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Sakuma, Katsuya,Ogawa, Masayuki,Sugibayashi, Kenji,Yamada, Koh-ichi,Yamamoto, Katsumi The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 1999 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.22 No.4
The oxidation-reduction potentials of cosmetic raw materials, showing tyrosinase inhibitory action, and phenolic compounds structurally similar to L-tyrosine were determined by cylcic voltammetry. The voltammograms obtained could be classified ito 4 patterns (patterns 1-4). Patterns 1, characterized by oxidation and reduction peaks as a pair, was observed with catechol, hydroquinone or phenol, and pattern 2 exhibiting another oxidation peak in addition to oxidation and reduction peaks as a pair was found with arbutin, kojic acid, resorcinol, methyl p-hydroxybenzoate and L-tyrosine as the substrate of tyrosinase. Pattern 3 with an independent oxidation peak only was expressed by L-ascorbic acid, and pattern 4 with a reduction peak only at high potentials, by hinokitiol. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity of these compounds was also evaluated using the 50% inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) and the inhibition constant (Ki) as parameters. Hinokitiol, classified as patterns 4, showed the highest inhibitory activity (lowest $IC_{50}$ and Ki). Hydroquinone showing the second highest activity belonged to pattern 1, which also included compounds exhibiting pattern 2 was relatively low with Ki values being in the order of 10-4 M. Although there was no consistent relationship between oxidation-reduction potentials and tyrosinase inhibitory action, the voltammetry data can be used as an additional index to establish the relationship between the structure and the tyrosine inhibitory activity.
Effect of Several Adsorbents on The Gastrointestinal Absorption of Paraquat
Machijima, Hiraku,Nakamura, Hiroyuki,Hatanaka, Tomomi,Sugibayashi, Kenji,Morimoto, Yasunori The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 1994 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.17 No.5
The effect of several adsorbents on paraquat poisohing was investigated (1) by measuring the saturatd amount of the poison adhered on the adsorbents in vitro and (2) by assaying the blood level of paraquat in the rat in in situ intestinal absorption experiments. Activated charcoal powder, natural aluminum silifonate) were used as adorbents. The steady-state blood level of paraquat in its absorption experiment with the cationic exchange resins was markedly lower than those without the resins or with other adsorbents. A good relationship was achieved between the calculated AUC or adsorptioin rate (in situ) and the saturated adsorption amount (in vitro). The rank order of the effect was sodium polystyene sulfonate > calcium polystyene sulfonate>natural aluminum silicate>activated charcoal powder. The effect of sodium polystyrene sulfonate after intestinal washing with physiological saline ws also measured, and a synergistic effect (marked decrease in blood paraquat level0 was found as compared with the intestinal washing alone. The simultaneous use of G.I. weshing and powerful adsorbent was scientifically proven to be most benefical.
Matsuno, Shota,Togawa, Masashi,Yanagisawa, Masao,Kimura, Shinji,Sugibayashi, Tadahiko,Togawa, Nozomu The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2013 IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing & Computing Vol.2 No.4
A number of systems have several on-chip memories with cache memory being one of them. Conventional cache memory consists of SRAM but the ratio of static energy to the total energy of the memory architecture becomes larger as the leakage power of traditional SRAM increases. Spin-Torque Transfer RAM (STT-RAM), which is a variety of Non-Volatile Memory (NVM), has many advantages over SRAM, such as high density, low leakage power, and non-volatility, but it consumes too much writing energy. This study evaluated a wide range of energy consumptions of a two-level cache using NVM partially on a mobile processor. Through a number of experimental evaluations, it was confirmed that the use of NVM partially in the two-level cache effectively reduces energy consumption significantly.