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王仁淑 경성대학교 1983 부산수산대학 논문집 Vol.4 No.2
To research the decline of consumers' tastes in their colthes objectively or quantitatively, I classified females' clothes into the category of the decision-factors in females' fashions on the basis of materials which were collected through taking amemomotion photograph at Suh Myun and at Kwang Bok Dong in Busan in the middle of May and in the end of September in 1981. After classifying and aggreating the above materials, it was found that the upper garment and skirt, the upper garment and trousers, one-piece, and separates of the young age group. appeared frequently in the memo-motion photographs. In the process of computeranalyzing the abovefour categories, took the cluster-analysis and collected each pattern of females' clothes hierachically from the combination of the category of the decision factors in females' fashion in the low stage into that in the upper stage. The result are as follows. 1. There is no wide difference between the two regions, but females' fashions in Kwang Bok Dong are very sensitive o the season. 2. In May, the separtes jacket is the main pattern of females' fashions. 3. With skirts and trousers, blouse and T. shirt become serious influences upon the factors of females' fashions.
沈永根,王仁槿 서울大學校 農科大學 1984 서울대농학연구지 Vol.9 No.2
In this paper, authors tried primarily to categorically identify and generalize some fundamental causal factors considered responsible for impinge upon the agricultural and food crisis in many of the latecomer developing countries in the Black African Continent. As a fellow-up to the effort, authors also presented a proposition that agricultural and rural development should be tole ultimate answer to the badly unfortunate state of crisis affairs in agriculture and food in the Sub-Saharan African countries. Specifically, authors took an analytical perspective from the three categories of viewpoints concluded as the most basic and important in an effort of clarification and determination of the crisis causes in agriculture and food, leading so often to the famine : (a) heterogenous, precarious and unfavorable climatic and social environments, (b) chronic and wide-spread economic crisis, and (c) seriously stagnant agricultural crisis. To render the analytical effort, the authors made use of available statistics and empirical evidences derived in general terms, for which, however, no specific sources of information were given right in the text. Instead, references were presented in a backage from at the end of the paper text under the three main categoies : (a) Africa in general, (b) agricultural, rural and economic development of Africa, and (c) statistical source publications on agricultural, economic, social and physical situations in Africa. In view of the fact that not many studios of the African agriculture and rural development have been done in Korea, authors emphatically pointed out the need for Korean academicians to pay their attention to Africa where our national interests within the prevailing international relations have been significantly found, manifestly and potentially. The faculties of our college could have their overseas academic interests by having Africa as a geographical area of interest in their own specialized disciplines in that agricultural and rural development is the national development itself in most of the African countries.
王仁槿 서울大學校 農科大學 1985 서울대농학연구지 Vol.10 No.2
This paper is basically a systematically expanded and refined one, the original version of which was presented for discussion only at a research institute in Seoul in the summer of 1985. The general or overall purpose of this paper is to examine the nature, present situation, and prospective tasks of the farmer's representative interest-group institution in Korea. Firstly, a brief introduction is made to emphasize the need and significance of the study, probably the first of its kinds ever conducted and published in Korea as far as systematically-treated academic papers on the theme are concerned, relatively speaking. Secondly, some conceptualized general-type insights and implications are preliminarily derived and presented for the representative interest-group institution in general terms which is in existence and functioning in any democratic and capitalistic countries. Thirdly, an overview-type examination is made of the farmers' attributes and status, and their paternalistic interest-group organizations in Korea. Fourthly, highly selected three major farmers' organizations which might be relatively considered as the farmers' representative interest-group organizations in action, when and if viewing from essentially normative or "expected" points, are analytically examined as concisely as possible:(a) National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, (b) Korean Association for Advanced Farmers, and (c) Catholic Farmers' Association. Fifthly, some development tasks are projected for the Korean farmers' representative interest-group institution, and finally, sixthly, a conclusion is made to close the paper. The most important generalization in the form of a conclusion of this paper is, as implicitly hypothesized, the fact that there are hardly any "true"or "full-fledged" farmers' organizations found today whose functions are in line with the so-called "political interest groups". The Catholic Farmers' Association only does some activities of this nature which, however, have been harshly controlled by the government authorities under the existing laws and regulations. Since the "true"or "near-true" farmers' representative interest-group institution as a whole cannot be thought of separately or exclusively of the national development status in terms of genuine democratization which, however, only selected advanced countries can afford to enjoy today. Consequently, the so called "time-place qualification" should be duly taken into consideration: Korea is making a rapid progress towards this development though slow and steady. Therefore, institutionalization and appropriate functions of the farmers' representative interest-group organizations or institution may not be found in Korea in the very near future while the farmers are recently pressed down so severely that they have to have their own strong political voices or demands felt and reflected in the government political decision-making process in their behalf primarily to have an appropriate allocation of the national resources available for mobilization today.
先發的-後發的 開發途上國問의 國際農業技術移轉 序說 : -An Introductory Note-
王仁槿 서울大學校農科大學 1984 서울대농학연구지 Vol.9 No.1
International agricultural and rural development technology transfer or international agricultural technology transfer to developing countries from developed countries and their organizations since the end of World War Ⅱ in 1945 has been a built-in component element of the general and overall international development assistance programme. International agricultural technology transfer has been probably the most basic and important necessary condition for agricultural and rural development of most developing countries of predominantly agricultural base the world over. Legitmately and coventionally, international agriculural technology transfer as in the more larger case of the overall international development assistance programme has been originated from developed countries for developing countries, in planning and implementation of which, however, there have been manifested serious problems, usually coming from the transfer of alien traits among different countries of different and, sometimes, heterogeneous historical backgrounds and development stages, and states of affairs. This is the problem between developed countries as suppliers of technology and developing countries as recipient clients. Specifically, but in more generalized way, it may be pointed out an illustration in this regard that recipient developing countries in so many cases lack reasonably minimum level of technical know-how to effectively and efficiently absorb the advanced technology imported from developed countries. The developed countries as suppliers or donors of technology, on the other hand, lack appropriate understanding of developing countries for which they intend to impart their advanced technology with empathy. Quite recently, after nearly four decades since the end of World War Ⅱ in 1945 since which so many new developing countries obtained liberation for independence from their developed colonial countries, several developing countries including Korea have emerged as the comparatively more developed minority than the rest still remaining lagged as the majority of the developing countries of the world. The minority developing countries could be termed as "firstcomer developing countries" and the majority ones "latecomer developing countries". The latecomer developing countries have just begun to look upon some of the firstcomer developing countries such as Korea as their origin of aricultural technology transfer and their nation-building and modernization. Malaysia's "Look-East Policy" may be duely included in this quite new trend. Needless to mention, this is a dramatic departure from the legitimate and conventioal international agric-ultural technology transfer practice: developed countries are being replaced with by firstcomer devloping countries as the origin of technology transfer. In this paper, the author tried formally and, perhaps, for the first time, to bring out this newly-emerging dimension of international technology transfer phenomenon for latecomer ??, and implicitly but emphatically proposed that this research topic should be systematically implemented not only for enriching theoretically but also practically for facilitating agricultural and rural development processes of latecomer ??. In this connection, however, this paper cannot but be of an introductory nature. Some reasons why firstcomer ?? have increasingly become to be looked upon as origins of agricultural technology transfer by latecomer ?? have been identified and generalized: (a) latecomer ?? could get agricultural technology transfer for their agricultural and rural development as well as for their nation-building from firstcomer ?? far more effectively and efficiently than from developed countries which have been so long a time acting as suppliers, realizing indirect transfer effect; (b) the two-category groups of ?? could comfortably share "we-feeling", "togetherness" or "like-consciousness", contrasted to the usual superior-inferior complexes and master-slave relations most of the latecomer ?? did experience before independence with developed countries as their colonial rulers in the past; (c) the kind of transnational agricultural technology transfer is far less expensive in terms of costs and time resources, with comparatively maximum possible effectiveness attained. Some selected strategies of naturally preliminary nature may be derived for firstcomer ?? in planning and implementing international agricultural technology transfer for latecomer ?? as clients: (a) a systematic, in-depth analysis and study of donor countries' (firstcomer ??) agricultural development with special reference to agricultural technology should be made whereby, positive and negative variables and trial-and-error lessons could be derived and generalized to be utilized as learning experiences; (b) the same kind of analysis and study of the recipient latecomer ?? as ctual and potential clients should be made by means of holistic approach or by systems analysis approach. The initial effort would be technology or knowledge transfer from universities and research institutes in developed countries such as those in the USA and Japan, and secondly which should be followed up by dispatching own research teams to recipient countries for field study; (c) a specific and scientific effort should be made to identify and determine both felt-needs and unfelt-needs of particular latecomer ?? as technology transfer clients, which should include the so-called feasibility study in which a check-up of "transferability" is the most important; (d) in planning and implementing international agricultural technology transfer programmes, firstcomer ?? as donors should not try to get anything done which may require the so-called "transformation approach" as opposed to the so-called "improvement approach" in that it may have spoiling consequences for any intended programmes; and (e) firstcomer ?? as donors of international technology transfer for agricultural development of latecomer ?? have to be prepared themselves very much, one illustration being the training and education of specialists to work both at home and abroad with special reference to the intercultural or transnational diffusion and transfer of alien cultural elements including the technology itself.
王仁槿,權五復 서울大學校 農科大學 1986 서울대농학연구지 Vol.11 No.1
The purpose of this paper is to overally analyze and examine some major derermining factors of the Sub-Saharan Africa's food production as part of a larger study primarily conducted by the second author through literature study approach. Significance of the study may lie in the fact that many latecomer developing countries in the Black African Continent have been seriously suffering from hunger and even famine, that the agricultural food production is the core of the agricultural and rural development in many of these countries, that the agricultural and rural development may be approximated to the national development itself in many countries, and that Africa as the major pocket of serious poverty and un-development of the world today is, manifestly and potentially, significantly concerned with national interests of Korea as an emerging donor firstcomer developing country in international assistance-cum-cooperation, in particular for agricultural and rural development. Five major categories of the determining factors of the food production have been selectively identified, problem- or constraint-wise. They are colonization antecedents, environments and resources, national development policy decision-makings including, of course, those of the agriculural and rural development, land tenure system, and technology and productivity. The relatively long colonization experiences by European powers the African countries had to historically undergo have had such impacts upon the food production as: the divergent use of the African native labor of the productive age bracket in mines and plantations owned and managed by Europeans of the colonizing countries, depriving the rural areas of the agricultural labor needed, plunder of good arable lands by European colonizers that were used to be cultivated for producing staple food grains, implementation of agricultural policies with special emphasis on export crops with the result of a typical monoculture farming skewedly developed, and introduction of the economic dualism. The major physical or natural environments that affect significantly the good production may be: frequent haunting of serious and wide-spread droughts in recent years, and the 'tse-tse fly' damage the extent of which, area-wise, has been estimated at nearly one-thirds of the Black African Content. Population and livestock have been rapidly increasing, resulting in ultimate consequences of deterioration of land fertility and desertification. The irrigation level is the lowest in the world, and agricultural population and economically active population in agriculture have a tendency to increase over the years, which, however, are falling behind the increasing rate of the total population. As a result, agricultural population is decreasing, relatively and absolutely. National development policies of most countries have tended to put priority on urban and industrial sectors, and agricultural policies have been concentrated on export and cash crops, neglecting food production for domestic consumption for a long time. In most cases, agricultural commodity prices have been maintained rather at a lower level, providing small farmers with little or no incentives for increased food production. Marketing functions of agricultural produce and inputs have been in the hands of governments or the public sector to have badly inappropriate performance. Traditional land tenure systems have been of communal type, allowing individuals or families to have only the usufruct, not the right of transaction, transfer or lease of lands. The traditional land tenure system, consequently, has been considered to discourage farmers' incentives for land improvement, investment in land, and flexibility in land management. The badly low level of technologies of food production and agricultural productivity at a very low level, as a result, have been noted, contributing to the lagged food production. The quantity of chemical fertilizers being used and the degree of mechanization have been very low. Damages of food crops by some exogenous crop pests have been increasing as foreign food imports have been on the increase, and the post-harvest loss of food is found high. The demand or consumption aspect of food also impinges upon the production or supply aspect, usually considered as another major derermining factor category. In this regard, however, analysis and examination of this aspect should be beyond the scope of this paper, too important to be dealt with in this paper. Therefore, with a very limited view to complementing the analysis and examination of the major determining factors of food production, the following may be summarized: over the past decade, food demand has been increasing by more than 3 percent on the average while food production by less than 2 percent annually, the most important contributing factor for the increased demand being the population increase; the impact of income may be considered as negligible; but changes in food consumption patterns seem to be a contributing factor. Alleviation or removal of major constraints of food production so far identified, or solution of Africa's food problems, may be duly considered formidable challenges at least in the foreseeably near future as long as the countries' self-generating and indigenous capacity is concerned. They need stepped-up external development assistance and cooperation primarily in the form of the efficient and effective international agricultural and rural development technology transfer.
王仁槿 서울大學校 農科大學 1984 서울대농학연구지 Vol.9 No.2
This paper deals with the rural-urban interaction of Korea since 1945 when Korea was liberated from the 36-year Japanese colonial rule in terms of divergence and convergence of the two dominant sectors of the Korean society. The analysis, however, does not try to identify and determine the causal variables overtly and manifestly : it is concentrated on the consequences or the end-results of the interactional social change based upon some selected indicators available. An in-depth discussions and examinations of the theoretical aspects of the rural-urban divergence and convergence should be duly made, which, however, could not be done in this paper simply because of the usual physical or space constraint. The author has taken a proposition the rural society and urban society, the two traditional and dominant sectors of the Korean society and of any other societies, first, find themselves dichotomized, polarized or diverged almost holistic-wise, but second, gradually, they tend to be converged, homogenized or integrated. This process begins from when and where the rural society is badly lagged behind the urban counterpart, followed up by the relative enhancement of the quality of life of the rural population in approaching that of the urban counterpart which is generally and increasingly becoming higher. As a newly industrializing country, firstcomer developing country or advanced developing country, Korea has become to find this convergence process in effect, generally speaking. Needless to point out, there are still found the relatively deprived or lagged areas and aspects on the part of the rural society as compared with the urban one. In this connection, however, this process will be strengthened more in the years ahead in Korea. It should be mentioned that the rapidly developing urban society has a very powerful interactional impact on the rural society in so many ways, to cope with which, the latter has to adapt itself appropriately. And the government policy measures are absolutely needed for the adaptation and adjustment of the rural society for its socio-economic development. Basically, the author does not approve the position that the very skewed polarization between the rural and urban societies in Korea is in existence, as in the case of say some countries in Latin America. And furthermore, a three-point proposition in terms of conclusion should be attended to : (a) a general and national consensus should be arrived at on the "tolerable 1eve1 of inequality" since inequality itself is basically in existence in all societies ; (b) the relative deprivation of the rural society will be significantly improved to increasingly converge the urban counterpart in income and quality of life, ultimately; and (c) the convergence or equalization process is in fact a "process" which implies that it goes step by step or gradually.
開發途上國의 外債現況과 償還能力 分析 : 한국을 중심으로 With Emphasis on the Korean Case
李汪宰,姜錫寅 상명대학교 논문집 1986 상명대학교논문집 Vol.18 No.-
External debt is not a new issue. Indeed, it has existed throughout history, but became more signficant internationally after the second World War because of the demand of funds for reconstruction and development. The oil crises of 1973-4 and 1979 exacerbated the external debt problem, particularly for oil-importing developing countries. Poland was the first country rescheduled in March 1981. By the end of 1983, total rescheduling rose to US$ 90 billion. Several factors contributed to the sudden expansion of external debt after the 1970s, First, while grants constituted the bulk of foreign aid after World War Ⅱ, the 1970s saw a shift of loans to developing countries. Second, before the 1970s, most foreign capital was used for internal purposes, while in the post oil crisis period, external purposes became more important. Third, the expansion of the scope of external debt after the oil crises made this issue an international problems, rather than a simple domestic issue. At the end of 1985, total developing countries' external debt stood at US$865 billion. Of this, 89%, or US$ 768 billion was borne by oil importing developing countries. The total developing countries' external debt in 1985 represented a 260% jump over its 1977 level. The Latin American region's debts made up 55.1% of the total, while Asian countries were responsible for 26.5%, showing the severity of the external debt problem in both regions. Indeed, developing countries' external debt has consistently worsened: in 1977, the external' debt to GNP ratio stood at 25%, but deteriorated to 36.4% by 1985; the external debt to export ratio worsened from 127% in 1977 to 150% after 1983; and the debt servicing ratio for these countries was 25.6% at the end of 1985. In this article, the writers have analyzed the external debt and debt service ability of the developing countries, giving special attention to the Korean case. In chapter Ⅱ, the developing countries' external debt status and the origins of the rapid expansion of worldwide external debt have been discussed. In chapter Ⅲ, Korea's external debt was focused, fully considering the structure of external debt. In chapter Ⅳ, the developing countries' debt servicing ability was analysed and the Korean case in particular closely looked at. In chapter Ⅴ, the writers concluded that Korea's external debt status is relatively good, compared with that of other developing countries. Thanks to Korea's foreign assets, the net foreign debt to GNP ratio at 40% is relatively stable. Short term debt constitutes less than 23% of total external debt. In addition, Korea's debt structure is well-balanced among the public and private sectors and bank loans. Korea has also benefited from recent decline in international interest rates as 69% of her external debt is made in floating rates. Korea's debt service ability is also relatively good. Effective economic management has successfully promoted annual growth rates to 5-9%. Korea has benefited from favorable interest rates and the proportion of short-term debt in total debt has been held down. Korea's debt service ratio, including short-term debt is only 20% and Korea enjoys a relative high country credit in international financial markets. Korea's balance of payments is also being improved as a result of increase in exports. On the domestic side, Korean citizens have positively supported the movement to reduce foreign debts. Korea, however, has no natural resources, and so is dependent on the external environment for economic growth. For this reason, Korea must continue to promote domestic savings and consumer's frugality in order to reduce external debt in the future.
金性洙,王仁權 서울대학교농과대학농업개발연구소 1990 서울대농학연구지 Vol.15 No.1
The general objective of the study was to explore an expanded 'fourth' function of 'International Agricultural Development Activities' of Korean agricultural colleges, Seoul National University College of Agriculture (SNUCA), in particular. In order to attain the general objective, some detailed objectives were formulated: (a) to systematically understand the basic concept of and need for the expanded new function; (b) to make an overview of highly selected foreign agricultural colleges' international agricultural activities with special reference to those in the United States, the firstcomer developed country in the field; and (c) to make a projection on the function to be planned and implemented by the SUNCA. The significance or meaning of the study may be very briefly summarized. First, the Korean national development has been such that Korea has become the most typical firstcomer developing country or newly-industrializing country or economy. Consequently, Korea's most leading SNUCA in higher agricultural learning institutions has been greatly and well developed. Second, being the most typical and forwarding 'more-developed' developing country with tremendous industrialization in such a shorter span of time since the early part of the 1960s, Korea has been expected and sought by so many latecomer developing countries, that is, 'less-developed' developing countries the world over as an appropriate origin for their national development technology, the agricultural and rural development technology, in particular, for their rather immediate utilization, which are mostly agriculture-based so badly lagged. Third, Korea's markedly enhanced status in the international community needs to strengthen her international involvements in terms of development cooperation for the latecomer developing countries the more, for the international development activities, namely, 'International Agricultural Development Activities,' to be planned and implemented for the very unfortunate countries, which would prove of national benefit, too. And finally, fourth, the traditional international donors, for example, the United States, have become weakened, and in this highly internationalization era, Korea as one of the newly-emerging country has to assume the leadership as an international donor, in this case, in the field of agricultural development, to be genuinely internationalized herself. The study had a couple of no small limitations or difficulties: (a) since this study was the first of its kind conducted in Korea, reference information could hardly be found locally, (b) in getting relevant information from arbitrarily selected agricultural colleges in other countries which could be considered far more experienced in the field, only two or three cases could be evaluated satisfactory though almost all (16 out of 17) responded to the information-seeking letters-cum-questionnaires sent. Especially, Dr. Jiryis Oweis of the Board for International Food and Agricultural Development (BIFAD), Department of State of the United States, was very much helpful and Dr. E. W. Coward, Jr., Director, International Agriculture and Professor of Rural Sociology and Asian Studies, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, has forwarded the most comprehensive and relevant information. and (c) taking into consideration the fact that this study is of an exploratory nature, contents or the scope of the study was intentionally made limited. From a review of some foreign agricultural colleges' international agricultural activities with special reference to those of the United States, the following were found. (A) Universities or agricultural colleges' authodox and/or fundamental functions of teaching, research and public services have to be supplemented by a fourth function of 'International Agricultural Development Activities' in more developed countries, especially with a view to helping develop so many latecomer developing countries the world over. (B) The new function is not the kind of an one-way, one-direction flow one from more developed countries' agricultural colleges to those in less developed developing countries. The field experiences are fed back to the donor colleges so that they are integrated into the already operating three functions very much to give international perspectives and trainings to students and public or private parties interested in this intensified era of internationalization or globalization. (C) Universities themselves, government authorities concerned, private firms and organizations interested, and major foundations should have recognition, commitments and actual supports for the endeavour. In other words, agricultural colleges must do what they should do and relevant external agencies and organizations must do what they should consider as necessary. (D) the traditional 'Exchange Program' is only part of the International Agricultural Development Function which is far more comprehensive when well developed though the student and faculty exchange program may be considered the core of the international function, being the traditional nucleus of the 'Internationalization of Universities or Agricultural Colleges' in an era of internationalization for human being's symbiotic existence. And (E) the international agricultural development activities have to adopt an interdisciplinary approach among relevant disciplines. In particular, it must be imperative for any development projects to have social scientists formally participated in. In other words, agricultural or rural social sciences, such as agricultural economics, rural sociology, and agricultural and extension education must be represented in any development cooperation teams. Some of the more imortant findings and projections worked out from this study which, among others, aimed at exploring the international agricultural development function for the Seoul National University College of Agriculture of Korea, may be: A) It would be confidently pointed out that faculties of the SNUCA were very much enthusiastic and willing to take up the fourth function of international activities for which basic capacity or qualifications are almost same with or equal to those in other foreign agricultural colleges of significant attention. (B) The Korean government authorities have just initiated to extend development cooperation to latecomer developing countries in the field of, agricultural development, which fact implies, among others, the government authorities concerned should pay their serious attention to the agricultural colleges' role in the framework of the official development cooperation programs. Unfortunately, in the past, the SNUCA and other agricultural colleges used to be given little or no attention at all by the government authorities concerned, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, for example;. the SNUCA is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education in Korea. (C) The SNUCA must do what it. should do within its reach and management: creation of an institutional set-up such as an office of international agricultural development programs; encouraging to set up international courses, preferably of interdisciplinary character when considered pertinent; encouraging to infuse international flavour and perspectives Into existing courses as much as possible; increasing the number of cooperating agricultural colleges primarily in latecomer developing countries, accepting more students from them, together with faculties, who should be accommodated in a dormitory provided; establishing the missing disciplinary departmental set-up for 'Rural Sociology,' etc. (D) In line with the SNUCA's projects, the University headquarters and the Ministry of Education and other ministries concerned should provide the faculties with financial resources so that they could conduct research studies and teaching in cooperation with cooperating agricultural colleges in the very recipient countries. As far as the agricultural industry is concerned, this would enable to make up what Korea badly lacks in the so-called 'Area Studies.' (E) Major private foundations presently found locally, numbering five or so which have interests in promoting academic progress, should turn their attention to the SNUCA's international agricultural development activities for the very unfortunate lagged countries, most of which, naturally are agriculture-based with much to do for improvement, as historically the United States' cases have demonstrated. As a sort of the conclusion of the study, a proposition-like statement may be advanced: the international development function of the Seoul National University College of Agriculture should be integrated into the existing three traditional ones not only for the development of the SNUCA but also for the national interests and needs in this ever-increasing internationalization era as the most important measure to cope with the international developmental challenges.
李載斗,李旺熏,蘇仁永 成均館大學校 1967 論文集 Vol.12 No.-
羊齒植物의 개고사리 (Athyrium nipponicum), 裸子植物의 은행나무(Ginkgo biloba), 雙子葉 植物의 봉선화(Impatiens Balsamina), 單子葉植物인 벼(Oryza sativa),의 根端分裂組織細胞의 微細構造를 比較하기 위하여 各 材料의 根端組織部位를 1% Osmium tetroxide로 固定하고 Methacrylate resin에 埋沒하여 100∼200Å로 切斷하여 電子顯微鏡으로 觀察하였든바 mitochondria의 fragmentation의 過程과 cristae의 構造가 明白하고, 原始色素體에는 未發達狀態인 lamellae가 存在하고 있으며 mitochondria와 原始色素體와의 크기가 區別되었다. Golgi體는 봉선화와 벼 以外에는 明白하지 못하고 endoplasmic reticulum은 全面的으로 細胞內에 均等히 分布되어 있으나 核 周圍에 많이 集中되는 傾向이 있었다. Amyloplast는 은행나무와 벼에서만 나타났으며 lipid body는 液胞속에서 形成되는 것을 觀察할 수 있었다. mitochondria, endoplasmic ieticulum, proplastid의 數는 벼, 봉선화, 은행나무, 및 개고사리의 系統的 順序로 나타났음이 特徵的이다. 細胞質에 比한 核의 크기도 벼. 봉선화, 은행나무 및 개고사리의 順序이나 nucleous의 크기는 細胞質比의 反應이었다. 은행나무에 있어서는 nucleous가 nucleoloneme의 構造를 하고있고 2個가 存在하는 것이 特異하였다. As the results of investigation of the fine structures of meristematic cell of the root tips of Athyruim nipponicum in Pteriodophyta, Ginkgo biloba in Gymnospermae, Impatiens Balsamina in Dicotyledone, and Oryza sativa in Monocotyledone, we observed the difference in them. We cut off the meristematic part of their root tips and fixed them with 1% Osmium tetroxide under the room temperature. After embeding them in methacrylate resin, we cut them into the thickness of 100-200 Å with ultramicrotome and them reinforced them with carbon in the vacuum evaporator and observted it with the electron microscope. As the results we obtained the following: 1. It was possible to observe the fragmentation process of the mitochondria and also to distinguish the proplastid from the mitochondria in their sizes. Further it was observed that there existed the constructure of unmatured lamellae in the proplastid while the mitochondria had the figure of cristae. 2. The golgi apparatus had the structure of cisternae, which were able to be seen only in the two plants of the Impatiens Balsamina and Oryza sativa, and were not apparently seen in the others than the above two. 3. The endoplasmic reticulums were distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm, however, tended to concentrate around the nucleus. 4. The formation on the amyloplast, which proved to be in the proportion to the maturity of the proplasted, was able to be seen in the oryza sativa and Ginkgo biloba, but not to be seen in the Impatiens Balsamina and Athyrium nipponicum. 5. The lipid body was found as depositional substances, which can be observed in the vacuole. 6. The cytoplasmic nucleus ratio were also found to follow the systematic order of the Oryza sativa, Impatiens Balsamina, Ginkgo biloba, and Athyrium nipponicum. 7. The numbers of the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and proplastid which are contained in the cytoplasm were characterized by following the systematic order of the Oryza sativa, Impatiens Balsamina, Ginkgo biloba and Athyrium nipponicum. 8. The order of the sizes of nucleous is just opposite to the cytoplasmic nucleus ratio. 9. The nucleous of Ginkgo biloba had the structure of nucleoloneme, and was characterized by having two nuclei.
지연성 수면위상증후군 청소년에서 기상 시 어려움과 주간 졸림에 대한 Dawn Simulation 효과 연구
강시현,유한익,정석훈,왕희령,안준호,윤인영,김창윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 2007 신경정신의학 Vol.46 No.6
Objectives : Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) is characterized by difficulties in falling asleep and waking up at a desired time. Dawn simulation is a technique using a light that gradually increases in intensity before awakening in the morning, to imitate a natural sunrise. It has been found to be effective in decreasing both morning drowsiness and difficulty in awakening as well as treating symptoms of seasonal affective disorder. The aim of this study was to determine whether dawn simulation is helpful in decreasing difficulty in morning awakening and daytime sleepiness in adolescents with DSPS. Methods : Twelve adolescents with DSPS participated in a 2-week dawn simulation trial. Each subject self-assessed level of difficulty in awakening, morning drowsiness and daytime sleepiness during a 2-week baseline period and a following 2-week trial period with dawn simulator. Subjects used Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) for measuring morning drowsiness and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) for measuring daytime sleepiness. Difficulty in awakening was assessed by a single-item questionnaire. Results : Dawn simulation trial decreased morning drowsiness (p=0.016) and daytime sleepiness (p=O.013) significantly compared to baseline. It also seemed to improve difficulty in awakening, but the effect was not statistically significant (p=0.092). Conclusion : Dawn simulation may help waking up in the morning and may improve daytime functioning by deceasing both morning drowsiness and daytime sleepiness in adolescents with DSPS.