Brain Mapping: From Anatomics to Informatics

Sun, Woong Korean Society of Microscopy 2016 Applied microscopy Vol.46 No.4

Neuronal connectivity determines brain function. Therefore, understanding the full map of brain connectivity with functional annotations is one of the most desirable but challenging tasks in science. Current methods to achieve this goal are limited by the resolution of imaging tools and the field of view. Macroscale imaging tools (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor images, and positron emission tomography) are suitable for large-volume analysis, and the resolution of these methodologies is being improved by developing hardware and software systems. Microscale tools (e.g., serial electron microscopy and array tomography), on the other hand, are evolving to efficiently stack small volumes to expand the dimension of analysis. The advent of mesoscale tools (e.g., tissue clearing and single plane ilumination microscopy super-resolution imaging) has greatly contributed to filling in the gaps between macroscale and microscale data. To achieve anatomical maps with gene expression and neural connection tags as multimodal information hubs, much work on information analysis and processing is yet required. Once images are obtained, digitized, and cumulated, these large amounts of information should be analyzed with information processing tools. With this in mind, post-imaging processing with the aid of many advanced information processing tools (e.g., artificial intelligence-based image processing) is set to explode in the near future, and with that, anatomic problems will be transformed into informatics problems.

Identification and characterization of novel activity-dependent transcription factors in rat cortical neurons

Sun, Woong,Choi, Sang-Hyun,Park, Soon Kwon,Kim, Soon Jung,Noh, Mi Ra,Kim, Eun Hae,Kim, Hyun Ju,Kim, Hyun Raven Press [etc.] 2007 Journal of neurochemistry Vol.100 No.1

<P>Abstract</P><P>Using gene chip analyses, we have identified novel neuronal activity-dependent genes. Application of 25 m<SMALL>M</SMALL> KCl to mature (14-day culture) rat cortical neurons resulted in more than 1.5-fold induction of 19 genes and reduction of 42 genes among 1200 neural genes. Changes in the overall gene expression profiles appeared to be related to the reduction of excitability and induction of cellular survival signals. Among the genes identified, three transcriptional modulators [encoding Cbp/p300-interacting transactivator with ED-rich tail 2 (CITED2), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein &bgr; (C/EBP&bgr;) and neuronal orphan receptor-1, (NOR1)] were newly identified as activity-dependent transcription factors, and two of these (CITED2 and NOR1) were found to be influenced by electroconvulsive shock (ECS). NOR1 was induced in specific brain regions by behavioral activation, such as exposure to a novel environment. Because the brain regions that exhibited the induction of these newly identified neuronal activity-dependent transcriptional modulators were distinct from those showing the induction of previously identified activity-dependent genes such as c<I>-fos</I>, these genes might be useful markers for mapping neuronal activity <I>in vivo</I>.</P>

선거부정과 투표편의 ― 1960년대 부재자투표제도 도입과 변화

崔善雄 ( Choi¸ Sun-woong ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2020 大東文化硏究 Vol.112 No.-

1948년 5·10 총선거가 치러지면서 처음으로 한국에도 근대적 선거가 시행되었다. 한국 역사상 최초의 보통선거였다. 그러나 당시 군인들은 투표할 권리가 보장되지 않았다. 군인들은 1950년 5월 30일 제2대 총선에서 처음 투표할 수 있었다. 기본적으로 군인들은 부대가 위치한 선거구의 선거인이 되어 일반투표소에 가 민간인들과 함께 투표하였다. 당시 상명하복의 군대 특성을 이용해 여당인 자유당 후보자들에게 투표하도록 조직적인 선거부정이 만연했다는 증언이나 주장을 찾기는 어렵지 않는데, 이런 결탁은 정치권과 군대의 부정부패 ‘카르텔’ 형성으로 이어졌다. 3·15 부정선거로 이승만 대통령이 하야한 후 허정과도정부 아래 1960년 선거법 개정을 논의하면서 부재자투표제도가 도입되었다. 부재자투표 방식으로는 우편투표가 채택되었다. 부재자투표제도를 도입한 취지는 투표편의나 투표율 제고를 위해서가 아니라 군대 내 선거부정을 방지하기 위해서였다. 5·16 이후 대통령선거가 직선제로 부활했음에도 부재자투표는 대통령선거에 적용되지 않았다. 그러다가 베트남 파병장병들의 투표권 보장 문제가 제기되면서 해외 부재자투표가 1967년 제6대 대선부터 1971년 제8대 총선까지 일시적으로 시행되었다. In the general election on May 10th 1948, the modern election was enforced for the first time in Korea. It was the first universal election in the history of Korea. However, the soldiers did not have the right to vote at that time. The soldiers could cast their votes in the 2nd general election on May 30th 1950. Basically, the soldiers voted together with civilians in general polling places as a voter of electoral district where the military base was located. It is not difficult to find the testimonies or arguments saying that the organized electoral fraud was rampant to vote for the candidates of the ruling Liberal Party by using the characteristic hierarchical relationships of the military. This collusion was led to the formation of corruption ‘cartel’ between political sphere and military. After President Rhee Syng-man stepped down because of the electoral fraud on March 15th, the absentee voting system was introduced while discussing the enactment of general election law in 1960 under the Heo Jeong interim administration. As an absentee voting method, the voting by mail was selected. The purpose of introducing the absentee voting system was not for improving the voting convenience or turnout, but for preventing the electoral fraud within the military. Even though the presidential election revived as a direct election system after the May 15th military coup, the absentee voting was not applied to the presidential election. After that, once the issue of guaranteeing the right to vote for the soldiers dispatched to Vietnam was brought up, the overseas absentee voting was temporarily enforced from the 6th presidential election in 1967 to the 8th general election in 1971.

GPS(Global Positioning System) Primer

Sunwoong Kim 정보통신정책연구원 1992 정보사회연구THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SOCIETY Vol.1992 No.2

Policies to Reduce Rent Seeking in Controlled Markets

Sunwoong Kim,유윤하 한국국제경제학회 2007 International Economic Journal Vol.21 No.1

We analyze the effects of various policies to reduce rent seeking in the controlled market in which buyers have heterogeneous valuation regarding the coveted good. The good is allocated according to the buyer-specific signal ("test score"), which is determined by the quantity of wasteful "rent seeking" exerted by the buyer. We consider three common forms of market control: minimum qualification score, quota, and price ceiling. The potential buyers with higher valuations are more likely to receive the good in equilibrium, while they exert more rent-seeking efforts. Marginally relaxing market control does not necessarily decrease the aggregated amount of rent-seeking activities, and the effectiveness of policy measures usually depends on the current degree of competitiveness in the market.JEL classification: D4

A Block Truncation Coding Algorithm and Hardware Implementation Targeting 1/12 Compression for LCD Overdrive

Sunwoong Kim,Donghyeon Lee,Jin-Sung Kim,Hyuk-Jae Lee IEEE 2016 Journal of display technology Vol.12 No.4

<P>Block truncation coding (BTC) is commonly used to compress a video to be stored in frame memory for display devices such as LCDs. The original BTC algorithm partitions an input image into 4 4 blocks and compresses each block to reduce the data size down to 1/4 of the original size of the data. As the size of a video displayed on an LCD increases, the frame memory size also increases. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the frame memory size further. The previous BTC suffers from a severe quality degradation when its compression ratio exceeds 6 to the original data. This paper proposes a novel BTC-based compression algorithm of which the target compression ratio is 12. To improve the compression efficiency, the proposed algorithm adopts a bit-saving scheme that utilizes the spatial correlation between vertically adjacent blocks. Furthermore, the blocks with low image complexity are coded using one 2 16 coding block while those with high image complexity are coded using two 2 8 coding blocks. With the hardware implementation for a high throughput constraint, the memory sizes of the encoder and decoder are 21,312 bits and 5952 bits, respectively, whereas the gate counts of the encoder and decoder are 68.7 K and 13.6 K, respectively. Experimental results show that the average PSNR of the proposed algorithm is 30.03 dB and that the throughputs of the encoder and decoder are 27.5 Gbps and 63.9 Gbps at operating frequencies of 143 and 333 MHz, respectively.</P>

A High-Throughput Hardware Design of a One-Dimensional SPIHT Algorithm

Sunwoong Kim,Donghyeon Lee,Jin-Sung Kim,Hyuk-Jae Lee IEEE 2016 IEEE transactions on multimedia Vol.18 No.3

<P>Video display systems include frame memory, which stores video data for display. To reduce system cost, video data are often compressed for storage in frame memory. A desirable characteristic for display memory compression is support for the raster-scan processing order and the fixed target compression ratio. Set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) is an efficient two-dimensional compression algorithm that guarantees a fixed target compression ratio, but its one-dimensional (1D) variation has received little attention, even though its 1D nature supports the raster-scan processing order. This paper proposes a novel hardware design for 1D SPIHT. The algorithm is modified to exploit parallelism for effective hardware implementation. For the encoder, dependences that prohibit parallel execution are resolved and a pipelined schedule is proposed. For the parallel execution of the decoder, the algorithm is modified to enable estimation of the bitstream length of each pass prior to decoding. This modification allows parallel and pipelined decoding operations, leading to a high-throughput design for both encoder and decoder. Although the modifications slightly decrease compression efficiency, additional optimizations are proposed to improve such efficiency. As a result, the peak signal-to-noise ratio drop is reduced from 1.40 dB to 0.44 dB. The throughputs of the proposed encoder and decoder are 7.04 Gbps and 7.63 Gbps, respectively, and their respective gate counts are 37.2 K and 54.1 K.</P>

Acute Paraplegia After Lumbar Steroid Injection in Patients With Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas: Case Reports

Sunwoong Kim,Yuseong Choi,박진영,성덕현 대한재활의학회 2016 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.40 No.5

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs) are the most common type of spinal vascular malformations. However, SDAVFs are still underdiagnosed entities because their clinical symptoms are usually non-specific, as they include low back pain or radiating pain to the limb. There have been several reports of acute paraplegia after lumbar epidural steroid injections in patients with SDAVFs. We present 4 patients with SDAVFs who received lumbar steroid injection. Among the 4 cases, acute paraplegia developed in 2 cases that received a larger volume of injectate than the other cases. Thus, we are suggesting that the volume of injectate may be a contributing factor for acute paraplegia after lumbar steroid injection in patients with SDAVFs.

Standards and codes activities in fusion jointing of polyethylene pressure pipes

Sunwoong Choi(최선웅) 대한용접·접합학회 2018 대한용접학회 특별강연 및 학술발표대회 개요집 Vol.2018 No.11

Development of Smart Mobile Manipulator Controlled by a Single Windows PC Equipped with Real-Time Control Software

Sunwoong Choi,Shinsuk Park 한국정밀공학회 2021 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol.22 No.10

Despite significant advances in robotic technologies, few affordable robots for domestic applications are commercially available. This study aimed to develop an affordable yet practical mobile manipulator for use in household environments. The proposed mobile manipulator features a software-based real-time controller to control the motion of the manipulator and mobile base. The real-time controller was implemented on a single on-board Windows PC and can control the actuator and IO devices via EtherCAT communication. The major functionalities of the mobile manipulator include the pick-and-place of household objects and autonomous navigation within a domestic environment. For pick-and-place tasks, a deep neural network (DNN) was employed to recognize the object to pick up. For autonomous navigation, open-source ROS packages for SLAM and navigation were used along with the measurements from a LiDAR sensor and odometry. The feasibility of using the developed robot for domestic applications was experimentally evaluated.