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1
Antifungal Synergy of Theaflavin and Epicatechin Combinations Against Candida albicans

( Jonathan W Betts ),( David W Wareham ),( Stephen J Haswell ),( Stephen M Kelly ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2013 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.23 No.9
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New antifungal agents are required to compensate for the increase in resistance to standard antifungal agents of Candida albicans, which is an important opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes minor infections in many individuals but very serious infections in those who are immune-compromised. In this study, combinations of theaflavin and epicatechin are investigated as potential antifungal agents and also to establish whether antifungal synergy exists between these two readily accessible and cost-effective polyphenols isolated from black and green tea. The results of disc diffusion assays showed stronger antibacterial activity of theaflavin:epicatechin combinations against C. albicans NCTC 3255 and NCTC 3179, than that of theaflavin alone. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1,024 μg/ml with theaflavin and 128-256 μg/ml with theaflavin:epicatechin combinations were found. The fractional inhibitory concentration indexes were calculated, and the synergy between theaflavin and epicatechin against both isolates of C. albicans was confirmed. Theaflavin:epicatechin combinations show real potential for future use as a treatment for infections caused by C. albicans.
2
Impact of Intravenous Aspirin Administration on Ventriculostomy-Associated Hemorrhage in Coiled Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients

Alex Mortimer,David Evans,Richard Flood,Owain Davies,James Wareham 대한신경중재치료의학회 2021 Neurointervention Vol.16 No.2
Purpose Aspirin has beneficial effects on coiling, even in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage, but there is also a perceived risk of increased bleeding and, importantly, a concern regarding ventriculostomy-associated hemorrhage (VAH) in those with complicating hydrocephalus. We aimed to assess the rate and extent of VAH in patients specifically treated with procedural intravenous aspirin during endovascular coiling of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Materials and Methods This was a single neurovascular center retrospective observational study of consecutive patients treated over a three-year period. The rate of VAH assessed using computed tomography and clinical outcomes were compared in patients receiving intraprocedural intravenous aspirin loading (n=90) versus those that did not receive the drug (n=40). Results There was a significantly elevated rate of VAH in patients receiving intravenous aspirin (30% vs. 2.5%, odds ratio 16.7 [95% confidence interval: 2.2–128.0], P<0.0001). The majority of VAH was <10 mm in size (70%) with the largest bleed measuring 20 mm. No hematoma required surgical evacuation. No difference in favorable outcome at discharge was demonstrated. There was no difference in mortality between the 2 groups. Conclusion Loading with intravenous aspirin during endovascular treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms significantly increases the risk of VAH, but most are small with minimal impact on clinical outcome at discharge. Intravenous aspirin should probably be reserved for selected cases but should not be withheld based on risk of VAH.
3
Genome-wide association study identifies novel breast cancer susceptibility loci

Easton, Douglas F.,Pooley, Karen A.,Dunning, Alison M.,Pharoah, Paul D. P.,Thompson, Deborah,Ballinger, Dennis G.,Struewing, Jeffery P.,Morrison, Jonathan,Field, Helen,Luben, Robert,Wareham, Nicholas Nature Publishing Group 2007 Nature Vol.447 No.7148
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Breast cancer exhibits familial aggregation, consistent with variation in genetic susceptibility to the disease. Known susceptibility genes account for less than 25% of the familial risk of breast cancer, and the residual genetic variance is likely to be due to variants conferring more moderate risks. To identify further susceptibility alleles, we conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study in 4,398 breast cancer cases and 4,316 controls, followed by a third stage in which 30 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for confirmation in 21,860 cases and 22,578 controls from 22 studies. We used 227,876 SNPs that were estimated to correlate with 77% of known common SNPs in Europeans at r<SUP>2</SUP> > 0.5. SNPs in five novel independent loci exhibited strong and consistent evidence of association with breast cancer (P < 10<SUP>-7</SUP>). Four of these contain plausible causative genes (FGFR2, TNRC9, MAP3K1 and LSP1). At the second stage, 1,792 SNPs were significant at the P < 0.05 level compared with an estimated 1,343 that would be expected by chance, indicating that many additional common susceptibility alleles may be identifiable by this approach.