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Takuto Sumi,Yui Takahashia,Hiroki Sawatani,Shigenori Karasawa,Kazuki Miura,Takahisa Miyatake 한국응용곤충학회 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.20 No.4
Wolbachia are ubiquitous endosymbionts that infect many invertebrates and often manipulate their hosts' reproduction. Although a bias in the sex ratio of the host species due to infection with Wolbachia has been reported in the field, few studies have investigated the seasonal change in rates of infection by Wolbachia. Examining seasonal changes in Wolbachia infection is important because many parasitic infection agents, such as bacteria or viruses, usually show seasonal dynamics. In the present study, we examined the seasonal abundance and sex ratio of two closely related pill bug species that sympatrically inhabit Okayama, Japan. Phylogenetic and morphological analyses identified the two closely related species as Spherillo sp. sensu Karasawa et al. 2014 and Spherillo sp. shi-1 sensu Karasawa and Kawano 2014; they cohabit in fallen leaves, i.e., litter, on a mountain in Okayama City. An obvious peak in emergence of the two pill bug species was not observed. Both sympatric species were infected by Wolbachia, but no seasonal trends were found in the infection rate of Wolbachia. In Spherillo sp., females had higher infection rates than males, while the rates were almost 100% in both sexes in Spherillo sp. shi-1. The results suggest that the two pill bug species are infected by different Wolbachia strains with dissimilar manipulations of the sex ratio.
Practical Issues in Relation to Liability for Oil Pollution Damages in Japan
( Takuto Kobayashi ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2021 The Asian Business Lawyer Vol.28 No.-
Japan has ratified the Bunker Convention and the Nairobi Convention in July 2020. In accordance with those international regimes, the Oil Pollution Act has also been amended and took effect on October 1, 2020. Under the amended Oil Pollution Act, some issues have been resolved, for instance protecting victims of bunker pollution damages or abandoned ships by allowing them a direct claim against the insurer of the ship owner. However, there are some new legal and practical issues. One such issue is whether time charterers are “operators,” who are held liable for the damages under the current Oil Pollution Act. In global practice, the word “operator” does not include time charterers. Meanwhile, in Japan, sometimes it could imply a time charterer. However, in principle, “operator” should not include time charterers, and if an exception is to be made, the content of the contract between the shipowner and the operator should be carefully investigated to see whether such operator has a right to control the vessel management to prevent the oil incident. The other issue, among many potential issues, may arise in relation to the construction projects of wind power generation. In such projects, the contractor would enter into EPC contract with its client and would be a charterer of the various types of vessels on the basis of, for example, BIMCO WINDTIME. Under these circumstances, the issue for the owners of the vessel is whether they have a right to limit their liability under the Oil Pollution Act with regard to the recourse claim for the liquidated damages incurred by the charterers under their own EPC contract. The outcome depends on the facts and the interpretation of Article3(1)(iii) of Limitation of Shipowner Liability Act, which is slightly different from LLMC96. In any case, a fair and reasonable explanation is required for the outcome, especially if such outcome is different from those under LLMC96.
Hideto Ueki,Takuto Hara,Yasuyoshi Okamura,Yukari Bando,Tomoaki Terakawa,Junya Furukawa,Kenichi Harada,Yuzo Nakano,Masato Fujisawa 대한비뇨의학회 2022 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.63 No.4
Purpose: Two methods are used to identify sarcopenia by calculating skeletal muscle area on computed tomography: the skeletal muscle index (SMI) and the psoas muscle index (PMI). Programmed death (PD)-1 inhibitors are helpful in treating metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). However, there remains insufficient information regarding a clear and easy-to-use biomarker for predicting the response to PD-1 inhibitors in patients with mRCC. Therefore, we investigated the influence of sarcopenia on clinical outcomes in patients with mRCC undergoing treatment with nivolumab. Materials and Methods: This study evaluated 96 patients with RCC who received nivolumab. The SMI and PMI were calculated for each patient and normalized for stature by use of the following formulas: SMI (cm2/m2)=([skeletal muscle cross-sectional area at the level of L3]/[height]2) and PMI (cm2/m2) = ([left-right sum of the psoas muscle areas at the level of L3]/[height]2). The relationship of the clinical variables with progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) was examined using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: According to the SMI-based definition of sarcopenia, 74.0% of patients had sarcopenia. However, according to the PMI-based definition of sarcopenia, only 34.3% of patients were diagnosed with sarcopenia. Multivariate analysis identified sarcopenia based on PMI (hazard ratio [HR], 3.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.04–7.26; p<0.001) and International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium poor risk status (HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.03–3.50; p=0.041) as significant and independent prognostic factors of OS. Conclusions: PMI-based sarcopenia is a significant prognostic factor for OS in patients with RCC who receive nivolumab therapy.
Seed dispersal by ants in the fully mycoheterotrophic plant Sciaphila secundiflora (Triuridaceae)
Kenji Suetsugu,Takuto Shitara,Akira Yamawo 한국응용곤충학회 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.20 No.3
The tiny seeds, or dust seeds, of heterotrophic plants are usually dispersed by wind. However, most mycoheterotrophic plants grow in the understory of densely vegetated forests, where the wind is less reliable and wind dispersal is likely less efficient. In the present study, we found that seeds of the fully mycoheterotrophic plant Sciaphila secundiflora (Triuridaceae) possess elaiosomes, and that at least one species of ant, Nylanderia flavipes, functions as a dispersal agent of the plant's seeds. This is the first demonstration of myrmecochory in mycoheterotrophic plants, as well as the first report of zoochory in Triuridaceae.