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It Takes Two to Tango: The Case of FTA Explosion World-Wide for 1948-2012
Dharma DeSilva,Masud Chand,Clyde Stoltenberg People&Global Business Association 2013 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.18 No.2
Embarking on the second decade of the 21st century, we see an explosion in the number of free trade agreements (FTAs) already in effect or under negotiation. FTAs are an exercise of sovereignty negotiated for the purpose of eliminating trade barriers and creating ground rules to manage a trade relationship in a beneficial manner. The reduction of trade barriers and the creation of a more stable and transparent trading and investment environment make it easier and cheaper for companies to export their products and services to trading partner markets. Trade liberalization through FTAs has paid enormous dividends to partnering signatories and expanded world trade and economic growth. This paper looks at the evolution of FTAs from the post-World War II era to the beginning of the second decade of the 21st century. It explains FTAs, their advantages and disadvantages, their role in promoting global trade and investment, the impact of their growth on the global trading environment, and their potential relationship with the WTO structure.
Solution-processed, high-performance n-channel organic microwire transistors.
Oh, Joon Hak,Lee, Hang Woo,Mannsfeld, Stefan,Stoltenberg, Randall M,Jung, Eric,Jin, Yong Wan,Kim, Jong Min,Yoo, Ji-Beom,Bao, Zhenan National Academy of Sciences 2009 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.106 No.15
<P>The development of solution-processable, high-performance n-channel organic semiconductors is crucial to realizing low-cost, all-organic complementary circuits. Single-crystalline organic semiconductor nano/microwires (NWs/MWs) have great potential as active materials in solution-formed high-performance transistors. However, the technology to integrate these elements into functional networks with controlled alignment and density lags far behind their inorganic counterparts. Here, we report a solution-processing approach to achieve high-performance air-stable n-channel organic transistors (the field-effect mobility (mu) up to 0.24 cm(2)/Vs for MW networks) comprising high mobility, solution-synthesized single-crystalline organic semiconducting MWs (mu as high as 1.4 cm(2)/Vs for individual MWs) and a filtration-and-transfer (FAT) alignment method. The FAT method enables facile control over both alignment and density of MWs. Our approach presents a route toward solution-processed, high-performance organic transistors and could be used for directed assembly of various functional organic and inorganic NWs/MWs.</P>