Remarkable effects of deep eutectic solvents on the esterification of lactic acid with ethanol over Amberlyst-15

Ayşe Ezgi Ünlü,Azime Arıkaya,Aybike Altundağ,Serpil Takaç 한국화학공학회 2020 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.37 No.1

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are widely used in numerous reactions both as a solvent and a catalyst. In this study, different types of DESs were investigated as a supplementary component for Amberlyst-15 to enhance its catalytic activity in the esterification reaction of lactic acid with ethanol. The effects of the following parameters such as DES type, choline chloride : glycerol (ChCl-Gly) (1 : 2) amount, molar ratio of reactants, temperature and agitation rate on the initial rate of reaction and yield of ethyl lactate were investigated. According to the results, DESs alone did not have any catalytic effect on the esterification; however, DESs together with Amberlyst-15 provided a significant increase in the initial rate of reaction and yield. The activation energy of the reaction decreased significantly with the combined use of Amberlyst-15 and ChCl-Gly (1 : 2). Internal and external mass transfer limitations were found to be negligible under optimum reaction conditions.

TATA-Binding Protein-Related Factor 2 Is Localized in the Cytoplasm of Mammalian Cells and Much of It Migrates to the Nucleus in Response to Genotoxic Agents

Taka-aki Tamura,Kyoung-ae Park,Yuji Tanaka,Yusuke Suenaga 한국분자세포생물학회 2006 Molecules and cells Vol.22 No.2

Japan Automotive OEM Trends

Taka Narishima 한국트라이볼로지학회 2006 Lubricants SYMPOSIUM Vol.2006 No.9

Fabrication of Functional Wrinkles at Hydrogel Interfaces

Taka-Aki Asoh 한국고분자학회 2021 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.46 No.1

Geometry of the surface and the interface are important because they are always in contact with the external environments or the other materials. In this study, we investigated the fabrication of wrinkles on the hydrogel surfaces or at the hydrogel interfaces. The wrinkling wavelength and amplitude could be controlled. Active wrinkle on the surface of the thermoresponsive hydrogel could be switched to a flat and wrinkle surface by changing the temperature. Moreover, a novel hydrogel adhesion utilizing swelling-induced wrinkling gel films was developed. Adhered gels detached without damage to their surfaces when the wrinkle structures were disrupted by peeling of the wrinkled film. By using wrinkle structure at adhesive interfaces, both strong adhesion and easy detachment of hydrogels are achieved.

심포지엄 : 韓國人日本語學習者の終助詞「ね」の誤用パタ一ン -OPIデ一タの分析を中心に-

吉田たか ( Taka Yoshida ) 한국일어일문학회 2013 日語日文學硏究 Vol.84 No.1

본고는 한국인 일본어 학습자의 종조사「ね」오용 패턴을 학습 레벨별로 분석한 것이다. 종조사「ね」는 종조사 중에서 가장 많이 사용되는 조사로서, 동의, 발화 완화, 확인 요구 등, 여러가지 기능을 가지고 있어서 학습자에게 습득이 어려운 학습 항목 중의 하나로 알려져 있다. 학습 레벨별로 종조사「ね」의 오용을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 부적절한 사용으로는 ①「のだ」를 사용해야 할 부분에「ね」를 사용하는 경우 ②불필요한 부가 ③다른 종조사와의 혼용의 세 가지 패턴이 나타났으며 비용은 ①다른 종조사와 혼용한 경우 ②사용해야 할 때 사용하지 않은 경우의 두 가지 패턴이 나타났다. 부적절한 사용, 비용 모두 종조사의 본격적인 사용이 시작되는 상급-하에서 가장 많이 나타났다. 중급 학습자에게는 동의를 요구하는「ね」에 대해 동의를 표명하는「ね」의 비용,「な」를 사용해야 할 때「ね」를 사용하는 오용 등이 특징적으로 나타났다. 상급 학습자에게는「ね」를 사용해야 할 때「よね」를 사용하는 예가 많이 나타났으며,「のだ」를 사용해야 할 때「ね」를 사용한 부자연스러운 문장도 많이 볼 수 있었다. 최상급 학습자에게는 종조사의 사용이 한층 더 증가하였으나 부적절한 사용, 비용 모두 소수에 불과하여, 모어화자의 사용 형태와 가까워진다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 특정한 종조사를 과잉 사용하는 최상급학습자도 있었다. 금후「ね」의 오용의 원인 및「ね」와「のだ」와의 관계 규명을 중심으로 연구를 진행해 나가고자 한다.

심포지엄 : 天國と地獄から見た『蓬萊曲』の解釋

矢野尊義 ( Taka Yoshi Yano ) 한국일어일문학회 2013 日語日文學硏究 Vol.84 No.2

本稿は、『蓬萊曲』の全體像を矛盾なく總合的に把握するために『蓬萊曲』における天國と地獄の意味を明らかにする。これによって『蓬萊曲』の筋を再度檢討することができよう。戰後『蓬萊曲』に對しては多くの專門家たちの硏究がなされてきたにもかかわらず、今もってなお疑問點が多く、筋についての解釋すら一樣の理解が示されていない。『蓬萊曲』全體に對する讀みは、難解なものとして殘されたままである。主人公素雄はこの世を去るために蓬萊山に登る。この世は、惡魔に支配されている地上地獄だからである。彼は蓬萊山の「生命の谷に自分の魂を投げ入れ」て肉體を脫ぎ、永遠の生命を得ようとする。しかし、彼が「生命の谷」を前にした崖に着いた時、彼が出會ったのは神ではなく惡魔だった。素雄は惡魔と戰わねばならなくなる。ここで不思議なのは、素雄が地獄へ行くとつぶやきながら死を呼ぶところである。肉の生命を脫した素雄は永遠の生命を得ることができたのであろうか。答えは否である。天國は神の愛の世界であり、地獄は惡魔の世界である。惡魔が素雄に女性の化身を見せたように蓬萊山で素雄が見た昔の妻である露姬の靈は、惡魔の化身であった。惡魔が作った幻にだまされた素雄は、天國ではなく地獄へ行くことを口ずさみながら死んだ。このようにして素雄は、惡魔の愛に捕えられて地獄の道を行くことになるのである。素雄は、自ら地獄を選んだ結果になったのである。

Contribution of marine macroalgae genes to plant potassium deficiency tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis

Miyazaki Takae,Moon Ju Yeon,Shin Ryoung 한국식물생명공학회 2021 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.15 No.3

Marine algae survive in a high sodium environment, however, they experience potassium deprivation in cells as a consequence. Our previous study demonstrated that genes from the marine species of macroalgae, Pyropia yezoensis, including the ammonium transporter, PyAMT1, and a β-carbonic anhydrase, PyβCA1, could complement a potassium-uptake defective Escherichia coli mutant. In the present study, various Pyropia genes were expressed in Arabidopsis to determine if Pyropia genes could enhance potassium-defciency tolerance in plants. Overexpression of PyAMT1, a nitrate transporter, PyNRT2.1, PyβCA1, and their Arabidopsis homologs in Arabidopsis, enhanced the tolerance of the transgenic plants to potassium starvation without altering potassium levels in the plants. A Pyropia coatomer gene, which is similar to the Arabidopsis coat protein complex I zeta subunit, also contributed to enhancing potassium defciency tolerance and increasing potassium accumulation in Arabidopsis. The Pyropia PyC5 gene does not have any known homologues in higher plants and lacks any known motifs or domains. PyC5-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants grew much better under potassium defciency conditions compared to control plants. Collectively, the results suggest that marine algae genes could be used as a novel source of genes to aid in the development of stress-tolerant plants.

R & D and Trial of High-speed , Multi-media Communication Networks and Services in Japan

Masahiro Taka 한국통신학회 1995 한국통신학회 워크샵 Vol.- No.-

MicroRNAs in Asthma and Respiratory Infections: Identifying Common Pathways

Styliani Taka,Panayiota Tzani-Tzanopoulou,Hannah Wanstall,Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos 대한천식알레르기학회 2020 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.12 No.1

MicroRNAs (miRs) are single-stranded RNAs of 18-25 nucleotides. These molecules regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level; several of these are differentially expressed in asthma as well as in viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs), the main triggers of acute asthma exacerbations. In recent years, miRs have been studied in order to discover drug targets as well as biomarkers for diagnosis, disease severity and prognosis. We describe recent findings on miR expression and function in asthma and their role in the regulation of viral ARIs, according to cell tissue specificity and asthma severity. By combining the above information, we identify miRs that may be important in virus-induced asthma exacerbations. This is the first attempt to link miR profiles of asthmatic patients and ARI-induced miRs, addressing the question of whether there might be a specific miR deficit in asthmatic subjects that make them more susceptible and/or reactive to infection.

보통체회화에 나타난 한국인 일본어 학습자의 종조사 사용실태

요시다다카 ( Yoshida Taka ) 한국일어일문학회 2014 日語日文學硏究 Vol.89 No.1

일본어로 대화할 경우 상대와의 관계, 정보의 유무, 성별 등에 따라 문말형식 을 구별해서 사용해야 한다. 그 중에서도 종조사는 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있 으며, 특히 보통체회화에서는 종조사를 사용하지 않으면 자연스러운 대화가 이 루어지지 않는다. 본고는 한국인 일본어학습자가 친한 친구와 보통체로 대화할 때 나타나는 종조사를 조사하여, 일본어모어화자의 사용과 비교·분석함으로써 그 특징과 문제점을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 조사 결과, 모어화자는 친한 친구와 대화를 할 때 ``ね>な>よね>よ>さ> じゃん``의 순서로 사용빈도가 높게 나타났다. 인터뷰회화에서 나타난 종조사의 사용과 비교하면, ``ね``를 가장 많이 사용한다는 점에서는 차이가 없었으나, ``よ ね``나 독백으로 사용되는 ``な``의 사용이 많았다는 점과, 인터뷰회화에는 나타나 지 않았던 ``さ``나 ``じゃん``의 사용이 증가하는 등의 특징으로 나타났다. 한편 학습자는 ``ね>な>よ>じゃん>よね>さ``의 순서로 사용 빈도가 높았 으며, 모어화자와 비교해 ``よ``의 사용빈도가 높았고, 반대로 ``よね``의 사용수가 적었다. 또한 ``じゃん``는 학습자 대부분이 사용하고 있었으나 ``さ``를 사용하는 학습자가 많지 않다는 점 등이 특징으로 나타났다. 남녀별 차이를 보면 남성학습자는 ``な``와 ``ね``, 여성학습자는 ``ね``와 ``よ``의 사 용빈도가 높았고, 남성학습자의 경우 ``そうね``처럼 체언에 직접 ``ね``를 부가하거 나 "ね"의 과잉 사용으로 인해 여성스럽다는 인상을 주는 경우도 볼 수 있었다. 일본 거주기간별로 살펴보면, 거주기간이 짧은 학습자일수록 ``よ``를 많이 사 용하고 있었다. ``よ``는 정보적으로 자신이 우세하다는 것을 나타내는 종조사이 기 때문에, 모어화자의 경우 ``よ``대신 ``よね``나 다른 문말형식을 사용하여 정보 적으로 자신이 우세한 입장에 있다는 것을 주장하지 않도록 배려하면서 대화를 진행하려고 하는 반해, 일본 거주경험이 적은 학습자일수록 이러한 대우적인 배려를 습득하기가 어렵다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이번 조사 대상자와 같은 주로 한국에서 일본어를 학습한 학습자의 경우 주 의 환경에서 오는 자연적 입력이 절대적으로 적고, 교육현장에서도 종조사교육 이 자세히 이루어져있지 않기 때문에 종조사 습득에 어려움을 느끼고 있는 학습 자가 많을 것으로 사려 된다. 상급학습자일수록 올바르지 못한 종조사로 인해 상대에게 오해를 주는 상황도 충분히 있을 수 있기 때문에 보통체형을 도입할 때 형태적인 설명만 아니라 대우적인 면에 초점을 맞춘 교육이 필요하다. When speaking Japanese language, especially when talking in normal form, one should distinguish format of the end of each sentence according to the relationship with the conversation partner, existence of information, and gender. Especially, sentence-ending particles in Japanese plays an important role. This article aims to show features and problems of the usage of sentence-ending particles in Japanese of Korean learners of Japanese language("Korean learners") when they speak with close friends in normal form, by comparing such usage with that if Japanese who`s mother language is Japanese("Japanese speakers") and by analyzing it. As a result of research, it turned out that Japanese speakers uses such sentence-ending particles in Japanese as, in an order of frequent usage, ``ね>な>よ ね>よ>さ>じゃん,`` when they speak to close friends. When comparing it with their usage in formal interviews, it turned out that there was no difference regarding the most frequent use of ``ね``; that, however, they frequently used ``よね`` or ``な`` even though ``な`` is used for monologue; and that the use of ``さ`` or ``じゃん`` that did not appear in the interviews was increased in the conversation with close friends. In case of Korean learners, it turned out that they uses such sentence-ending particles in Japanese as, in an order of frequent usage, ``ね>な>よ>じゃん>よ ね>さ``; that, compared to Japanese speakers, they more frequently used ``よ`` and less frequently used ``よね``; and that there were not many Korean learners who use ``さ`` although most of them use ``じゃん``. As of differences according to gender, male Korean learners frequently used ``な`` and ``ね``, compared to the female Korean learners who frequently used ``ね`` and ``よ``.There were occasions where uses of sentence-ending particles in Japanese by male Korean learners give impression of use by female in that they added ``ね`` directly to an uninflected word, as shown in ``そうね``, and that they use "ね" too much. In terms of length of residence in Japan, Korean learners who have shorter period of residence in Japan is more likely to use ``よ`` frequently. Because ``よ`` is a sentence-ending particle in Japanese indicating that the speaker prevails in terms of information, Japanese speakers tend to continue conversation while considering opposite party through using ``よね`` or other different ending formats instead of ``よ``, in order not to reveal that the speaker prevails on information.In contrast to that, it turned out to be difficult for Korean learners whose residence in Japan is short to learn and use such consideration for courtesy. In case of JFL, the object of this research, it is estimated that there are many Korean learners who have difficulties in learning sentence final particles in Japanese due to lack of inputs from the surroundings and due to lack of detailed education of use of sentence final particles in Japanese in education system.Education focusing on consideration for courtesy when using plain-style, as well as on explanation of formats, is necessary, considering the possibility that Korean learners in upper levels are more likely to cause misunderstanding by their conversation partners due to their wrong use of sentence final particles in Japanese.