이덕무(李德懋)의 명대문학(明代文學) 비평에 대한 일고찰

이학당 ( Xue Tang Li ),위홍 ( Hong Wei ) 한국실학학회 2011 한국실학연구 Vol.0 No.21

본고에서는 이덕무의 명대문학 비평 중에서 의고파와 공안파의 대표 작가들에 대한 비평을 위주로 검토를 하였다. 조선후기 저명한 문학비평가인 이덕무는 명대 문단에 대해서 깊이 있게 파악하고 있었다. 그는 우선 명대 문단에서 가장 큰 영향력을 발휘했던 의고파의 대표 인물들에 대해서 많은 기술을 하였다. 그가 남긴 명대 문학비평 자료에서 가장 많이 언급된 인물은 바로 이반룡과 왕세정이다. 그들의 시(詩), 문(文)뿐만 아니라 의고파의 문학이론에 대해서도 깊이 있는 비평을 가하였다. 둘째는 공안파의 대표인물인 원굉도에 대한 중점적인 검토이다. 원굉도의 시와 문에 대하여 흥미있게 감상하고 인용했으며 공안파가 제창한 ``독서성령(獨抒性靈)``의 문학주장에 대해서도 의고파와 견주면서 논평하기도 하였다. 이덕무는 청나라 당대의 문단보다는 오히려 명대의 문단에 대하여 더 많은 관심을 갖고 주목하여 다양한 논술과 비평 내용을 남겼다. 이덕무는 왜 명대 문인들과 그들의 문학을 이렇듯 중요시하였는가. 그 이유는 다음과 같은 세 가지 측면에서 분석할 수 있다. 첫째, 이덕무의 정통 사상과 의리 정신에서 찾을 수 있다. 그는 연암을 대표로 하는 북학파의 일원으로서 북학사상을 공유한 것이 사실이다. 그러나 이덕무는 연암과 마찬가지로 내심에는 아직 명대가 한족이 통치하는 정통국가이고 청나라는 이방인이 잠시 중국을 장악하는 이민족 국가에 불과하다는 생각을 가지고 있었다. 둘째, 이덕무는 중국의 문학 발전에 있어, 명대 문학 자체의 특성에 주목하여, 이 시기의 문학에 대하여 특별한 관심을 가지게 됐다고 생각한다. 셋째, 명대의 많은 문학이론과 그 성과들이 이덕무 본인의 심미(審美)취향, 창작 실천과 맞아떨어졌다고 할 수 있다. 물론 문학론에 있어서 전후 칠자와 공안파는 서로 대립적인 것이다. 그렇지만 각자의 문학론은 꼭 누가 옳고 누가 그르다고 할 수 없을 것이다. 이덕무의 전후칠자 및 공안파의 주장에 대한 평가도 공정하고 객관적이다. 개인적인 취향에 있어서 이 두 부류의 주장과 겹치는 면이 적지 않아, 그들 주장의 심층적인 면에 대해서 더욱 연구해보려는 의도가 있었다고 본다. Lee Demoo(1741~1793)is a famous scholar in the late Joseon Dynasty. As a literary critic, most of Chinese scholars and works he mentioned is about Ming Dynasty, which shows his great attention on the literary world of Ming Dynasty. Some relevant discussion and critical content can be looked as precious data for researching on his literary thought. In the literary world of Ming Dynasty, all kind of new literary current took shape by carrying on previous work, such as classicist school who advocated learning from ancients by QianHouQiZi, anti-classicist School who advocated innovation by Gong an School, Tang-Song School and Jing Ling School. Also the artistic expression means are more rich and varied, and prose, poem and drama competed with each other for beauty. The reasons he pays attention to the literary world of Ming Dynasty focused on three aspects-traditional ideology and argumentation, characteristics of the literary world, the inosculation of his aethestic standard and creation practice to the theory and literature achievements in Ming Dynasty. Lee Demoo thinks highly of the literary theory and achievements in literary world of Ming Dynasty. There are two features of his criticism on literature of that period. First of all, the style of his criticism developed from subjectivity to objectivity, from what we can realize the process of his increased knowledge and experience in literature of Ming Dynasty. Secondly, he made some key criticism by classifying on works or viewpoints of representative figures, such as Lee Panlong and Wang Shizhen in QianHouQiZi School, Yuan Hongdao in Gong an School, Zhong Xing in JingLing School and Critic, Jing Shengtan. The content of his criticism on literature of Ming Dynasty focused on three aspects. The first one is criticism on writer. For example, he summarized some writers` biography and clarified their poems viewpoints and achievements in Mini Biography of Poems Observed, such as Liu Ji, Song Lian, Gao Bing, Li Dongyang in the early of dynasty, Li Mengyang, He Jingming and Li Panlong in the middle period, Gu Yanwu and Zhu Yizun in transitional period. Second, criticism on various kinds of schools. The main issue of fact in literature of Ming Dynasty is about the classicist and anti-classicist. He gave highly appreciate to the vigorous and hsingling literature of the classicist school, while pointing out the disadvantages because of persistent on their own concept. The third is criticism on novels. He did some specific analysis on Zhong Xing`s comment about Water Margin and Jin Shengtan`s novel notion when he wrote his SuiJingXiTan. He did a certain textual research on Shi Naian`s novel from the standpoint of social origin theory, and approved its artistic quality. However, he proposed the useless and harmful theory of novel when he compared novel to the other literary forms, which showed his limitation on literary concept.

Hong Kong Leasehold Land Tenure and Boundary System

Tang Hong-wai, Conrad 한국국토정보공사 2010 지적과 국토정보 Vol.40 No.1

This article gives an introduction to the law and history of the leasehold land tenure in Hong Kong, states its merits and shortcomings as compared to other advanced deeds systems, and illustrates the key parts of the registration documents with particular attention on land boundaries. Recent legislative improvements and further development are discussed.

班固评屈 “露才扬己” 说当为贾逵语

汤,洪(Tang Hong) 한양대학교 수행인문학연구소 2008 수행인문학 Vol.38 No.2

Among a variety of critical assessments of Qu Yuan by writers in the Han period, one of the principal critique is produced by Ban Gu His high appraisal of the ancient poet as the poet of ‘lu cai yang qi’ (露才揚氣), deriving from the viewpoint of Confucianism, was in effect acknowledged as the mainstream of literary criticism on Qu Yuan for Han critics and writers. This paper tries a comparative analysis between Ban Gu’s two texts, Li Sao Xu (『離騷序』) and Li Sao Zan Xu (『離騷贊序』), by reference both to the corrections by Wang Yi in his Li S;/O Hou Xu (『離騷後敍』) which is in turn cited in Hong Xin Zu’s Chu Ci Bu Zhu (『楚辭補注』) and to a question Hong Xin Zu raises as he denies of Ban Gu as the designer of the phrase ‘lu cai yang qi’ My decision that the phrasal critique was originated by Jia Da is made, along with considering Jia Dais academic tendency and literary career, on the basis of an analytic comparison of the words from the extant version of Li Sao Xu with those cited in “Bian Sao” (“辨騷”) part in Liu Xie’s Wen Xin Diao Long (『文心彫龍』).

Nonlinear Time Domain Relation between Respiratory Phase and Timing of the First Heart Sound

Tang, Hong,Park, Yongwan,Ruan, Chengjie Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2015 Computational and mathematical methods in medicine Vol.2015 No.-

<P>The previous studies on respiratory physiology have indicated that inspiration and expiration have opposite effects on heart hemodynamics. The basic reason why these opposite hemodynamic changes cause regular timing variations in heart sounds is the heart sound generation mechanism that the acoustic vibration is triggered by heart hemodynamics. It is observed that the timing of the first heart sound has nonlinear relation with respiratory phase; that is, the timing delay with respect to the R-wave increases with inspiration and oppositely decreases with expiration. This paper models the nonlinear relation by a Hammerstein-Wiener model where the respiratory phase is the input and the timing is the output. The parameter estimation for the model is presented. The model is tested by the data collected from 12 healthy subjects in terms of mean square error and model fitness. The results show that the model can approximate the nonlinear relation very well. The average square error and the average fitness for all the subjects are about 0.01 and 0.94, respectively. The timing of the first heart sound related to respiratory phase can be accurately predicted by the model. The model has potential applications in fast and easy monitoring of respiration and heart hemodynamics induced by respiration.</P>

First-principles investigation on redox properties ofM-dopedCeO2(M=Mn,Pr,Sn,Zr)

Tang, Yuanhao,Zhang, Hua,Cui, Lixia,Ouyang, Chuying,Shi, Siqi,Tang, Weihua,Li, Hong,Lee, Jong-Sook,Chen, Liquan American Physical Society 2010 Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials Vol.82 No.12

Comparative Analyses of Community and Biological Indices based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Streams using a Self-Organizing Map

Tang, Hong Qu,Bae, Mi-Jung,Chon, Tae-Soo,Song, Mi-Young,Park, Young-Seuk The Korean Society of Limnology 2009 생태와 환경 Vol.39 No.1

Benthic macroinvertebrate communities collected from eight different streams in South Korea were analyzed to compare community and biological indices across different levels of water pollution. The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) was utilized to provide overview on association of the proposed indices. The sample sites were accordingly clustered according to the gradient of pollution on the SOM. While the general trends of the indices were commonly observable according to different levels of pollution, the detailed differences among the indices were also illustrated on the SOM. The conventional diversity and evenness indices tended to be high even though the water quality state was poor representing relatively weak gradient at polluted sites, while the index presenting the saprobic degree such as family biotic index showed the stronger gradient at the polluted area and was robust to present the gradient. Our results also confirmed the general characterization of two indices: The Shannon index is more strengthened by the number of species occurring at the sample sites, while the Simpson index is more influenced by the degree of evenness among the species. The patterning based on the SOM was efficient in comparatively characterizing the proposed indices to present ecological states and water quality.

High β-Glucosidase Secretion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Improves the Efficiency of Cellulase Hydrolysis and Ethanol Production in Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation

Hong Ting Tang,Jin Hou,Yu Shen,Lili Xu,Hui Yang,Xu Fang,Xiaoming Bao 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2013 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.23 No.11

Bioethanol production from lignocellulose is considered as a sustainable biofuel supply. However, the low cellulose hydrolysis efficiency limits the cellulosic ethanol production. The cellulase is strongly inhibited by the major end product cellobiose, which can be relieved by the addition of β-glucosidase. In this study, three β-glucosidases from different organisms were respectively expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the β-glucosidase from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera showed the best activity (5.2 U/ml). The recombinant strain with S. fibuligera β-glucosidase could metabolize cellobiose with a specific growth rate similar to the control strain in glucose. This recombinant strain showed higher hydrolysis efficiency in the cellulose simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, when using the Trichoderma reesei cellulase, which is short of the β-glucosidase activity. The final ethanol concentration was 110% (using Avicel) and 89% (using acid-pretreated corncob) higher than the control strain. These results demonstrated the effect of β-glucosidase secretion in the recombinant S. cerevisiae for enhancing cellulosic ethanol conversion.

Analog-Assisted Digital Capacitorless Low-Dropout Regulator Supporting Wide Load Range

Tang, Nghia,Tang, Yangyang,Zhou, Zhiyuan,Nguyen, Bai,Hong, Wookpyo,Zhang, Philipp,Kim, Jong-Hoon,Heo, Deukhyoun Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2019 IEEE transactions on industrial electronics Vol.66 No.3

<P>Capacitorless (CL) low-dropout regulators (LDO) have gained significant research interest for point-of-load voltage regulation without off-chip capacitors. While analog CL-LDOs can deliver superior power supply rejection (PSR), digital CL-LDOs are more scalable and efficient. To achieve the advantages of both types, this paper presents a digital CL-LDO with an analog PSR enhancer, delivering strong PSR without compromising scalability and efficiency. Load regulation is performed by an asynchronous digital feedback controller for fast transient response and scalable load drivability. PSR is achieved by a load-insensitive wide-bandwidth analog controller. A prototype chip of the analog-assisted digital CL-LDO is fabricated in a 130-nm CMOS process with an active area of 0.0645 mm<SUP>2</SUP> , supporting load current up to 50 mA at nominal 1-V input and 0.8-V output. The measured PSR is better than –20 dB for frequencies up to 10 MHz, and the measured current efficiency peaks at 99.3%, with average current efficiency of 96.7% across 50× load range. The measured transient response to a full load step, with two values of load capacitance (100 pF and 10 nF), demonstrates the LDO's stable operation over a wide range of load resistance and capacitance.</P>

The Judge of the Justice

Tang Hong 한양대학교 수행인문학연구소 2009 수행인문학 Vol.39 No.1

The thesis re-compare the themes of Lisao and the Book of Job, only from the view of the wake of life conciousness on Job and Lisao’s protagonist. And this is based on the thesis called “Upon Qu Yuan’s questions” written by japanese scholar Mitsusawa, which arose a heated debate domestically. It is conclued that differences exist in samenesses while samenesses can be identified in differences. The sameness is that Job and Qu Yuan both have the persistent pursuit of absolute justice in human society, while the difference is that when the pursuit is disturbed, Job was able to find his exit of the reality but Qu Yuan could only sacrifice his own life to achieve to reach the paradise of the spirit. He hoped that he can fulfill his dream in another country of spirit.

Comparative Analyses of Community and Biological Indices based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Streams using a Self-Organizing Map

Hong Qu Tang,Mi Jung Bae,Tae Soo Chon,Mi Young Song,Young Seuk Park 한국하천호수학회 2009 생태와 환경 Vol.42 No.3