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韓·中 兩國의 漢字音 比較 試論 : "效"·"流" 攝字를 對象으로
李敦柱 全北大學校 語學硏究所 1975 어학 Vol.2 No.-
한국 한자음운의 변천과정을 추구하려면 중국, 일본, 월남에서의 한자음 변천의 실태를 파악하는 일이 중요한 접근방법이 될 것이다. 그러나, 이러한 작업은 한 개인의 단기간의 연구에서 완성되기를 기대하기는 어렵다고 본다. 필자는 고대 한국한자음의 연구를 위한 시도의 일단으로 우선 "효ㆍ유" 양섭에 속한 한자를 대상으로 하여 한ㆍ중 양국의 한자음 변천실태가 하였는가를 비교하려는데 본고의 목적을 둔다.
李敦柱 국어학회 2004 국어학 Vol.0 No.43
北宋의 哲學者 겸 象數學者로 유명한 邵雍(1011~1077)의 『皇極經世書』는 『性理大全』에 수록되어 있는데 여기에는 『聲音唱和圖』라는 일종의 韻圖(字母表)가 들어 있다. 그는 漢字音의 성모를 地音, 운모를 天聲이라 규정하고 天地의 배합에 의하여 생성 가능한 음절의 한자를 도표 안에 예시하였다. 『황극경세서』는 『동국정운』의 서문과 『훈민정음해례』의 내용에도 지대한 영향을 끼쳤거니와 그가 30세 이후 洛陽에 거주했던 까닭으로 특히 宋代의 開封·洛陽 방언음과 漢語音韻史 연구에도 귀중한 자료로 평가된다. 동시에 『창화도』에 반영된 漢音은 高麗語의 한 자료인 『계림유사』(1103)의 해독에도 반드시 참고할 가치가 있다고 본다. 『창화도』에 반영된 字音을 中古漢音과 비교하여 보면 다음과 같은 사실을 지적할 수 있다. 첫째, 聲類에서 ① 파열·마찰·파찰음의 全濁音(유성음)이 淸音(무성음)으로 변한 점, ② 설상음의 「知」[t]계 성모가 구개음화하거나 혹은 정치음의 「照」[??]계 성모에 병입된 점, ③ 「非·敷·奉」모가 [f]음으로, 「泥·娘」모가 [n]음으로 합류하여 성모 수가 감소한 점. 둘째, 韻類에서 ① 중고한음에 존재하였던 1·2등과 3·4등의 변별성이 소멸된 점, ② 開合이 4呼(開·齊·合·撮)의 틀을 갖추어 간 점, ③ 중고한음에서 4등에 속한 「止」섭 치두음자가 1등운 자리에 배치된 사실로 미루어 i(즉 ??, ??)음이 새로 탄생한 점, ④ -p를 제외한 -t, -k의 입성운미가 음성운에 상배한 점으로 보아 邵雍의 방언음에서 후자는 합류하여 -? 단계에 있었거나 혹은 소실되었을 가능성이 높다는 점, 셋째, 사성(평·상·거·입성)이 각각 陰陽으로 분화하여 8개 調類가 이루어진 점 등이다. 물론 『창화도』는 일정한 數理에 맞도록 구성된 점에서 인위적인 음운 구별의 여지가 있을지라도 ■(無音無字)와 ●(無聲無字)를 표시한 점등을 고려하면 당시의 현실음을 완전히 무시한 것은 아니며, 그 안에는 내재적 질서가 역연함을 부정할 수 없다. As we know, Shao Yong(1011~1077) was a peculiar philosopher of Song time of China, and he is often called the originator of sang-su(象數) school. He specially asserted that all the natural world including the sounds of the language can be explained by mathematical principles. And he also established the unique terms in the Chinese historical phonetics. For example, he defined the initial(聲母) as the sound of earth, and the final(韻母) as the sound of heaven. And he assumed by chorus of initials and finals, infinite number of sounds of human can be made. And finally he made a kind of sound table of initials and finals by selecting the actually used Chinese characters in Song period, i.e. 11th century. If we observe the phonetic aspect represented in the sound table, and compare them with the phonetic system of ancient Chinese, we can assume the following differences. 1. First in the Initial classes, ① voiced sounds of explosives, affricates and fricatives were changed by voiceless feature(ex. b, d, g>p, t, k). ② supradental sound of [t] classes were palatilzed. ③ labio-dentals of [f, f, v] were emerged into [f], and [n, n] also changed into a phoneme [n]. 2. Second in the Final classes, ① the phonetic distinctive features of division of I (ex. back low vowel α), II (front low vowel a) and III (which has medial j), IV(medial i) were obviously disappeared. 3. Third in the entering tone(入聲) system, the ending of -p maintained at that time, but -t, -k were disappeared. Therefore observing the above sound tables, we expect that the reconstruction of the oral sound system of the Luoyang(洛陽) dialect of 11th century would be possible.
Lemierre Syndrome in Adolescent with Active Ulcerative Colitis
Josipa Unić,Matea Kovačić,Gordana Jakovljević,Ana Tripalo Batoš,Tonći Grmoja,Iva Hojsak 대한소아소화기영양학회 2018 Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition Vol.21 No.3
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a well-recognized risk factor for thrombotic events in adults but data on children are scarce. In the great majority of adult patients, thrombotic events are usually deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Other sites such as jugular veins are extremely rare. We present a case of Lemierre syndrome in an adoles-cent girl with active ulcerative colitis and discuss possible risk factors. This is the first reported case of severe Lemierre syndrome with thrombus extension to cranial veins in a patient with ulcerative colitis. Early recognition of Lemierre syndrome in patients who present with rapidly worsening symptoms of neck pain, fever and signs of pharyngitis is imperative because it increases a chance of favorable prognosis. It is important for pediatricians treating IBD patients not to underestimate possible thrombotic events in children with IBD. Recognition of additional risk factors is crucial for prompt diagnosis and adequate treatment.
徐燉珏 東國大學校 1973 論文集 Vol.11 No.-
As in the most seafaring nations, one of the most important rules of maritime, law, that shipowner's liability is limited to a certain extent in case of ruinous occasion, is embodied in Commercial Code of Korea. The Commercial Code adopts the same substantive rules as those of the Brussels Convention of 1924. Under its limitation system, property claims are limited to the value of the ship, freight and accessories of the ship, or an aggregate sum equal to 15,000 Wons per ton, whichever is lower' the personal claims are limited up to 15,000 Wons per ton exceeding the limit of liability in respect of the property claims. the inequities inherent in this system went largely unnoticed in the middle of the 1960's, mainly because of the smallness of our merchant marine, Recent years, however, have seen a considerable increase in merchant traffic with a concomitant increase in the maritime disasters, especially the most calamitous casualties of the Chunchi-ho in 1968 and the Namyeong-ho in 1970. In the circumstances, we have come to the stage to reexamine the position of existing limitation system and to establish acceptable and adequate principles necessary to legislatively effectuate limitation policies. In this article, an attempt is first made to outline the general rules of the limitation of shipowner's liability. and then it deals with the problems of who can limit, claims subject to limitation and limitation formula respectively. In conclusion, it is suggested to amend our existing system and raise limits on the level of the new Convention of 1957, and also that arrangements, for example compulsory liability insurance, should be made for such liability to be fully covered. This article further deals with two specific issues, i. e., the liability for oil pollution and that of loss of life or injury, which require urgent measures in order to guarantee adequate claimant recoveries. It is necessary to adopt a rational system of limitation of liability for oil pollution by introducing a special enactment based on a series of international agreements following upon the Civil Liability convention of 1969. In respect of the latter, a public instrumentality should be expedited to secure the full damages to personal injury and death claimants beyond the limit of the legal liability.
Review of TRESIS as a Policy Advisory Tool for Evaluating Land Use and Transport Interaction
Kwang Sik Kim, Tu Ton, David Hensher 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2003 International journal of urban sciences (IJUS) Vol. No.
The purpose of this paper is to review TRESIS (Transportation and Environment Strategy Impact Simulator) model system developed by Hensher and Ton (2002) as a policy advisory tool to evaluate the impact of policy instruments on a wide range of performance indicators. In this paper, we identify the key issues and associated criteria related to the use of urban land use and transport models for supporting policy analysis task. We then propose a policy review framework named SEEBEST as a means to identify and classify a wide range of key policy instruments and performance indicators supported by an urban model. The main focus is on the review of TRESIS, based on SEEBEST. A summary of main findings and further research questions are included in the conclusion.