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Progesterone Receptor Expression as a Prognostic Factor in Luminal B Breast Cancer
Sooyeun Lim,Yoojin Lee,Jungbin Kim,조현진,Keunho Yang,Kyeongmee Park,Jiyoung Kim,Youngjoo Sin,Yeyoung Seo,Geumhee Gwak 한국유방암학회 2022 Journal of Breast Disease Vol.10 No.1
Purpose: The luminal subtype of breast cancer has heterogeneous biological characteristics with respect to the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2), and Ki-67. We analyzed luminal B breast cancer subcategorized by PR expression and identified clinically relevant prognostic factors. Methods: We collected the clinical and pathologic data of 247 breast cancer patients (stage 1-4) who were diagnosed with luminal B subtype, defined as ER- and/or PR-positive and/or HER2-positive and with a high Ki-67 proliferation index (>14%). We classified them into PR intact and PR low groups according to PR expression pattern. We also analyzed the clinical and pathological data of each group, including age at diagnosis, tumor size, node metastasis, breast and axillary operative method, margin involvement, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, histological grade, nuclear grade, number of tumors, and expression of ER, PR, Ki-67, and Bcl-2; evaluated recurrence or metastatic characteristics; and analyzed disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in both groups. Results: Among the 247 luminal B breast cancer patients (stage 1-4), 141 were classified into the PR intact group (57.1%) and 106 into the PR low group (42.9%). The PR low group was associated with age >50 years (p=0.001), low Bcl-2 expression (p<0.001), and high proportion of mastectomies (p<0.001). DFS and OS were significantly lower in the PR low group (p=0.025 and 0.024, respectively). Conclusion: This study showed that decreased in PR expression (PR low group) in luminal B breast cancer was related to poor prognosis compared to normal PR expression (PR intact group).
Robust Watermarking for Compressed Video Using Fingerprints and Its Applications
Sooyeun Jung,Dongeun Lee,Seongwon Lee,Joonki Paik 대한전기학회 2008 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.6 No.6
This paper presents a user identification method at H.264 streaming using watermarking with fingerprints. The watermark can efficiently reduce the potential danger of forgery or alteration. Especially a biometric watermark has convenient, economical advantages. The fingerprint watermark can also improve reliability of verification using automated fingerprint identification systems. These algorithms, however, are not robust against common video compression. To overcome this problem, we analyze H.264 compression pattern and extract watermark after restoring damaged watermark using various filters. The proposed algorithm consists of enhancement of a fingerprint image, watermark insertion using discrete wavelet transform and extraction after restoring. The proposed algorithm can achieve robust watermark extraction against H.264 compressed videos.
Bruner의 발견학습과 Ausubel의 유의미 수용학습의 유아주도적 놀이교육에의 적용 가능성
하수연 ( Sooyeun Ha ) 사단법인 아시아문화학술원 2020 인문사회 21 Vol.11 No.3
본 연구는 유아주도적 놀이의 수행기준을 설정하고, 이 기준의 수행과 관련되는 방안을 찾기 위해 Bruner의 발견학습이론과 Ausubel의 유의미 수용학습이론을 분석하는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 「2019 개정 누리과정」, 놀이관련 논문 및 문헌, Bruner의 발견학습이론과 Ausubel의 유의미학습이론에 관련된 논문 및 관련 문헌을 분석하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자기주도적 선택을 위해 Bruner의 이론에서는 발견학습, 학습계열성, 지식의 표상방법 등이, Ausubel의 이론에서는 유의미 수용학습, 선행 조직자, 학습위계 등이 적용 가능하다. 둘째, 자유로운 상상을 위해 Bruner의 이론에서는 지식의 구조가, Ausubel의 이론에서는 선행조직자, 발달준비도, 포섭의 원리가 적용 가능하다. 셋째, 내적동기에 의한 즐거움을 위해 Bruner의 이론에서는 내적보상, 학습경향성 등이, Ausubel의 이론에서는 인지범주와 정서-사회범주, 학습태세가 적용 가능하다. 넷째, 주변과의 관계 맺음을 위해 Bruner의 이론에서 내러티브 사고가 적용 가능하다. 이러한 결과는 유아주도놀이에서 교사의 참여방안을 설정하는데 도움을 줄 것이다. The purpose of this study was to set the performance standards for child-directed play and to analyze Bruner’s discovery learning theory and Ausubel’s meaningful acceptance learning theory in order to find methods related to this standards. To this end, the articles and literature related to 2019 Revision Nuri Course, play, Bruner’s discovery learning theory and Ausubel’s significance learning theory were analyzed. The main results of this study are as follows. First, for self-directed selection, heuristic learning, learning sequence, and representation method of knowledge can be applied in Bruner’s theory, and meaningful acceptance learning, advance organizer, and learning hierarchy can be applied in Ausubel’s theory. Second, for free imagination, the structure of knowledge is applicable in Bruner’s theory, and advance organizer, developmental readiness, and subsumption is applicable in Ausubel’s theory. Third, for enjoyment by inner motivation, inner compensation and learning tendency can be applied in Bruner’s theory, and cognitive structure, emotion-social category, and learning attitude can be applied in Ausubel’s theory. Fourth, narrative thinking is applicable in Bruner’s theory to establish relationships with the surroundings.
Lee, Sooyeun,Choi, Hyeyoung,Kim, Eunmi,Choi, Hwakyung,Chung, Heesun,Chung, Kyu Hyuck Preston Publications 2010 Journal of analytical toxicology Vol.34 No.4
<P>The measurement uncertainty (MU) of methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AP) was estimated in an authentic urine sample with a relatively low concentration of MA and AP using the bottom-up approach. A cause and effect diagram was deduced; the amount of MA or AP in the sample, the volume of the sample, method precision, and sample effect were considered uncertainty sources. The concentrations of MA and AP in the urine sample with their expanded uncertainties were 340.5 +/- 33.2 ng/mL and 113.4 +/- 15.4 ng/mL, respectively, which means 9.7% and 13.6% of the concentration gave an estimated expanded uncertainty, respectively. The largest uncertainty originated from sample effect and method precision in MA and AP, respectively, but the uncertainty of the volume of the sample was minimal in both. The MU needs to be determined during the method validation process to assess test reliability. Moreover, the identification of the largest and/or smallest uncertainty source can help improve experimental protocols.</P>
Lee, Sooyeun,Kim, Jihyun,In, Sanghwan,Choi, Hwakyung,Oh, Seung Min,Jang, Choon-Gon,Chung, Kyu Hyuck Springer-Verlag 2012 Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry Vol.403 No.5
<P>Owing to the tight control of methamphetamine, it is presumed that phentermine, an amphetamine-type anorectic, has recently been considered a supplement for methamphetamine abusers in Korea. In addition, the abuse of other anorectics obtained by inappropriate means has become a social issue. Hair is a useful specimen to prove chronic drug use. Therefore, an analytical method for the simultaneous detection of phentermine, phendimetrazine, amfepramone, fenfluramine, mazindol, methamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), as well as their metabolites, which covers the major amphetamines and anorectic agents in Korea, in hair was established and validated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The drugs and their metabolites in hair were extracted using 1 % HCl in methanol and then filtered and analyzed by LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization in positive mode. The validation results for selectivity, linearity, matrix effect, recovery, process efficiency, intra- and interassay precision and accuracy, and processed sample stability were satisfactory. The limits of detection ranged from 0.025 to 1 ng/10 mg hair and the limits of quantification were 0.25 ng/10 mg hair for every analyte except mazindol and phentermine, for which they were 10 ng/10 mg hair. The method was successfully applied for the segmental determination of selected anorectics, methamphetamine, MDMA, and their metabolites in hair from 39 drug suspects. Among the anorectics, phentermine and/or phendimetrazine were identified with or without methamphetamine in the hair samples. Closer supervision of the inappropriate use of anorectics is necessary. Also, hair analysis is useful for monitoring the abuse potential of unnoticed drugs.</P>
Lee, Sooyeun,Kang, So-young,Ji, Dajeong,Baeck, Seungkyung,Lee, Sangki,Oh, Seung Min,Chung, Kyu Hyuck Springer-Verlag 2013 Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry Vol.405 No.10
<P>The chemical castration law, which targets child molesters with recidivism, was introduced in Korea in 2011. For this, leuprolide, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, is used to decrease testosterone production and suppress libido. In order to achieve efficient law enforcement, it is necessary to monitor intentional ingestion of drugs that antagonize the effect of leuprolide. Therefore, an analytical method for the simultaneous detection of mirodenafil, sildenafil, tadalafil, udenafil, vardenafil, icariin, alprostadil, and yohimbine, which are the major impotence treatment drugs, legitimately or otherwise, in Korea, as well as their selected metabolites, in human urine was established and validated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). First, different sample preparation methods, two solid-phase extractions with different cartridges and protein precipitation, were compared and protein precipitation was chosen for the entire study because it showed better matrix effects and recoveries. Thus, the drugs and metabolites in urine were extracted by protein precipitation and then filtered and analyzed by LC-MS/MS with polarity switching electrospray ionization. The validation results of selectivity, matrix effect, recovery, linearity, intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy were satisfactory. The limits of detection ranged from 0.25 to 10 ng/mL, and the limits of quantification were 2.5 to 50 ng/mL. The drugs and metabolites in urine did not show any degradation under storage for 7 and 15 days at 4 and -20 C as well as after three freeze-thaw cycles. The developed method will be very useful for monitoring the illegal use of impotence treatment drugs.</P>