은 또한 의사결정의 투명성, 데이터의 질과 데이터로부터의 유추, 전문가의 책무와 윤리, 법적 책임, 사회적 수용, 공적 신뢰 등의 주제에 대해서도 간략히 다룬다. 이런 변화가 우리 법률 시스템에 미치게 될 가능한 영향과, AI 기술과 그 사용의 규제적 접근법에 따라 법치가 어떻게 강화되거나 약화될 수 있는지에 대한 논의를 통해 이를 살펴볼 것이다.

Lagrangian 모형을 이용한 백두산 분화 화산재의 확산 분포 공간 확률 분석

이승수,Peter Webley,이원호 한국기상학회 2014 한국기상학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.10

NaX 제올라이트가 담지된 허니컴 흡착제의 제조 및 이의 이산화탄소 흡착특성

Yoo, Yoon-Jong,Kim, Hong-Soo,Singh, Ranjeet,Xiao, Penny,Webley, Paul A.,Chaffee, Alan L. 한국공업화학회 2009 공업화학 Vol.20 No.6

The honeycomb adsorbent was prepared for adsorbing and seadsorbent was prepared by using zeolite sheet, which contained zeolite as component. The steady-state adsorption properties and surface morphologies were analyzed and breakthrough characteristics were ananlyzed by providing 16% carbon dioxide mixed gas. By thermal regeneration, carbon dioxide concentration properties were analyzed, and the adsorptive separation process was compared between thermal swing adsorption and pressure swing adsorption after adsorbent temperature change during heating. The breakthrough results of the honeycomb showed possibility parating carbon dioxide from combustion exhaust gas, which had deep impact on climate change, and the characteristics of the adsorbent were studied. Na-X zeolite was coated on a honeycomb prepared with ceramic sheet or active carbon sheet so that the two honycomb can be used at high temperature. Third honeycomb of rotary adsorptive concentration process. 지구온난화에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 이산화탄소를 연소 후 배가스로부터 흡착 분리하기 위한 허니컴 흡착소자의 제조 및 그 특성에 관한 것이다. 고온사용이 가능하도록 세라믹쉬트, 활성탄소 쉬트를 사용하여 허니컴을 제조하였고 그 위에 Na-X 제올라이트를 코팅하였다. 또한 Na-X 제올라이트를 포함시킨 제올라이트 쉬트를 사용하여 허니컴 흡착제를 제조하였다. 이들 세 가지 허니컴 흡착제에 대하여 이산화탄소 흡착량, 표면특성 그리고 16% 이산화탄소 혼합가스를 공급하여 파과특성을 분석하였다. 또한 가열재생에 따른 이산화탄소 농축특성과 가열시 허니컴 흡착제의 온도변화를 분석하여 열스윙 흡착 분리공정에서의 우월성을 비교 분석하였다. 이들 허니컴을 사용한 흡착파과실험 결과를 바탕으로 하여 회전식 흡착 농축공정의 적용 가능예를 보여주었다.

The effect of the modification methods on the catalytic performance of activated carbon supported CuO-ZnO catalysts

Huamei Duan,Yunxia Yang3,Jim Patel,Nick Burke,Yuchun Zhai,Paul A. Webley,Dengfu Chen,Mujun Long 한국탄소학회 2018 Carbon Letters Vol.25 No.-

Activated carbon (AC) was modified by ammonium persulphate or nitric acid, respectively. AC and the modified materials were used as catalyst supports. The oxygen groups were introduced in the supports during the modifications. All the supports were characterized by N2-physisorption, Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis. Methanol synthesis catalysts were prepared through wet impregnation of copper nitrate and zinc nitrate on the supports followed by thermal decomposition. These catalysts were measured by the means of N2-physisorption, X-ray diffraction, XPS, temperature programmed reduction and TEM tests. The catalytic performances of the prepared catalysts were compared with a commercial catalyst (CZA) in this work. The results showed that the methanol production rate of AC-CZ (23 mmol-CH3OH/(g-Cu·h)) was higher, on Cu loading basis, than that of CZA (9 mmol-CH3OH/(g-Cu·h)). We also found that the modification methods produced strong metal-support interactions leading to poor catalytic performance. AC without any modification can prompt the catalytic performance of the resulted catalyst.

Application and preparation of the zeolite honeycomb adsorbent for carbon dioxide removal

유윤종,전경준,김홍수,박종호,한상섭,조순행,( Paul A. Webley ),( Alan L. Chaffee ) 한국공업화학회 2007 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2007 No.1

NaX 제올라이트가 담지된 허니컴 흡착제의 제조 및 이의 이산화탄소 흡착특성

유윤종 ( Yoon Jong Yoo ),김홍수 ( Hong Soo Kim ),( Ranjeet Singh ),( Penny Xiao ),( Paul A. Webley ),( Alan L. Chaffee ) 한국공업화학회 2009 공업화학 Vol.20 No.6

Highly dispersed Cu-ZnO-ZrO2 nanoparticles on hydrotalcite adsorbent as efficient composite catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol

Xin Fang,Yuhan Men,Fan Wu,Qinghu Zhao,Ranjeet Singh,Penny Xiao,Liying Liu,Tao Du,Paul A. Webley 한국화학공학회 2021 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.38 No.4

CO2 hydrogenation to methanol is attracting specific interest because of its potential economic and environmental benefits in transforming waste CO2 to value-added hydrocarbons. Copper-based catalysts are documented as efficient and widely applied, whereas insufficient catalytic properties of conventional catalysts hinder their application. Herein, catalysts using Mg-Al hydrotalcite (HT) as the carrier of Cu/ZnO/ZrO2 (CZZ) nanoparticles were prepared to exploit special advantages of hydrotalcite on copper dispersion and catalytic performance. The results show that CZZ nanoparticles can be uniformly dispersed on external surfaces of HT, elevating BET surface areas of CZZ-HT samples by at least 2.5 times compared to pure CZZ. The HT carrier also enriches strong basic sites and hence elevates CO2 adsorption capabilities in the range of reaction temperature. Both copper surface area and copper dispersion of CZZ-HT samples are improved dramatically. A catalyst containing 45.1 wt% of CZZ shows 1.1 times higher copper surface area per gram CZZ and 1.6 times higher copper dispersion than the reference CZZ. Subsequent reactions demonstrate the CZZ-HT samples show remarkably promoted turnover frequency (TOF) for methanol synthesis and retain considerable catalyst stability. The typical catalyst prepared in this research, at the reaction temperature of 523 K and pressure of 3.0MPa, presents a 68.2% higher methanol STYCu per gram copper and an 117.0% higher SMeOH/SCO ratio than the commercial catalyst. The support HT plays a crucial role for the enhanced catalytic performance physically and chemically. Thus, the as-prepared CZZ-HT catalyst provides a significant improvement for CO2 utilization.