AMERICA'S POP COLLECTOR : ROBERT C. SCULL; CONTEMPORARY ART AT AUCTION

VAUGHN, EDWARD JEFFREY The University of Michigan 1990 해외박사

Analysis of communication functions in an organization over time

Vaughn, Mina Ann University of Utah 1993 국내박사

(The)crime of housebreaking in South African law : a comparative approach

Hoctor, Shannon Vaughn Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden 1997 국내박사

An Empirical Analysis of Real Estate, Regulation, and the Environment

Vaughn, Ryan Kirkpatrick University of California, Los Angeles 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

My dissertation analyzes the impact of incentives and regulation on the mortgage market and the urban environment. In the first essay I explore the spatial determinants of the lender's incentives to foreclose in mortgage markets. There are two types of agents in mortgage markets, lenders and borrowers. Borrowers choose whether to pay their mortgage each month or default, and lenders conditional on the borrower's decision, decide whether or not to seize the property following default, or foreclose. Lender's in the mortgage market make profit maximizing decisions about when to seize the mortgage of delinquent borrowers after they default on the loan. I show that lender's understand pecuniary spillovers from the foreclosure decision on housing prices in the neighborhood of the property, and that the lender responds to these spillovers when they have a large financial stake in the neighborhood surrounding the loan. To show this I utilize a unique dataset on mortgage loan performance that allows me to identify the lender and servicer of every loan in the sample. Further, the data contain information on whether the lender holds each loan on its balance sheet, in portfolio, or has sold the loan to investors. I define the financial stake the lender has in a given neighborhood as the total count of loans the bank holds in portfolio in that neighborhood. In my work, a neighborhood is defined as a zip code. In a reduced form model I show that, all else equal, the pecuniary externality may decrease the probability of foreclosure by as much as 11% for loans in neighborhoods with the mean number of portfolio loans. I show that this effect is not present for loans in neighborhoods where the bank has little to no financial stake, and that it is robust to many different specifications. In the second essay we explore the effects of land use regulation. The California Coastal Commission was created in 1976 to protect the coastline and to regulate land use within an established coastal boundary zone. We utilize this exogenous and well defined regulatory boundary to study the consequences of land use regulation on nearby housing located in the same political jurisdiction. Using two different geocoded datasets, we document gentrification within the boundary and discuss possible explanations for these patterns. Using a panel of census tracts from 1970 to 2000 we are able to compare outcomes for census tracts within and outside of the boundary both before and after the boundaries creation in 1976. We find that, all else equal, census tracts within the boundary experience greater growth in housing values, household income, and housing construction. We further strengthen these results by running a similar comparison between census tracts above and below the state median income level in 1970. If our results were simply due to a gentrification process, we should not expect to see differential changes relative to these "rich" tracts in our control period. We find robust evidence in favor or our results. In addition we exploit a geocoded dataset of housing transactions in Los Angeles county to construct a Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) similar to Black (1999) to compare outcomes for houses transacted in close proximity on both sides of coastal boundary zone. Using our RDD approach we find that homes on the inside of the boundary tend to be both newer, and more expensive. We take this as evidence of both a supply and demand effect on housing within the regulated coastal area. In the third and final chapter I expanded my work on environmentalists communities to distinguish between altruistic green consumers concerned with the greater good, and those consumers motivated by reputation, or a desire to appear to be green. We exploited a unique survey dataset of household electricity consumption and environmental attitudes to classify the demand for two different green products, observable solar panels and unobservable purchases of green electricity, into these categories. We find that consumers of solar panels, which are fully visible to your community, are much more likely to be motivated by reputation, and that consumers of green electricity are more altruistic on average. To identify these effects we exploit the fact that solar panels are fully observable to ones neighborhood, while green electricity purchases are only observable on the electricity bill. We show that, all else equal, the demand for green electricity depends significantly on one's own environmental ideology, and not at all on the average ideology of one's neighbors, while the demand for solar panels depends significantly on neighborhood ideology, while not at all on one's own environmental ideology. This effect is robust across both high and low electricity demanders. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).

Software-supported, scientific inquiry learning in middle school, academically-at-risk students

Vaughn, Heather Columbia University 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Inquiry learning requires students to design investigations, examine evidence, and interpret results, in simulated scientific investigation. Middle-school students may lack necessary cognitive skills for productive inquiry. Most prior work has focused on poor investigation strategies. It is proposed here that students may also lack a correct mental model of how individual features additively effect outcomes. Could allowing students to observe the effects of single features on outcomes enhance understanding?. Middle-school students worked with software requiring them to discover how various features influenced likelihood of earthquakes. A transfer task posed parallel demands. During pretests and posttests, students conducted investigations by selecting feature levels for each of five features, observing outcomes associated with those combinations of features, and drawing conclusions. An intervention task allowed an experimental group to examine three of the five features in the main task—two causal features and one noncausal feature. For these three, the effects of varying the feature on outcomes were directly observable. Both the experimental and comparison groups showed modest improvements in their investigation strategies. Relative to the comparison group, the experimental group demonstrated greater knowledge gain, reflected in correct beliefs about features' effects in the main task (but not the transfer) and lower prediction error in the transfer task (but not the main). However, the experimental groups' knowledge gain was confined to causal features. The experimental group did no better than the comparison group in improving their knowledge of noncausal features' effects. The experimental group showed slightly better knowledge gain, relative to the comparison group, for the causal variable that had not been presented in the intervention, suggesting there was some enhanced understanding of the additive effects of causality. Included in the discussion is the issue of how students in both groups made knowledge gains despite poor investigation strategies.

Essential relationship skills necessary for superintendents to possess in order to maintain a positive working relationship with their governing boards

Vaughn, Michael D University of Southern California 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Superintendents of today's public school districts face many challenges. One of the greatest challenges is maintaining relationships with governing boards of education that have become increasingly complex and political. This study examined those relationship skills that a superintendent must possess as identified by superintendents and board presidents of public school districts. Three research questions were used in the design of this mixed-methods study. A survey instrument that included both closed and open-ended questions that was sent to the superintendents and board presidents of 30 Southern California public school districts. In all, 28 of the 30 superintendents and 17 of the 30 board presidents responded to the survey instrument. In addition, these same research questions guided individual interviews that were conducted of 5 superintendents and their 5 board presidents selected from those responding districts. The research study resulted in several key findings. First, communication is a critical skill for maintaining positive relationships, and the scope of communication as a skill extends beyond simple transmission of information. Second, superintendents must possess team and consensus building skills. Third, superintendents must be aware and astute enough to understand the political environment their boards are working in. Finally, superintendents must build a relationship close enough with their boards so that neither party is surprised by the actions of the other party.

Postmitochondrial regulation of apoptosis in neurons and cancer cells

Vaughn, Allyson Evans The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2007 해외공개박사

The apoptotic pathway is a genetically conserved, energetic process that is essential for the development and homeostasis of organisms. Aberrant apoptosis, however, can result in variety of diseases including neurodegeneration and cancer. Apoptotic stimuli ultimately converge at the mitochondria, where cytochrome c is released into the cytosol to trigger formation of the apoptosome complex. The active apoptosome then goes on to activate the caspase family of proteases which cleave a myriad of substrates, resulting in cell death. The core apoptotic components are ubiquitously expressed in cells, however some cell types (such as neurons and cancer cells) have an increased need to strictly regulate the apoptotic pathway. Unlike normal mitotic cells, postmitotic neurons have little regenerative potential and must often last the lifetime of the organism. Here, I identify novel ways in which neurons and cancer cells inhibit the apoptotic pathway at points downstream of cytochrome c. Specifically, I describe mechanisms by which postmitotic neurons of the PNS and CNS posttranslationally inactivate cytochrome c and Apaf-1, respectively, in order to ensure their longterm survival. In addition, my work suggests that cancer cells may use mechanisms similar to those adapted by neurons in order to evade apoptosis. Despite a neuron's ability to inhibit programmed cell death, these cells must still be able engage the apoptotic pathway during development or in the event of extreme stress. Here, I uncover the mechanism by which cytochrome c becomes reactivated in sympathetic neurons during developmental apoptosis. In addition, I examine how XIAP's inhibition of caspases is overcome to allow neuronal apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Together, these results not only illustrate the importance of a strict regulation of apoptosis in differentiating neurons, but also identify the mechanisms by which these blocks are overcome to allow death. I hope that a deeper knowledge of how the apoptotic pathway is reactivated in dying neurons could eventually lead to therapeutics to inhibit cell death in the context of neuronal pathologies, or to promote cell death in cancer.

Predicting employment outcomes among women of color with psychiatric disabilities in the state-federal vocational rehabilitation program

Vaughn, Shemya Michigan State University 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

The purpose of this study was to examine employment predictors and employment barriers for women of color with psychiatric disabilities who receive Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) benefits using the Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) dataset, which contained employment outcome information for all individuals with closed cases. The social cognitive career theory (SCCT) was used to categorize specific RSA variables into four constructs from Lent, Brown, and Hackett's 1994 SCCT model: person inputs, background contextual affordances, contextual influences, and outcome expectations. The sample size (N=10,238) consisted of women of color with a mental illness diagnosis. Within this group of women included 820 women of color who received TANF benefits. The TANF group's person inputs, background contextual affordances, and contextual influences were compared to the larger group to identify significant differences between the two groups of women. The results indicated that person inputs had a limited impact on employment outcomes, while background contextual affordances and contextual influences had a significant impact on successful employment outcomes. It appeared that age interacted with level of education and employment status but not vocational rehabilitation (VR) services. For example, most of the women who received TANF had less educational achievement than women who did not receive TANF. There was an insignificant relationship or interaction between age and VR services or age and employment outcome. However, level of education and employment status had an impact on employment outcome. There was an insignificant interaction between level of application and successful employment outcomes.

Language-Being-Spoken and Other Indexical Dimensions in Monolingual and Bilingual Speech Processing

Vaughn, Charlotte Reiss Northwestern University 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

This dissertation explores the relationship between the processing of various indexical dimensions of speech for both monolinguals and bilinguals. These relationships were examined in several contexts for English monolingual and Mandarin-English bilingual listeners through the use of two experimental paradigms, the speeded classification task (Experiments 1-3) and the multi-phase binned classification task (Experiment 4). The speeded classification task taps into an earlier point in processing than does the binned classification task. In Experiment 1, the indexical dimension language-being-spoken (e.g. English or Mandarin Chinese in these experiments) showed a mutual and symmetrical pattern of interference with the indexical dimension gender (male or female). In Experiment 2, language-being-spoken showed a mutual and asymmetrical pattern of interference with the indexical dimension talker (identified by a name, e.g. Wei or Li), where it was harder for listeners to ignore language-being-spoken when attending to talker than the reverse. And, in Experiment 3, language-being-spoken showed asymmetrical interference with the non-linguistic dimension amplitude (e.g. loud or soft), where listeners could not ignore amplitude when attending to language-being-spoken, but could ignore language-being-spoken when attending to amplitude. Taken together, these results demonstrate language-being-spoken's place within a dimensional processing hierarchy: in this paradigm, language-being-spoken was equally as salient as gender, more salient than talker, and less salient than amplitude. Importantly, this hierarchy did not differ according to language background; monolinguals and bilinguals behaved similarly in this task, whether or not the bilinguals had knowledge of Mandarin. Thus, the integrality of language-being-spoken with these other dimensions appears to be independent of the language experience of listeners. In Experiment 4, the results of a multi-phase binned classification task revealed a markedly different hierarchy, where language-being-spoken was most salient. Notably, the salience of language-being-spoken, and general task performance, was again similar for English monolinguals and Mandarin-English bilinguals. Comparing results across experimental paradigms reveals that the relative salience of a dimension is dependent on processing stage and task demands. In this dissertation, language-being-spoken was found to be: integrated with gender, talker, and amplitude, but in different ways, equally important to listeners regardless of language background, and perhaps more relevant later in processing than earlier.

When predaceous foes meet their match: Predator-induced defenses in marine planktonic larvae

Vaughn, Dawn University of Washington 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.

Many organisms inhabit unpredictable environments. The difficult adaptive challenges facing these organisms are met in a variety of ways. For some, environmental uncertainty favors flexibility in phenotypic traits allowing fine-tuning of the phenotype to better match present conditions. Inducible defenses are phenotypically plastic traits that alter the interactions between predators and prey. Induced defensive responses are well-documented in varied habitats to a diversity of predators and throughout ontogeny and include alterations in behavior, life histories and morphologies. Despite the pervasiveness of predator-induced defenses exhibited by diverse plants and animals in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, there are few reports of predator-induced defensive morphologies and shifts in life histories in marine zooplankton, including the planktonic larvae of marine organisms. Rarity of these types of responses in marine zooplankton would imply a difference in predation risk compared to those experienced by freshwater zooplankton and benthic marine adults, whereas the presence of such plasticity in defenses would imply that risks are modified by developmental responses. In this dissertation I report predator-induced morphological change and life history shifts in the planktonic larvae of diverse marine organisms, representing three clades of Metazoans. Specifically, stimuli from predators induced a more protective shell morphology in larval gastropods (Lophotrochozoans), asexual reproduction (cloning) and reduced size in larval sand dollars (Deuterostomes), and accelerated development in larval crabs (Ecdysozoans). Taken together, these data demonstrate that plasticity of defensive responses occurs in phylogenetically distinct marine zooplankton and suggest that developmental responses of marine zooplankton to predators may be common.