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Takachi,Tomonari 한국언어학회 2008 언어 Vol.33 No.4
Modern Korean has four adnominal forms: '-(u)l', '-(u)n', '-nun' and '-ten'. The aim of this paper is to clarify the functional meanings of four adnominal forms. The conclusions we have reached are as follows: (1) '-(u)l', '-(u)n', '-nun' are the adnominal forms which consist of one morpheme. Whereas '-ten' is adnominal forms which consists of two morphemes: '-te-' and '-(u)n'. (2) '-te-' is the pre-final ending and belongs to a category of mode. It has the function that shows 'evidentiality' related to events or states of propositions what the speaker realizes. '-te-' is marked form of the evidential mode. When it does not appear, the epistemic mode which has the function that shows speaker's judgements about the events or states of propositions is shown. So the epistemic mode is unmarked in modern Korean. (3) '-te-' has a function to switch a scene. Therefore, the scene which a verb or an adjective combined with '-te-' shows is different from a scene at the time of the utterance by all means. (4) We consider the adnominal endings to prescribe domains. “The domains” that we speak here are the place where a speaker recognizes description contents (propositions). '-nun' has the function to show the domain handling realized events surely, whereas '-(u)n' has the function to show the domain to treat events that were already realized. '-nun' and '-(u)n' are similar to show 'realis'. However '-(u)l' has the function to treat events that are not yet realized and to do not understand whether they were realized in, so '-(u)l' is different from '-nun' and '-(u)n' in its point to show 'irrealis'.
다카치토모나리 ( Takachi Tomonari ) 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2017 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.30 No.-
The purpose of this paper is to investigate functional differences of the grammatical collocations `adnominal ending+seong sip/dus sip/dus ha-`. The first, compared to the bound noun `seong`, the bound noun `dus` implicates not only positive dimension, but also negative dimension. Based on this difference, the grammatical collocations `adnominal ending+seong sip-` and `adnominal ending+dus sip-` can be distinguished on functional view point. Secondly, compared to `ha-`, `sip-` has more subjective feature and it represents speaker`s strong subjective attitude. From this view point, the grammatical collocations `adnominal ending+dus sip-` and `adnominal ending+dus ha-` are distinguished. In the last, we concluded that the form `adnominal ending+seong sip-` is differ from `adnominal ending+dus sip-/ha-` from the view point of `territory of information` and this kind of difference is a result from the functional difference between `seong` and `dus`.
다카치 토모나리(Takachi Tomonari) 서울대학교 언어교육원 2018 語學硏究 Vol.54 No.1
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the grammatical collocations -nun pep-i-ta and -ki malyen-i-ta in terms of modal meaning. Chapter 2 considers the grammatical and lexical components of -nun pep-i-ta and -ki malyen-i-ta, and Chapter 3 investigates similarities and differences between the two collocations. Both phrases mean “universal truth” or “general facts in common.” However, in terms of co-occurrences with the grammatical forms -(e)ya ha-ta, -keyss-, and other forms that have epistemic modal meanings, -nun pep-i-ta and -ki malyen-i-ta take on a different color. These differences have been ascribed to the distinctiveness between the modal meanings of -nun and -ki. The form -nun is associated with a realis feature, whereas -ki expresses an irrealis one. In Chapter 4, we investigate degrees of modality for both -nun pep-i-ta and -ki malyen-i-ta. After considering -nun pep-i-ta and -ki malyen-i-ta in terms of semantics and syntax, and adopting a prototype approach regarding their degrees of modality, we have come to the conclusion that they express epistemic modal and usuality. However, they are not real-modals but pseudo-modals.
"-(으)ㄹ 것이-"와 "-(으)ㄹ 터이-"에 대한 일고찰
다카치토모나리 ( Tomonari Takachi ) 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2016 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.27 No.-
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the grammatical collocations ``-(u)l kesi-`` and ``-(u)l thei-`` in terms of modal meaning. Chapter 2 and 3 discuss the terminologies ``modality`` and ``degrees of modality``. Chapter 4 investigate the features of ``-(u)l kesi-`` and ``-(u)l thei-``. Both of them are polysemic grammatical collocations which mean epistemic and dynamic modal meanings. Considering ``-(u)l kesi-`` and ``-(u)l thei-`` in terms of syntactic and semantic views and adopting a prototype approach regarding their degrees of modality, we have come to a conclusion that they are not real-modal markers but pseudo-modal markers.
다카치 토모나리 서울대학교 언어교육원 2013 語學硏究 Vol.49 No.3
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the meaning structure of the analytic forms ‘-(u)l swu iss-’ and ‘-(u)l swu eps-’ from syntactic and semantic views. In effect ‘-(u)l swu iss-’ and ‘-(u)l swu eps-’ represents some modal meanings in sentences. Some researchers mentioned that ‘-(u)l swu iss-’ and ‘-(u)l swu eps-’ have modal meanings such as epistemic and deontic possibilities and they regard ‘-(u)l swu iss-’ and ‘-(u)l swu eps-’ as modal markers, but this perspective is dubious. From the result of a study, some differences and resemblances between ‘-(u)l swu iss-’ and ‘-(u)l swu eps-’ in syntactic environments are relevant to the semantic difference, and the resemblance of them are revealed through the syntactic environments. Considering ‘-(u)l swu iss-’ and ‘-(u)l swu eps-’ in terms of syntactic and semantic views and adopting a prototype approach, we have come to a conclusion that the core meanings of ‘-(u)l swu iss-’ is ‘possibleness’ and the core meanings of ‘-(u)l swu eps-’ is ‘impossibleness’, and they are not real-modal markers but pseudo-modal markers, therefore the modal meanings of them are particular meanings extended from the core meaning of them.
Shin, Sangah,Saito, Eiko,Sawada, Norie,Ishihara, Junko,Takachi, Ribeka,Nanri, Akiko,Shimazu, Taichi,Yamaji, Taiki,Iwasaki, Motoki,Sasazuki, Shizuka,Inoue, Manami,Tsugane, Shoichiro,Tsugane, S.,Sawada, Elsevier 2018 Clinical nutrition Vol.37 No.3
<P><B>Summary</B></P> <P><B>Background & aims</B></P> <P>A finding between dietary pattern and cancer may provide visions beyond the assessment of individual foods or nutrients. We examined the influence of dietary pattern with colorectal cancer (CRC) among a Japanese population.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>A total of 93,062 subjects (43,591 men, 49,471 women) who participated in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study were followed from 1995–1998 to the end of 2012, during which 2482 cases of CRC (1514 men, 968 women) were newly identified. Dietary data was obtained from a validated food-frequency questionnaire between 1995 and 1998.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>Three dietary pattern was derived from principal components factor: prudent, westernized, and traditional pattern. After controlled for potential confounders, the prudent pattern showed a decreased association of CRC risk in men (HR for highest quintile vs lowest: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.72–1.00; <I>P</I> trend <0.05), slightly more strongly with distal colon cancer (<I>P</I> trend <0.05); but an increased risk of rectal cancer in women (<I>P</I> trend <0.05). The westernized pattern showed a significant positive linear trend for colon (<I>P</I> trend <0.05) and distal cancer (<I>P</I> trend <0.05) in women. There was no apparent association of traditional Japanese dietary pattern on the overall or any specific sites risk of CRC.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>A prudent dietary pattern showed an inverse association with CRC risk in men, and a westernized pattern was related with a higher risk of colon and distal cancer in women.</P>