켄투리아會의 改編

許勝一 建國大學校 人文科學硏究所 1978 인문과학논총 Vol.11 No.-

This paper aims at showing how the centuriate assembly was reformed, and what was the motive for, or the purpose of the reform. The conclusions reached here can be summarized as follows. The old view, based on the analysis of Pantagato, that there were in the reformed centuriate assembly 373 centuries, so that the majority could be feached with the third class of pedites has been more or less abandoned. It is now almost generally held that the reformed assembly continued to contain 193 voting units as before, though there were 373 censuscenturies. The reform also briught a change in the order of voting. The really important change was the substitution, for the centures of knights, of acentury of the first class to serve as a praerogativa. But the reform of the centuriate assembly was never an outcome of the Struggle of the to have been introduced by the nobility. They want to profit from the centuries of the depopulated old rural tribes as well as of the urban tribes by make them respectively "rottention of these political reasons, they probably reorganized the centuriate assembly in the third centurty B.C

아우구스투스의 프린키파투스이 確立

許勝一 건국대학교 1978 學術誌 Vol.22 No.1

Since it is usually conceded today that the purely legal basis for the rule of Augustus was built up gradually, this paper is intended to understand each of the be-called "settlements" of Augustus' Principate. As a result of the "settlement" of 27 B.C., Augustus received the "armed" provinces, with powers to appoint iegati, to make war or conclude peace. As one of the consuls of that year Augustus wielded consulare imperium in Rome and Italy, he simultaneously wielded proconsulare imperium in the armed provinces as a proconsul. But Augustus stood for, and was naturally elected to, the consulship in 26, and again in 25, and in 24, and in 23 B.C. After the trial of Primus and the conspiracy against Augustus of Caepio and Murena of 23 B.C., Augustus resigned the consulship half way through the year in order to avoid his adoptive father's fate, alleging illness as his excuse. In return Augustus took the tribunicia potestas for life and he made it "summi fastigi vocabulum'', numbering the years of his reign by it and granting it most sparingly to his colleagues to mark them out as his political successors. But it was not a complete or exact subsitute for the consulship. There was the reaction of the common people to Augustus' resignation of the consulship for years. A state of emergency was declared in 19 B.C. The senate gave Augustus a new constitutional power, that is,-the imperium of the consuls for life. It is commonly thought that as a result of the "settlements" of 27, 23, and 19 B.C. the Augustus' Principate had virtually reached its final form. Yet, in fact, the evolutionary process had not yet reached its end. In the years 5 and 2 B.C. Augustus briefly held the consulship. From the point of view of constitutional history, the year of Augustus' thirteenth consulship, 2 B.C. was an exceptionally significant year. It looks as if Augustus became consul in 2 B.C. in order to confer dingnity on the consulship of six months. It was likewise in 2 B.C. that Augustus was officially named pater patriae. If it was in 2 B.C. that his patria potestas was openly recognized as embracing the whole state, then that years ought perhaps to be regarded as the one when Augustus' Principate had evolved into its final form. From that year onwards Augustus was the monarch in fact as well as in name.

흰쥐 악하선 세포에서 gap junction 봉쇄제인 octanol이 타액분비 및 세포내 Ca²+ 농도 조절에 미치는 영향

이승일,서정택,이종갑,이주석,손흥규 大韓小兒齒科學會 1999 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.26 No.2

세포내 유리칼슘(free calcium. Ca²+)은 세균에서 고등동물에 이르기까지 거의 모든 세포에서 세포 고유작용을 조절하는 중요한 세포내 신호전달체계(signal transduction system)의 매개체이다. 타액선 세포에서 부교감 신경 자극으로 타액분비가 증가될 때에도 세포내 Ca²+ 농도 증가가 가장 중요한 역할을 한다. 그러나 췌장(pancreas)의 경우 세포내 Ca²+ 이외에도 인접세포를 전기적, 화학적으로 연결해주는 gap junction이 외분비 기능을 직접적으로 조절할 가능설이 제시되었다. 타액선 세포에서도 세포막에 고농도의 gap junction이 존재하고 있으며, gap junction을 통해 인접세포들이 전기적, 화학적으로 연계되어 있어 gap junction이 타액선 세포의 기능을 직접적으로 조절할 가능성을 내포하고 있다. 따라서 gap junction이 타액선의 타액분비 작용에도 중요한 역할을 하며 이러한 작용이 세포내Ca²+ 농도를 조절하여 이루어질 것이라는 가정하에 이를 확인하는 실험을 시행하였다. 흰쥐 악하선에서 유리되는 타액양을 측정하기 위해서 악하선으로 혈액을 공급하는 동맥에 가는 관을 삽입하여 생리 식염수를 관류하면서 타액선관을 통해 타액을 채취하였다. 세포내Ca²+ 농도는 분리한 악하선 acini 내에Ca²+ 농도 변화에 민감하게 반응하는 형광물질인 fura-2를 축적시키고 형광 분석기를 사용하여 형광강도를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. CCh 투여로 타액 분비가 증가하였을 때 gap junction을 봉쇄하는 약물인 octanol(1 mM)을 투여하면 타액분비가 봉쇄되었으며 이는 가역적 반응이었다. 2. CCh 투여로 세포내 Ca²+ 농도가 증가하였을 때 1mM octanol을 투여하면 세포내 Ca²+농 도가 CCh 투여전의 상태로 감소되었다. 3. Octanol은 CCh에 의하여 유발된 초기Ca²+ 증가를 억제하지는 못한 반면에 후기 vvvvv 농도를 감소시켰다. 4. 세포막 Ca²+ 통로를 열어주는 약물인 thapsigarain(1μM)을 투여하여 세포내Ca²+ 농도를 증가시킨 후 1mM octanol을 투여하면 세포내 Ca²+ 농도가 thapsigarain 투여 전의 상태로 감소하였다. 5. 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1, 4-benzohydroquinone (TBQ)의 투여로 세포막을 통한 Ca²+농도의 주기적 변동인Ca²+ 의 oscillation이 유발되었는데, 이때 1mM octanol을 투여한 경우에 Ca²+ 농도의 oscillation이 정지하여 역시 gap juncion을 봉쇄하면 TBQ에 의해서 유발된 세포내 Ca²+ 농도의 주기적 변동이 사라지고 Ca²+ 농도의 감소가 나타남을 확인하였다. 6. Gap junction을 봉쇄하는 또 다른 약물인 glycyrrhetinic acid(100μM)도 CCh 자극으로 인한 타액분비를 억제하였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 gap junction은 흰쥐 악하선 세포로부터의 타액분비 조절에 중요한 역할을 하는 이는 gap junction이 세포막 Ca²+ 통로를 조절함으로써 수용체 자극으로 유발된 세포내 농도 변화에 영향을 미친 결과인 것으로 추측된다. From bacteria to mammalian cells, one of the most important mediators of intracellular signal transduction mechanisms which regulate a variety of intracellular processes is free calcium. In salivary acinar cells, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ( 〔Ca²+〕 ) is essential for the salivary secretion induced by parasympathetic stimulation. However, in addition to〔Ca²+〕, gap junctions which couple individual cells electrically and chemically have also been reported to regulate enzyme secretion in pancreatic acinar cells. Since the plasma membrane of salivary acinar cells has a high density of gap junctions, and these cells are electrically and chemically coupled with each other, gap junctions may modulate the secretory function of salivary glands. In this reapect, I planned to investigate the role of gap junctions in the modulation of salivary secretion and 〔Ca²+〕 using mandibular salivary glands of rats. In order to measure the salivary flow rate, fluid was collected from the cannulated duct of the isolated perfused rat mandibular glands at 2 min intervals.〔Ca²+〕 was measured form the cells loaded with fura-2 by spectrofluorometry. The results obtained were as follows : 1. CCh-induced salivary secretion was reversibly inhibited by 1 mM octanol, a gap junction blocker. 2. CCh-induced increase in 〔Ca²+ 〕was also reversed by the applocation of 1 mM octanol. 3. Octanol did not block the initial increase in 〔Ca²+〕 caused by CCh, which suggested that the reduction of〔Ca²+〕 caused by gap junction blockade was not resulted from the inhibition of Ca²+ release from intracellular Ca²+ stores. 4. Addition of octanol during stimulation with 1μM thapsigargin, a potent microsomal ATPase inhibitor, reduced 〔Ca²+ 〕to the basal level. This suggested that inhibition of gap junction permeability closed plasma membrane Ca²+ channels. 5. 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1, 4-benzohydroquinone (TBQ) generated 〔Ca²+ 〕oscillations resulting from periodic influx of Ca²+ via plasma membrane. The TBQ-induced〔Ca²+ 〕 oscillations were stopped by the application of 1mM octanol which implicated that gap junctions modulate the permeability of plasma membrane Ca²+ channels. 6. Glycyrrhetinic acid, another well known gap junction blocker, also inhibited CCh-induced salivary secretion from rat mandibular glands. These results suggested that gap junctions play an important role in the modulation of fluid secretion from the fat mandibular glands and this was probably due to the inhibition ofCa²+ influx through the plasma membrane Ca²+ channels.

칸슐러 트리뷴職 置廢考

許勝一 건국대학교 사학회 1976 建大史學 Vol.5 No.-

주지하듯이 로마共和國時代의 最高政務官은 콘술 consul이었다. 우리에게는 銃領 또는 執政官으로 알려지고 있는 任期 1年의 콘술 2人은 여러가지 任務를 수행했다. 戰時에는 軍最高司令官으로서 로마市民軍을 지휘했고, 平時에는 行政首班으로서 國家行政을 전담함은 물론, 都市「로마」의行政業務까지도 처리했다. 뿐만 아니라 最高裁判官과 센서스調査擔當官으로서의 所任도 수행했던 것이다. 그러나 우리는 또한 칸슐러 트리뷴이 共和國의 最高政務官으로서 장기간 존재했었다는 사실을 알고 있지 않으면 안될 것이다. 원래 史料에는 公式 名稱없이 "콘술의 權限을 지닌" consulari potestate, "콘술의 임페리움을 지닌" consulari imperio, 또는 "콘술의 자리에 앉은" pro consulibus"軍指揮官들" tribuni militum로 나오고 있지만, 편의상 흔히 "칸슐러 트리뷴들" consular tribunes 로 불리우고 있는 이 最高政務官은 444年*)부터 367年까지 무려 77年 간에 걸쳐 존재했었다. 그렇다고 콘술職이 완전히 廢止되었다는 의미는 결코 아니다. 77年 간에 걸쳐 칸슐러 트리뷴職이 존재했었던 것은 사실이지만, 콘술職 또한 最高政務官職으로서 엄연히 존재했엇다. 그러니까 두 官職은 共存하면서 代替되었던 셈이다. 즉 칸슐러 트리뷴이 선출될 경우에는 콘술이 뽑히지 않았고, 콘술이 뽑힐 경우 칸슐러 트리뷴은 선출되지 않았던 것이다. 구체적으로 본다면 칸슐러 트리뷴 50回, 콘술은 22回 뽑혔고, 나머지 5年間(375-371)은 칸슐러 트리뷴도 콘술도 뽑히지 않은, 그야말로 最高政務官 不在의 아나키時代였다. 즉 444年부터 427年까지는 칸슐러 트리뷴보다 콘술이 뽑힌 때가 훨씬 많으나, 426年부터 406年 간에는 역전되어 칸슐러 트리뷴이훨씬 많이 뽑히다가, 405年부터 367年까지는 아나키時代를 제외하고 거의 전부 칸슐러 트리뷴이 最高政務官으로 선출되었던 것이다. 그리고 콘술의 定員은 시종 2人으로 고정되어 있었던 데 반하며, 칸슐러 트리뷴의 경우 처음 뽑히는 444年부터 427年까지는 3人이었으나, 점차 그 數가 늘어가 426年부터 406年까지는 4人, 405年부터 367年까지는 6人이었다. 상론하면, 444年부터 427年까지의 기간 중 444, 438, 434-432年 5回에 걸쳐 3人의 칸슐러 트리뷴이 뽑혔지만, 426年부터 406年까지의 기간 중에는 콘술이 뽑히는 423, 421, 413-409年 단 7回를 제외하고는 전부 칸슐러 트리뷴 4人이 最高政務官으로 선출되었다. 그리고 405年부터 367年까지의 기간 증 아나키時代를 제외하고는, 오직 393, 392年 연 2回에 걸쳐 콘술이 선출되었을 뿐 그 나머지는 전부 6人의 칸슐러 트리뷴이 뽑혔던 것이다. 칸슐러 트리뷴職과 콘술職의 가장 重要한 差異點으로서 지적할 수 있는 것은, 콘술職에는 오직 貴族만이 나갈 수 있었던 데에 반하여, 칸슐러 트리뷴職에는 平民도 貴族과 어깨를 나란히 하며 나갈 수가 있겠다는 사실이다. 즉 平民은 法律上 콘술은 될 수 없었으나, 칸슐러 트리뷴이 되는 데에는 아무런 法的 規制가 없었던 것이다.

소아의 다발성 치아우식증과 연관된 타액의 생화학적 특성

이승일,장희순,조우성,최병재,서정택 大韓小兒齒科學會 1998 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.25 No.4

Saliva is obviously potential medium to protect the dental caries by not only physical clearing effect, but aggregatiog action of protein with bacteria. Nevertheless, we still do not understand how the dental caries occur and what brings the individual difference in caries prevalence. In the regards of dental caries prevalence, we hypothesized that the composition of salivary protein might be different from caries susceptible group to caries resistant group. The purposes of this experiment were focused on the molecular analysis of salivary proteins from the subjects who were involved in multiple caries. Electrophoretic analysis was eone on the whole saliva collected from the children with and without multiple caries. We found 86.2% of subjects with multiple caries has approximately 120 KDa protein band while 30.4% in the healthy subjemts. And the concentration of the total protein on the subjects with multiple caries is significantly higher than that of the healthy group. However, it turned out that the difference of the salivary composition does vot affect the bacterial adhesion to hydroxyapatite bead. With regards of enzymes in salva, the activity of α-amylase and lactate dehydrogenase does not have any significant difference between both groups. However, the concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in saliva from multiple caries group is higher than that of the control group. Taken all together, it may be concluded that 120 KDa protein in saliva may be associated with the process of dental caries, also the high concentration of protein and Na+, Cl- in saliva may be linked to dental caries development as a cofactors.

한국인 턱뼈관의 형태

김희진,이승일,정인혁 대한해부학회 1997 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.30 No.2

Essays : Memoir of the 6.3 Student Movement: Normalization of Relations between Korea and Japan in 1965

( Syng-il Hyun ) 대한민국역사박물관 2015 Journal of Contemporary Korean Studies Vol.2 No.2

Urban Dominance and Family Formation In Rural Korea

Hyun Syng-il(玄勝一) 국민대학교 법학연구소 1987 法政論叢 Vol.9 No.1

Tiberius Gracchus 의 농지정책 - 로마혁명의 발단과 연관하여 -

허승일 ( Syng Il Huh ) 한국서양사학회 1967 西洋史論 Vol.7 No.1

The Tendency of North Korea's Reliance on Japanese Technology

Hyun Syng-il(玄勝一) 국민대학교 법학연구소 1984 法政論叢 Vol.6 No.1