대한민국과 미국-냉전의 맥락에서 본 문화적 재기와 아시아 재단의 역할-

데이비드스타인버그 ( David I. Steinberg ) 인하대학교 한국학연구소 2017 한국학연구 Vol.0 No.47

냉전 시대 한국에서 주요한 민간 원조 기구였던 아시아 재단은 한국 사람들의 복지를 증진시키고 장기적인 관점에서의 우호적 한미관계를 설립하는 데 기여하기 위해 다양한 기획들을 추진해왔다. 해외 기관들이 한국에 프로그램을 세울 당시, 한국은 일본 식민지 지배의 파장과 미국의 한반도 주둔 등과 같은 복잡한 맥락에 놓여 있었다. 특히, 미국과의 관계에서 한국은 의존할 필요와 더불어 분노와 불안감을 느끼고 있었다. 본 논문은 미국에 대한 의존과 독립적인 민족주의가 혼합되어 취약함과 자존심을 동시에 느끼지 않을 수 없었던 당시의 복잡한 상황을 되돌아보며, 어떻게 아시아 재단이 다른 재단과는 다른 특별한 역할을 수행하게 되었는가를 조명한다. 나는 1960년대와 1990년대 두 차례에 걸쳐 아시아 재단의 한국 지사 대표를 역임했던 경험을 바탕으로, 1960년대 아시아 재단의 계획과 목표, 재단만의 독특한 태도를 살펴보고자 한다. 아시아 재단의 자원은 다른 재단의 원조와 비교해 작은 규모였지만, 한국의 요구와 상호협력에 기반한 프로그램들을 수행함으로써, 매우 독특하고 영향력있는 네트워크를 구축할 수 있었다. 본 논문은 프로그램 문서 등에 공개적으로 명시되진 않았지만 당시 주요하게 설정되었던 7가지 목표와 활동을 다음과 같이 제시한다. [1] 권위적이고 억압적인 정부 아래에서도 지식인 공동체가 가능한 최대로 살아있고 활기차도록 지원하는 것. [2] 일본이 의도적이고 공공연하게 훼손했고, 한국전쟁 이후 미국의 문화적, 정치적 영향력으로 피해를 받게 된 한국의 문화적 정체성을 회복시킬 것. [3] 학계뿐만이 아니라 언론, 비정부 기관, 그리고 적합한 정부 기관을 통해서 정치적, 지적 다양성을 추구하는 것. [4] 한국인들이 세계의 지적이고 전문적인 공동체에 다른 국가들과 동등하게 참여할 수 있도록 도와주는 것. [5] 사회적 평등과 성평등을 지원함으로써 전통적으로 위계질서가 정착된 한국이 조금 더 평등한 사회가 되도록 도와주는 것. [6] 서울이 아무리 중요하다고 해도 지금까지 동등하게 성장할 기회를 거부당해온 지방 관료들과 조직들을 고려하고 서울 이외의 지역으로 확장해 지원하는 것. [7] 사회경제적 이동이 이루어지고 미래 사회에 효과적으로 기여할 수 있도록 청년들에게 도구를 마련해주는 것. 아시아 재단은 한국에서 활동하는 미국조직들 중에서도 특별한 것이었다. 재단은 따라야 하는 어느 특별한 이념이 없었다. 즉, 미국의 전통적인 냉전 수사학과 프로그램에서 벗어나 있었을 뿐만 아니라 전통적인 보조금 지원 방식을 고수하지도 않았다. 대신에, 재단은 프로그램에 변화가 필요하다는 것을 알았고 한국 내에서의 지속과 헌신 자체가 군사 및 경제 관계 이상으로 중요하게 한미 관계에 큰 역할을 한다는 점을 알고 있었다. 그렇게 여러 프로그램에 변화가 있었지만 재단은 지속될 수 있었던 것이다. The Asia Foundation, one of the most significant international aid organizations in Korea during the Cold War era, carried forward various programs designed to contribute both to the increased wellbeing of the Korean people and of long-term positive U.S.-Korean relations. It was the time of historical and political conflicts, including the impact of Japanese colonial rule and the United States official presence, that foreign organizations programmed in the Republic of Korea. Especially, as a product of Korean insecurity in the U.S. relationship, Korean society experienced ambivalent feelings of dependence, enmity, and anxiety toward the U.S. Tracing back this complex mix of dependency and nationalism-of vulnerability and pride-at that particular time, this paper examines how the Asia Foundation took an idiosyncratic role in Korea, compared to any other Foundations. Based on the experience of being the Asia Foundation’s representative in Korea in the 1960s and later in 1990s, I will discuss the Foundation’s plans and goals, and its special attitude. In spite of the relatively moderate scale of its financial assistance compared to other organizations, the Asia Foundation was enable to establish a strong network with local intellectuals and leaders in Korea through the programs based on Korean demands and cooperative interaction. Especially, the paper addresses its seven goals and activities, albeit officially never stated in the program documents. They were: [1] Keeping the intellectual community alive and as vibrant as possible in the context of authoritarian and repressive regimes. [2] Helping Koreans re-establish their own cultural identity that had been intentionally and overtly subverted by the Japanese, and later inadvertently overshadowed by the preponderance of U.S. cultural and political influence following the war. [3] Pursuing political and intellectual pluralism not only through academic channels, but also through the media, non-governmental organizations, and even within appropriate governmental contexts. [4] Assisting Koreans to place themselves in the world’s intellectual and professional community as peers with their colleagues in other states. [5] Assisting the growth of a more egalitarian society that traditionally had been markedly hierarchical by supporting social and gender equality. [6] Broadening support beyond Seoul, which however important it was in every field, denied to provincial governments and institutions the opportunity for growth with equity. [7] Providing youth with some of the tools necessary for socio-economic mobility and their future contribution to the society. The Asia Foundation was singular among U.S. organizations working in Korea. It had no official “script” or ideology it had to follow since it could deviate from traditional U.S. Cold War rhetoric and programs as well as traditional grant-giving methodology. But, it recognized the need for program changes and it also understood that the very continuity and commitment were reassuring elements in the U.S.-Korean relationship that were important beyond military and economic ties. And so, program emphases shifted, but program presence remained.

PLASMA KINETICS OF α-TOCOPHEROL IN DAIRY COWS WITH AND WITHOUT SUPPLEMENT OF VITAMIN E

Steinberg, W.,Klunter, Anna-Maria Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1989 Animal Bioscience Vol.2 No.3

THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA : HUMAN RIGHTS, RESIDUAL WRONGS, NEW INITIATIVES

Steinberg, David I 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 1996 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.20 No.2

Human Rights in North Korea : A Reinterpretation

Steinberg, David I Yonsei University Press 1998 Understanding Regime Dynamics in North Korea Vol.3 No.1

To most outside of North Korea, and even those who espouse, as I do not, the 'Asian' approach to human rights as articulated be Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore and others, North Korea has few human rights as defined by any of the diverse standards set up by the United Nations or most other institutions and under any international criteria.2) As the most secretive, closed, authoritarian, and autarkic society left in the world today, one could complete a paper on rights in the North in one, short declarative sentence: there are none. This is appealing, and however generally accurate in a popular sense, it is not a guide for the peninsula perplexed. The deprivation of rights has been so well documented by a variety of international organizations and other studies that is seems superfluous to add on more paper to the many that already exist on this subject. Even if, as 'Asian rights' advocates proclaim, individual, political, and social rights are considered supplementary to more primary communal and economic rights (but not the unique "ideological" rights, as the North Koreans have written), North Korea has failed. The breakdown in its capacity to feed its people and the drop in the economic standards that were relatively impressive in the first two decades after the Korean War have become all too apparent. They cannot completely be traced to natural causes, as the North sometimes claims, but reflect more systemic issues that the North Korean leadership does not yet seem prepared to face. There is no need here to cataloque the human rights abuses of North Korea, both those internal to the state and those external-the DPRK as a sponsor of state terriorism; they are well known and as extensively documented as any secretive society will allow. It may still be important, howeverm to point out the abuses. A variety of public and private organizations annually catalogue the lack of such rights. North Kore is rated by Freedom House as among the world's least free societies.

THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA : HUMAN RIGHTS, RESIDUAL WRONGS, NEW INITIATIVES

Steinberg, David I. the Institute for Far Eastern Studies, Kyungnam Un 1996 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.20 No.2

This paper traces the profound changes that have taken place in human rights, in itself an evolving concept, in Korea since the political liberalization of 1987. It concludes that human rights issues between the U.S. and the Republic of Korea should be concentrated on demonstrating and articulating to each other, and to the external world actors, this dynamic process of positive change in which internal and external forces and dialogue, working together and even under considerable strain, produced positive changes. It proposes some mechanisms for collaboration in the Asian region with Korea playing a leading role. It traces the evolution of the process of the development of human rights in Korea, and notes the continuing problems that exist even in this period of liberalization.

'SUDPOLITIK'IN THE WAKE OF POLITICAL LIBERALIZATION: SOUTH KOREA PUSHES SOUTH

Steinberg,David I. The Institute for Far Eastern Studies Kyungnam Uni 1993 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.17 No.1

SUDPOLITIK 'IN THE WAKE OF POLITICAL LIBERALIZATION : SOUTH KOREA PUSHES SOUTH

Steinberg, David I 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 1993 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.17 No.1

The Republic of Korea's Sunshine Policy : Domestic Determinants of Policy and Performance

Steinberg, David I. Yonsei University Press 1999 Kim Dae-jung Government and Sunshine Policy Vol.- No.1

Metabolomic Responses to Soy Consumption in Individuals with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

Francene Steinberg 한국식품영양과학회 2013 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2013 No.11

미얀마 개혁의 취약성

David STEINBERG 제주평화연구원 2012 JPI Peace Net Vol.2012 No.13