Lipase-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of (R,R)-lactide from alkyl lactate to produce PDLA (poly D-lactic acid) and stereocomplex PLA (poly lactic acid)

Jeon, B.W.,Lee, J.,Kim, H.S.,Cho, D.H.,Lee, H.,Chang, R.,Kim, Y.H. Elsevier Science Publishers 2013 Journal of biotechnology Vol.168 No.2

R-lactide, a pivotal monomer for the production of poly (D-lactic acid) (PDLA) or stereocomplex poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was synthesized from alkyl ®-lactate through a lipase-catalyzed reaction without racemization. From among several types of lipase, only lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435; CAL-B) was effective in the reaction that synthesized (R,R)-lactide. Enantiopure (R,R)-lactide, which consisted of over 99% enantiomeric excess, was synthesized from methyl ®-lactate through CAL-B catalysis. Removal of the methanol by-product was critical to obtain a high level of lactide conversion. The (R,R)-lactide yield was 56% in a reaction containing 100mg of Novozym 435, 10mM methyl ®-lactate and 1500mg of molecular sieve 5A in methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). The important monomer (R,R)-lactide that is required for the production of the widely recognized bio-plastic PDLA and the PLA stereocomplex can be obtained using this novel synthetic method.

OH (1720 MHz) MASERS: A MULTIWAVELENGTH STUDY OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE W51C SUPERNOVA REMNANT AND THE W51B STAR FORMING REGION

Brogan, C. L.,Goss, W. M.,Hunter, T. R.,Richards, A. M. S.,Chandler, C. J.,Lazendic, J. S.,Koo, B.-C.,Hoffman, I. M.,Claussen, M. J. IOP Publishing 2013 The Astrophysical journal Vol.771 No.2

<P>We present a comprehensive view of the W51B H II region complex and the W51C supernova remnant (SNR) using new radio observations from the VLA, VLBA, MERLIN, JCMT, and CSO along with archival data from Spitzer, ROSAT, ASCA, and Chandra. Our VLA data include the first lambda = 400 cm (74 MHz) continuum image of W51 at high resolution (88 ''). The 400 cm image shows non-thermal emission surrounding the G49.2-0.3 H II region, and a compact source of non-thermal emission (W51B_NT) coincident with the previously-identified OH (1720 MHz) maser spots, non-thermal 21 and 90 cm emission, and a hard X-ray source. W51B_NT falls within the region of high likelihood for the position of TeV gamma-ray emission. Using the VLBA, three OH (1720 MHz) maser spots are detected in the vicinity of W51B_NT with sizes of 60-300 AU and Zeeman effect magnetic field strengths of 1.5-2.2 mG. The multiwavelength data demonstrate that the northern end of the W51B HII region complex has been partly enveloped by the advancing W51C SNR and this interaction explains the presence of W51B_NT and the OH masers. This interaction also appears in the thermal molecular gas which partially encircles W51B_NT and exhibits narrow pre-shock (Delta v similar to 5 km s(-1)) and broad post-shock (Delta v similar to 20 km s(-1)) velocity components. RADEX radiative transfer modeling of these two components yield physical conditions consistent with the passage of a non-dissociative C-type shock. Confirmation of the W51B/W51C interaction provides additional evidence in favor of this region being one of the best candidates for hadronic particle acceleration known thus far.</P>

소 모색관련 유전자 MC1R 의 RCR - RFLP Marker 를 이용한 한우육 판별

정의룡,김우태,김연수,한상기 한국동물자원과학회 2000 한국축산학회지 Vol.42 No.4

The melanocortin 1 receptor(MClR) plays a central role in regulation of eumelanin(black/brown) and phaeomelanin(red/yellow) pigment synthesis within the mammalian melanocytes. Mutations within the gene encoding MC1R have been shown to explain coat colour variations within several species including cattle. This study was performed to develop the identification technique of Hanwoo meat using MC1R gene associated with the coat colors of cattle. Alleles of the MC1R locus were detected by PCR-RFLP analysis and genotype frequency and DNA sequences of MC1R gene were compared among cattle breeds. Genomic DNA was extracted from meat or blood samples of five breeds including Hanwoo(n=200), Holstein(n=100), Angus(n=20), Hereford(n=20) and Charolais(n=20). The MC1R gene was used to amplify 739bp and 173bp of the bovine E-locus corresponding to positions 228-966 and 318-490, respectively, using the two specific primers. The amplified products were digested with Bse118 I or Msp I and Aci I enzymes, and DNA fragments were separated by gel electrophoresis for RFLP genotype analysis. Six genotypes, E^D/E^D E^D/E^+, E^D/e, E^+/E^+,E^+/e and e/e, controlled by three alleles E^D, E^+ and e were observed in MC1 locus. When the amplified DNA product(739bp) was digested with Bse118 I enzyme, Hanwoo meat showed a single band of 739bp, whereas two fragments of 531bp and 208bp were detected in Holstein meat and Angus breed, respectively. Also, in the RFLP patterns using Msp I enzyme, Hanwoo meat produced two fragments of 535bp and 174bp, while three fragments of 328bp, 207bp and 174bp were observed in Holstein meat and Angus breeds, respectively. Therefore, breed-specific RFLP markers showing distinct differences between these breeds were found by PCR-RFLP analysis. When the amplified DNA product(173bp) was digested with Aci I enzyme to classify subtype of E allele, the E^D allele produced three fragments of 97, 68 and 8bp, while the E^+ and d alleles produced two fragments of 173 and 8bp according to the Aci I recognition sequence. Among the six genotypes, two genotypes of E^+/e and e/e were observed in Hanwoo and their frequencies were 0.07 and 0.93, respectively. However, the E^D/ED and E^D/e genotypes were present in Holstein and E^D/E^D, E^D/E^+ and E^D/e genotypes in Angus breeds. Therefore, the E^+/e and e/e genotypes observed in Hanwoo and E^D/E^D, E^D/E^+ and E^D/e genotypes detected only in Holstein and Angus breeds may be useful as breed-specific DNA markers for distinguishing between Hanwoo meat and Holstein and Angus meats. When comparing MC1R sequences among Hanwoo, Holstein and Angus, a Gly → Val amino acid change due to a single base(G) deletion at colon 104 was found in Hanwoo. Consequently, breed specific RFLP genotypes of MC1R gene related to bovine coat colors could be used as DNA markers for identification of Hanwoo meat from Holstein and Angus meats.

반추위내 (反芻胃內) Cellulolytic bacteria 의 분리 동정 (同定) 및 Activity 에 관한 연구 (2) 반추위내 Cellulolytic bacteria 의 Activity 에 관한 연구

민병렬(B . R . Min),맹원재(W . J . Maeng),조남기(N . K . Cho) 한국영양사료학회 1991 韓國營養飼料學會誌 Vol.15 No.3

체외배양한 인제대정맥혈관내피세포에서 R. tsutsugamushi 감염이 Tissue Factor와 Type 1 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor의 발현에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

김미란,기선호,배현주,장우현,박선양,최강원 대한감염학회 1995 감염 Vol.27 No.4

목적:쯔쯔가무시질환시 생기는 전신혈액응고장애의 병인 기전이 rickettsia의 침투에 의한 혈관내피세포의 손상, 그에 따른 tissue factor의 발현, 뒤이은 tissue type plasminogen activator(tPA)의 분비와 보상기전으로 type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor(PAI-1)이 분비되는 과정으로 생각하고 이를 보고자 연구를 시행하였다. 방법:체외배양한 혈관내피세포에 순수분리한 Rickettsia tsutsugamushi를 감염시킨후 상층액에서 ELISA법으로 tPA와 PAI-1을 측정하였고 혈관내피세포 단층배양에서 면역형광법으로 tissue factor를 측정하였으며 PAI-1 유전자의 발현을 확인하고자 Northern blot analysis로 PAI-1 mRNA를 확인하였다. 결과: 1) PAI-1 R. tsutsugamushi를 감염시킨후 24시간에 가장 높은 농도를 보이며 그 증가량은 정상대조군에 비해 2.5배에서 4.7배까지 증가 하였다. 2) R. tsutsugamushi를 감염시킨후 혈관내피세포에서 분비되는 tPA의 분비는 정상대조군에 비해 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 3) Northern blot analysis에 의한 PAI-1 mRNA의 발현 검색 결과 정상대조군에 비해 R. tsutsugamush가 감염된 혈관내피세포에서는 PAI-1의 발현이 2.5배 정도 증가하였다. 4) 혈관내피세포 단층배양에 R. tsutsugamushi를 감염시킨후 24시간에 tissue factor단일클론 항체와 FITC-conjugated anti mouse IgG를 이용한 간접 면역형광항체법으로 tissue factor를 측정한 결과 혈관내피세포 표면에서 tissue factor의 존재를 확인할 수 있었다. 결론:단층배양한 혈관내피세포에 R. tsutsugamushi를 감염시켰을 때 tissue factor가 발현되었고 PAI-1의 분비가 증가하여 24시간에 가장 많이 분비되었다. 그러나 tPA의 분비는 정상대조군에 비해 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. Nothern blot analysis를 통한 PAI-1 mRNA의 발현 검색 결과 PAI-1이 새로이 생성되어 분비됨을 확인하였다. Background:Tissue type plasminogen activator(tPA), type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), and von Willebrand factor are known to be released into the sera of patients in disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC). The main pathologic mechanism of tsutsugamushi disease is the vasculitis by direct endothelial cell invasion by R. tsutsugamushi which dosen't have endotoxin. It is suspected that the mechanisms of DIC and activation of plasminogen activation system are different from those of sepsis by other organisms. which is caused by endotoxin. We suspect that direct rickettsial invasion of endothelial cells causes endothelial cell damage, tissue factor release, which is followed by DIC, and tPA and PAI-1 are released as compensatory mechanism. Methods:We cultured endothelial cells from human umbilical cord vein, infected them with purified R. tsutsugamushi Gilliam strain, checked tPA and PAI-1 by ELISA in culture supernatant. Then we observed the tissue factor expression on cultured endothelial cell monolayer by indirect IF stain. PAI-1 gene expression was evaluated by northern blot analysis. Results: 1) PAI-1 level showed gradual increase up to 240ng/ml (2.5-4.7 fold increase) in 24 hours. 2) tPA level showed no significant change with time. 3) PAI-1 gene expression increased 2.5 fold by northern blot analysis. 4) Tissue factor was expressed on the endothelial cells infected with R. tsutsugamushi. Conclusion: R. tsutsugamushi infection induces expression of tissue factor on endothelial cells and PAI-1 synthesis and it would contribute to DIC mechanism in tsutsugamushi disease in part. But it has no direct effect on tPA release.

反芻胃 Celluloytic Bacteria에 의한 섬유소 분해 및 비구조 탄수화물의 이용성에 관한 硏究

민병렬,김범석,맹원재 건국대학교 동물자원연구센터 1991 動物資源硏究誌 Vol.16 No.-

본 실험은 반추위내에 존재하는 주요한 cellulolytic bacteria를 選擇 및 非選擇培地를 사용하여 면양의 rumen내에 존재하는 celluloytic bacteria를 사용하여 纖維素 分解菌 각각의 纖維素源의 分解度, 비구조 탄수화물의 이용성 및 휘발성 지방산의 생성량을 측정하였다. 본 실험결과를 요약해 보면 다음과 같다. 1) In vitro상에서 Corn stover, alfalfa, rice straw 및 filterpaper No.1등의 섬유소원에 대한 R.flavefaciens의 평균 DM 소화율은 10.75%로 가장 높은 소화율을 나타내었으며, B.succinogenes, Buty. fibrisolvens 및 B. ruminicola subsp. 등은 각각 8.20%, 5.66% 및 2.5%의 DM소화율을 나타내었다.(p<0.05). 2) 섬유소원에서의 평균 microbial dry cell生成量은 R.flavefaciens. B.succinogenes, Buty.fibrisolvens 및 B.rumminicola subsp. 등이 각각 11.4, 4.47, 6.38 및 1.13mg/100ml를 가장 높은 미생물 cell의 생성량을 나타내었다. 3) ADF 및 NDF 평균 소화율은 R.flavefaciens가 가장 높았으며(23.61% 및 39.87%), B.succinogenses는 각각 11.16% 및 35.91%의 분해도를 나타내었다. Buty. fibrisolvens는 16.82% 및 24.34%로서 가장 낮은 분해도를 나타내었다. CEllulose消化率은 B.succinogenes가 14.43%로 R.flavefaciens(11.11%)보다 높은 분해율을 나타내었다. 4) 비구조 炭水化物 利用率은 (OD=670nm)R.flavefaciens가 mannose, arabinose 및 xylose 등을 가장 잘 이용하며, B. ruminicola subsp.은 galactose, mannose, arabinose 및 xylose등을 가장 잘 이용하는 것으로 나타났다. B.succinogenes는 glucose 및 rffainose를 가장 잘 이용하며, B.fibrisolvens는 glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose 및 maltose등을 가장 잘 이용하는 것으로 나타났다. (P<0.05). 5) PYG basal medium에 炭水化物源을 각각 1g씩 첨가한 培養區에서 VFA 생성량은 R.flavefaciens는 주로 acetate, propionate, n-butyrate 및 succinate를 생산하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이것들의 생산량은 각각 81.65, 26.36, 20.16 및 108.91mM/100ml를 생산하여 succinate를 가장 많이 생산하는 것으로 나타났다. B.ruminicola subsp은 주로 acetate, propionate 및 n-butyrate를 생산하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이 균의 생산량은 각각 104.72, 31.32 및 26.12mM/100ml를 생산하였으며, B. succinogenes는 주로 acetate, propionate, n-butyrate 및 succinate를 생산하며, 이 균들의 생산량은 각각 87.66, 27.70 및 56.07mM/100ml 생산하였다. Buty.fibrisolvens는 주로 acetate, propionate 및 n-butyrate를 생산하는 것으로 나타났다. Fiber degradation of corn stover, rice straw, alfalfa or filter paper No.1 was evaluated using microscopy and in vitro analyses after incubation with pure culture of cellulolytic ruminal bacteria. 1) Analyses of the initial substrate and the recovered residue after 24h of static incubation showed that R.flavefaciens degraded a mean dry matter(10.75% versus 5.66%) more effectively than B. succinogenes. However, B, succinogenes demonstrated a qualitative advantage in degrading cellulose of particular substrates. DM digestibilities for alfalfa and rice straw. Treatment for 24h were 13.96% and 9.46% for R.lflavefaciens, 10.27% and 4.32% for B.succinogenes, and 7.74% and 2.31% for Buty. fibrisolvens(p<0.05). Bacteriodes ruminitola subsp. was unable to degrade plant cell wall components, while it degraded non-structural carbohydrates more actively than any other bacteria. Microbial cell DM yield(avg, 11.44mg/dl) was the highest for R. flavefaciens cultured with alfalfa substrate(p<0.05). 2) Ruminococcu flavefaciens degraded a mean 23.61% of the ADF and 39.87% of the NDF in the various substrates. whereas, B. succinogenes degraded a mean 11.6% and 35.91% of these fractions, respectively. 3) The utilization of carbodydrates was the highest for R.flavefaciens cultured with mannose and xylcse substrate, and for B. ruminicola subsp. with arabinose, xylose, raffinose and galactose respectively. B. succinogenes utilized glucose and raffinose, as major substrates fermentd(p<0.05) and Buty. fibrisolvens utilized glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose and maltose. 4) Ruminococcus flavefaciens produced acetate, succinate and propionate, and B.ruminicola subsp. produced acetate, propionate and n-butyrate as major VFA. B.succinogenes produced acetate, propionate, n-butyrate and succinate, and Buty.fibrisolvens produced n-butyrate and acetate as major VFA.

Study of W boson production in PbPb and pp collisions at s_NN=2.76 TeV

CMS Collaboration,Chatrchyan, S.,Khachatryan, V.,Sirunyan, A.M.,Tumasyan, A.,Adam, W.,Bergauer, T.,Dragicevic, M.,Ero, J.,Fabjan, C.,Friedl, M.,Fruhwirth, R.,Ghete, V.M.,Hammer, J.,Hormann, N.,Hrubec, North-Holland Pub. Co 2012 Physics letters: B Vol.715 No.1

A measurement is presented of W-boson production in PbPb collisions carried out at a nucleon-nucleon (NN) centre-of-mass energy s<SUB>NN</SUB> of 2.76 TeV at the LHC using the CMS detector. In data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 7.3 μb<SUP>-1</SUP>, the number of W→μν<SUB>μ</SUB> decays is extracted in the region of muon pseudorapidity |η<SUP>μ</SUP>|<2.1 and transverse momentum p<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>μ</SUP>>25 GeV/c. Yields of muons found per unit of pseudorapidity correspond to (159+/-10(stat.)+/-12(syst.))x10<SUP>-8</SUP>W<SUP>+</SUP> and (154+/-10(stat.)+/-12(syst.))x10<SUP>-8</SUP>W<SUP>-</SUP> bosons per minimum-bias PbPb collision. The dependence of W production on the centrality of PbPb collisions is consistent with a scaling of the yield by the number of incoherent NN collisions. The yield of W bosons is also studied in a sample of pp interactions at s=2.76 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 231 nb<SUP>-1</SUP>. The individual W<SUP>+</SUP> and W<SUP>-</SUP> yields in PbPb and pp collisions are found to agree, once the neutron and proton content in Pb nuclei is taken into account. Likewise, the difference observed in the dependence of the positive and negative muon production on pseudorapidity is consistent with next-to-leading-order perturbative QCD calculations.

Searches for W′ bosons decaying to a top quark and a bottom quark in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV

Sirunyan, A. M.,Tumasyan, A.,Adam, W.,Ambrogi, F.,Asilar, E.,Bergauer, T.,Brandstetter, J.,Brondolin, E.,Dragicevic, M.,Erö,, J.,Flechl, M.,Friedl, M.,Frü,hwirth, R.,Ghete, V. M.,Grossmann, J. Institute of Physics Pub 2017 The journal of high energy physics Vol.2017 No.8

<P>Searches are presented for heavy gauge bosons decaying into a top and a bottom quark in data collected by the CMS experiment at root s = 13TeV that correspond to an integrated luminosity of 2.2 and 2.6 fb 1 in the leptonic and hadronic analyses, respectively. Two final states are analyzed, one containing a single electron, or muon, and missing transverse momentum, and the other containing multiple jets and no electrons or muons. No evidence is found for a right-handed W' boson (W'(R)) and the combined analyses exclude at 95% confidence level W'(R) with masses below 2.4TeV if M-W'R >> M-vR (mass of the right-handed neutrino), and below 2.6TeV if M-W'R < M-vR. The results provide the most stringent limits for right-handed W' bosons in the top and bottom quark decay channel.</P>

Measurement of W⁺W^- production and search for the Higgs boson in pp collisions at s=7 TeV

CMS Collaboration,Chatrchyan, S.,Khachatryan, V.,Sirunyan, A.M.,Tumasyan, A.,Adam, W.,Bergauer, T.,Dragicevic, M.,Ero, J.,Fabjan, C.,Friedl, M.,Fruhwirth, R.,Ghete, V.M.,Hammer, J.,Hansel, S.,Hoch, M. North-Holland Pub. Co 2011 Physics letters. Section B Vol.699 No.1

A measurement of W<SUP>+</SUP>W<SUP>-</SUP> production in pp collisions at s=7 TeV and a search for the Higgs boson are reported. The W<SUP>+</SUP>W<SUP>-</SUP> candidates are selected in events with two leptons, either electrons or muons. The measurement is performed using LHC data recorded with the CMS detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 pb<SUP>-1</SUP>. The pp → W<SUP>+</SUP>W<SUP>-</SUP> cross section is measured to be 41.1+/-15.3(stat)+/-5.8(syst)+/-4.5(lumi)pb, consistent with the standard model prediction. Limits on WWγ and WWZ anomalous triple gauge couplings are set. The search for the standard model Higgs boson in the W<SUP>+</SUP>W<SUP>-</SUP> decay mode does not reveal any evidence of excess above backgrounds. Limits are set on the production of the Higgs boson in the context of the standard model and in the presence of a sequential fourth family of fermions with high masses. In the latter context, a Higgs boson with mass between 144 and 207 GeV/c<SUP>2</SUP> is ruled out at 95% confidence level.

Magnetic Properties of <tex> $ [\hbox{Ni}_{97{\rm at.}\%}$</tex>-W<tex> $_{3{\rm at.}\%}]_{{100}-{x}}$</tex>-Cu<tex> $_x$</tex> Textured Substrates for Coated Conductors

Song, K.J.,Ko, R.K.,Kim, H.S.,Ha, H.S.,Ha, D.W.,Oh, S.S.,Park, C.,Yoo, S.-I.,Kim, M.W.,Kim, C.J.,Joo, J.H. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2007 IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity Vol.17 No.2

<P>The degree of ferromagnetism of Ni-W<SUB>y</SUB> alloys decreases as W-content y increases. Both the saturation magnetization <I>M</I> <SUB>sat</SUB> and Curie temperature <I>T</I> <SUB>c</SUB> decrease linearly with W-content y, and both <I>M</I> <SUB>sat</SUB> and <I>T</I> <SUB>c</SUB> go to zero at critical concentration of y<SUB>c</SUB> ~9.50 at.% W. To compare with Ni-W alloys, the magnetic properties of a series of both as-rolled (non-textured) and annealed (biaxially textured) [Ni<SUB>97at.%</SUB>-W<SUB>3at.%</SUB>]<SUB>100-x</SUB>-Cu<SUB>x</SUB> alloy tapes with compositions x = 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 at.%, were studied. Characterization methods included XRD analyses to investigate the biaxial texturing of the annealed [Ni-W]-Cu alloy tapes and studies of the magnetization for both as-rolled and annealed [Ni-W]-Cu alloy tapes. Both the isothermal mass magnetizations <I>M</I>(<I>H</I>) of a series of samples at different fixed temperatures and <I>M</I>(<I>T</I>) in fixed field, were measured. The effect of Cu addition on both the saturation magnetization and Curie temperature T<SUB>c</SUB> of the Ni<SUB>97at.%</SUB>-W<SUB>3at.%</SUB> alloy was investigated.</P>