낙동강 물 관개논의 농업환경 특성과 질소, 인산 요구량

강위금,이재생,고지연,박창영,정기열 한국환경농학회 2004 한국환경농학회지 Vol.23 No.3

낙동강 물을 관개하여 벼를 재배하는 강 상류의 안동 풍산에서부터 하류의 부산 구포까지 7개 지역 논토양의 농업환경 특성을 1999년부터 2년간 비교 분석하였다. 토양의 중금속 함량은 자연함량 안팎이었으며 가장 높았던 곳은 부산 강서 지역이었고 다음으로는 고령 성산 지역이었다. 그러나 현미중의 중금속은 자연함량 이하를 보였다. 토양의 화학성은 고령 성산지역과 부산 강서지역에서 높았는데, 1999~2000년도의 영농 후 토양에서 고령은 pH (5.9~6.1), EC(0.8~0.9 dS/m), 유효인산(155~201 mg/kg), 치환성 칼슘(6.7~7.4 cmol^(+)//kg), 치환성 마그네슘(1.92~2.50 cmol^(+)/kg), 치환성 칼리(0.18~0.21 cmol^(+)//kg )가 가장 높았고 부산에서는 유기물(23.0~29.1 g/kg), 총질소(1.6~l.8 mg/kg)가 가장 높았다. 낙동강 물의 관개수질과 토양화학성을 고러한 벼의 진단시비량은 질소의 경우 110 kg/ha를 기준으로 안동 21.4%, 상주 11.85, 구미지역에서 8.8% 정도 증시할 필요가 있었으나, 고령에서는 14.9%, 창녕은 4.6%, 밀양 하남은 4.55, 부산 강서지역은 11.5% 내외로 줄일 수 있을 것으로 분석되었다. 그리고 인산질 비료는 45 kg/ha 기준으로 창녕 도천에서만 18.9% 줄여 주고 다른 지역에서는 기본시비량인 30 kg/ha만 시용하여도 무방할 것으로 판단되었다. 논토양에 분포하는 세균과 사상균, 방선균, 중온성 Bacillus, 형광성 Pseudomonas, Biomass C는 유기물과 총 질소, 인산 등의 양분함유량이 많았던 고령 성산과 그 하류지역에서 높았다. Agroenvironmental characteristics in paddy fields irrigated with the water of Nagdong river were analyzed along the river watershed for two years from 1999. The sites monitored from upper reaches of the river were Andong, Sangju, Gumi, Goryeong, Changnyeong, Milyang and Pusan. In paddy soils, the contents of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn and As were around natural values showing the highest values in Pusan followed by Goryeong. In brown rice, the contents of heavy metals were lower than natural values. Soil chemical properties appeared higher values in the lower reaches including Goryeong than the upper ones. The highest parameters in Goryeong were pH (5.9~6.1), EC (0.8~0.9 dS/m), Av.P₂O_(5) (155~201 mg/kg), exchangeable Ca (6.7~7.4 cmol^(+)/kg), Mg (1.92~2.50 cmol^(+)/kg), K (0.18~0.21 cmol^(+)/kg) and those in Pusan were organic matter (23.0~29.1 g/kg) and T-N (1.6~1.8 mg/kg). In conclusion, the recommended rates of N fertilizer for rice cropping were 21.4%, 11.8% and 8.8% high for Andong, Sangju and Gumi, respectively and 14.9%, 4.6%, 4.5% and 11.5% low for Goryeong, Changnyeong, Milyang and Pusan, respectively reflecting the chemical properties of soils and the quality of irrigation water on the basis of 110 kgN/ha. In the case of phosphorous, the rates were 18.9% and 33.3% low for Changnyeong and others, respectively on the basis of 45 kgP₂O_(5)/ha. The populations of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, Bacillus, fluorescent Pseudomonas and Biomass C were high at the lower reaches including Goryeong, which showed relatively much nutrient contents of organic matter, total N and phosphorous etc..

Effectiveness of Pelleting for Inoculating Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Small Seeds

Ui-Gum Kang,Jum-Soon Kang,Si-Lim Choi,Sang-Seok Lee,Jong-Su Kim,Seok-Hee Park 한국토양비료학회 2019 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.52 No.3

The effectiveness of pelleting for inoculating small seeds with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) was studied. Seeds of sesame cv. Yangbaeckkae and perilla cv. Namcheon were inoculated with Bacillus sp. KR083 and Pseudomonas sp. RRj228 with pelleting material, ‘DPA’ (contained 70% diatomite, 14% perlite, 5% appetite, 5% cow dung, 3% peat, and 3% pea) and stored at refrigerator temperature of 4°C or room temperature of 18 - 20°C for 2 to 7 weeks. While 4°C modestly improved strain survival and growth, crop by strain interaction was substantial. Strain KR083 numbers grew 10 to 13 fold on sesame in 2 to 7 weeks but declined by as much as 78% on perilla across both temperatures. In contrast, strain RRj228 numbers grew 1.7 to 11 fold on perilla but only maintained its numbers on sesame across temperatures and storage times. Strains impacted seed viability differently; while KR083 had no effect, RRj228 decreased germination rate of both sesame and perilla by as much as 20% after 2 weeks of storage of pelleted seeds at 18 - 20°C. Strain KR083 significantly improved root elongation of both crops, but only of sesame when co-inoculated with RRj228. On the other hand, KR083 had lower colonization ability than RRj228 on roots, 19 and 83 % lower on sesame and perilla, respectively. Mixed inoculum, however, significantly improved colonization of both strains on both crops. In field trials, sesame co-inoculated with KR083 and RRj228 yielded 18% higher than non-inoculated control while reducing phytophthora blight infection by 10 and 20% in silty loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. Likewise, Perilla yielded 29% more leaf with mixed inoculation than the non-inoculated, diatomite-pelleted control in the same silty loam soil. Results indicate DPA pelleting as an effective method for small seeded crops when compatible PGPR strains are used as inocula.

Isolation, Root Colonization and Evaluation of Some Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria in Paddy Rice

Ui-Gum Kang,Hyang-Mi Park,Jee-Yeon Ko,Jae-Saeng Lee,Weon-Tai Jeon,Chang-Young Park,Ki-Do Park,Vladimir K. Chebotar 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.3

In order to obtain promising rice growth-promoting microbial strains that can be used as substitutes for chemical fertilizers, 172 bacterial strains were isolated from rice roots grown in Korean and Russian soils. Out of them, the strains KR076, KR083, KR181 and RRj228 showed plant growth-promoting activities on maize seedlings. Bacillus megaterium KR076 and Bacillus sp. KR083 showed both nitrogen-fixing and plant growth-promoting activities, while Rhizobium sp. KR181 and Pseudomonas sp. RRj228 appeared to support only plant growth-promotion, but not N2 fixation. Especially, RRj228 showed high growth promoting activity at low concentrations. Inoculation studies with KR083 and RRj228 revealed a high affinity to the Japonica rice variety such as Junambyeo than the Korean Tongil type variety such as Arumbyeo. Both KR083 and RRj228 strains showed rhizoplane and/or endophytic colonization in Japonica and Tongil types rice when soaked with the bacterial suspension of 1.1 × 10<SUP>5</SUP> cfu ml<SUP>-1</SUP> for six and twelve hours. However, the total bacterial cell numbers were higher in the roots of Japonica variety than in the Tongil type. In inoculation trials with Daesanbyeo rice variety, the seedlings inoculated with KR181 and RRj228 at the rate of 2.0 × 10<SUP>6</SUP> cfu ml-1 showed yield increment of 35% and 33% (p < 0.01), respectively, so that they contributed to the replacement of chemical fertilizer at half doses of N, P₂O<SUP>5</SUP>, and K2O in pots. In Junambyeo rice seedlings, the strain RRj228, when inoculated with a cell suspension of 1.8 × 10<SUP>6</SUP> cfu ml<SUP>-1</SUP>, promoted 3.4% higher yield at 70% dose than at a full dose level of N 110 kg ha<SUP>-1</SUP> in field. These results suggest that the rhizobacteria KR181 and RRj228 are prospective strains for enhancing rice performance.

Impacts of Cropping Systems on the Distribution of Soil Microorganisms in Mid-mountainous Paddy

Ui-Gum Kang,Woon-Chul Shin,Jong-Seo Choi,Yong-Bok Lee,Young-Han Lee 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.49 No.5

Soil microbes are widely well known to play an important role for sustainable agriculture in terms of crop healthy cultivation and environmental conservation. In this context, the distributional characteristics of soil microbes according to cropping systems were investigated under rice (R)-rice (R), rice (R)-barley (B)-rice (R), and soybean (S)-barley (B)-soybean (S) cropping condition to get basic informations for sustainable agriculture, where barley was grown for winter, in mid-mountainous loam paddy located at the altitude of 285 m above sea level in Sangju area from 2014 to 2015. Estimating from microbial communities by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) method, a total biomass of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in R-B-R plot was 37% and 40% higher than that in S-B-S and R-R plots, respectively (p < 0.05). In especial, bacteria and fungi were more in R-B-R plot than those in any other ones. B. japonicum, AMF, and mesophilic Bacillus sp. were also greater in S-B-S plot than those. In the community distribution, however, bacteria and actinomycetes showed comparatively high values in S-B-S plot relative to either R-R or R-B-R plot including rice, in which fungi outstanding. In the correlation between microbial biomass and soil properties changed by the cropping, bacteria was positively correlated with C:N ratio; actinomycetes with exchangeable Ca; fungi with available P₂O5 (p < 0.05). While these microbes showed negative response to water stable aggregates of soil.

Perilla Seed Inoculation with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Using Biocarriers

Ui-Gum Kang,Jum-Soon Kang,Chang-Young Park 한국토양비료학회 2005 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2005 No.9

Yield Potentials of Rice and Soybean As Affected by Cropping Systems in Mid-mountainous Paddy Soils of Korea

Ui-Gum Kang,Jong-Seo Choi,Jeong-Ju Kim,Ju-Sik Cho 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.4

To get some informations for sustainable paddy use, the productivities of soils with two years of cropping systems were estimated through pot experiment using two pretreated groups of not autoclaved ‘natural’- and‘autoclaved’-soils without any fertilization. And then the relationship between the productivities, called yield potentials, and the characteristics of soils as affected by cropping systems, such as rice-rice (R-R), ricebarley-rice-barley (R-B-R-B), rice-barley-rice-wheat (R-B-R-W), soybean-barley-soybean-barley (S-B-S-B), of which barley and wheat were composted at a level of 10 MT ha<SUP>-1</SUP>, and S-B-S-B without compost, was analyzed. These treatments were established in mid-mountainous loam paddy, which contained exchangeable Ca of 11.8 cmolc kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, located at the altitude of 285 m above sea level in Sangju of Korea. Crops for the estimation of soil productivity were rice cv. ‘Seolemi’ and soybean cv. ‘Chamol’. As a result, under the natural soils condition, rice grain and straw were highly produced in composted S-B-S-B soils (p < 0.05) and lowly in R-R soils (p < 0.05). While soybean grain and stem were higher in R-R soils (p < 0.05) than other soils which not significantly different each other. In case of autoclaved soils, the yield potentials of rice and soybean were high together in either composted R-B-R-B/W or S-B-S-B soils compared to R-R and uncomposted S-B-S-B soils (p < 0.05). In especial, these yield potentials under the natural soils condition were commonly influenced by soil porosity showing negative correlation for rice (p < 0.01); positive for soybean (p < 0.05). And the porosity possibly reversed even the symbiotic contribution of indigenous Bradyrhizobium japonicum for soybean. Under autoclaved soils condition the potentials of rice and soybean showed negative correlations with soil C:N ratio (p < 0.05) similarly to the case of rice in the natural soils.

Population, Symbiotic Effectiveness, and Protein Profile Patterns of Indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae to Korean Soils

Ui-Gum Kang,Min-Tae Kim,Bong-Choon Lee,Chang-Hoon Lee,Chung-Mok Yang 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.6

Some symbiotic characteristics of native Korean Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae were analysed to get some informations desirable for cultivation of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) using its symbiont in Korea. The size of indigenous populations of R. leguminosarum biovar viciae was higher in seven upland soils showing 1.7✕10²~5.8✕10⁴cells g ‧ soil<SUP>-1</SUP>, which appeared to be 10% and 37% higher for cultivated and uncultivated soils of hairy vetch, respectively, than seven paddy soils with 1.7✕10²~1.7✕10⁴ cells g ‧ soil<SUP>-1</SUP>. In symbiotic potentials, however, the yields of hairy vetch treated with 10-fold-diluted (10<SUP>-1</SUP>) inoculum and 1000-fold-diluted (10<SUP>-3</SUP>) one was 11.2% and 8.8% more, respectively, in paddy than upland. Hairy vetch inoculated with either strain KHR 106 from Sacheon or strain KHR 120 from Yesan among native Korean R. leguminosarum biovar viciae isolates was of similar yield increment of 16% (p < 0.05) in upland soils with native R. leguminosarum biovar viciae of 5.8✕10 cells g ‧ soil<SUP>-1</SUP>. In case of coinoculation of the two strains, however, the yields was not significantly increased. In especial, isolate KHR 106, KHR 120, and KHR 122 from Suwon, which has also good symbiotic effectiveness, showed different protein profile patterns each other. As a result, hairy vetch is possibly able to use atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic relationship with diverse native R. leguminosarum biovar viciae in Korean arable lands. For safe and good production of hairy, however, the use of superior strains with high symbiotic effectiveness and competitiveness will be desirable.

한국 밭토양에 분포한 Bradyrhizobium japonicum의 숙주친화성과 혈청형

강위금(Ui-Gum Kang),박향미(Hyang-Mee Park),정연태(Yeun-Tae Jung),박경배(Kyeong-Bae Park),하호성(Ho-Sung Ha) 한국토양비료학회 1999 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.32 No.1

Population, Symbiotic Effectiveness, and Protein Profile Patterns of Indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae to Korean Soils

Kang, Ui-Gum,Kim, Min-Tae,Lee, Bong-Choon,Lee, Chang-Hoon,Yang, Chung-Mok 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.6

Some symbiotic characteristics of native Korean Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae were analysed to get some informations desirable for cultivation of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) using its symbiont in Korea. The size of indigenous populations of R. leguminosarum biovar viciae was higher in seven upland soils showing $1.7{\times}10^2{\sim}5.8{\times}10^4cells\;g{\cdot}soil^{-1}$, which appeared to be 10% and 37% higher for cultivated and uncultivated soils of hairy vetch, respectively, than seven paddy soils with $1.7{\times}10^2{\sim}1.7{\times}10^4cells\;g{\cdot}soil^{-1}$. In symbiotic potentials, however, the yields of hairy vetch treated with 10-fold-diluted ($10^{-1}$) inoculum and 1000-fold-diluted ($10^{-3}$) one was 11.2% and 8.8% more, respectively, in paddy than upland. Hairy vetch inoculated with either strain KHR 106 from Sacheon or strain KHR 120 from Yesan among native Korean R. leguminosarum biovar viciae isolates was of similar yield increment of 16% (p < 0.05) in upland soils with native R. leguminosarum biovar viciae of $5.8{\times}10cells\;g{\cdot}soil^{-1}$. In case of coinoculation of the two strains, however, the yields was not significantly increased. In especial, isolate KHR 106, KHR 120, and KHR 122 from Suwon, which has also good symbiotic effectiveness, showed different protein profile patterns each other. As a result, hairy vetch is possibly able to use atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic relationship with diverse native R. leguminosarum biovar viciae in Korean arable lands. For safe and good production of hairy, however, the use of superior strains with high symbiotic effectiveness and competitiveness will be desirable.

우리나라 토착근류균(土着根瘤菌)의 제(諸) 특성(特性) 연구(硏究) III. 수종(數種) Bradyrhizobium japonicum YCK 균주(菌株)의 경합여부(競合與否)에 따른 공생효과 변이(變異)

Kang, Ui-Gum,Jung, Yeun-Tae,Ha, Ho-Sung,Somasegaran, Padma,Bohlool, B. Ben 한국토양비료학회 1993 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.26 No.4

우리나라 토양에서 분리(分離)된 수종(數種) YCK균주(菌株)의 경합여건(競合與件)에 따른 공중실소고정(空中室素固定) 즉 공생효과(共生效果) 변화양상을 조사코자, 우리나라 장백(長白)콩과 미국(美國)의 Clark콩에 대하여 YCK균주(菌株)를 단독(單獨) 및 USDA균주(菌株)와 혼합접종(混合接種)한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. YCK균주(菌株)들은 단독접종시(單獨接種時) 보다 USDA균주(菌株) 특히 USDA 110균주(菌株)와 혼합접종(混合接種)했을 때 공생효과(共生效果)의 증가 경향을 보였다. 2. YCK균주(菌株)와 USDA균주(菌株)의 혼합접종(混合接種) 조합별(組合別) 공생효과(共生效果) 경향은 대두품종에 따라 상이하였다. 3. YCK균주(菌株)들은 근류형성경함력(根瘤形成競含力)에 있어서 USDA110균주(菌株)보다 우수하였으나 USDA 127균주(菌株)보다는 저조하였다. 4. 공시(供試)된 YCK균주중(菌株中) 우리나라 장백(長白)콩에서 공생효과(共生效果)가 우수하였던 것은 단독접종시(單獨接種時) YCK 213, YCK균주(菌株)와 혼합접종시(混合接種時)는 YCK 141균주(菌株)였다 5. YCK균주(菌株)들는 USDA 123균주(菌株)와 혼합접종(混合接種)했을 때 근류형성상(根瘤形成上)의 길항작용(拮抗作用)을 보였다. The symbiotic dynamics of Bradyrhiwbium japonicum YCK strains indigenous to Korean soils were investigated accordingly to their competitive conditions for nodulation. For this experiment the single strain inoculants of YCK strains and the mixed inoculants of one YCK strain and one USDA strain were applied to Korean Jangbaekkong and American Clark soybeans at mollisol soils(Torroxic Haplustoll, pH 6.8). The results were summarized as follows : 1. The symbiotic effectiveness of B. japonicum YCK strains was increased on the average of nitrogen accumulation by mixing with USDA strains, especially with strain USDA 110. 2. The effectiveness of each mixed inoculant was affected by soybean cultivar. 3. YCK strains occupied on the average of 83 and 86 % of the nodules against strain USDA 110 on Jangbaekkong and Clark soybeans, respectitvely. 4. The most effective strain among three YCK strains was strain YCK 213 as a single inoculant and was strain YCK 141 as a mixed inoculant with USDA strains. 5. The mixed inoculants of YCK strains and strain USDA 123 showed antagonism for nodulation.