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      • KCI등재후보

        위절제술 환자의 표준진료지침 개발 및 적용 효과

        김은희,김철규,이순교,김순덕,이혜옥,권정순,이경미,이민미,심순미,유용만,신종식,강은희,이상일,김병식,오성태,육정환,박수길 한국의료QA학회 2003 한국의료질향상학회지 Vol.10 No.2

        Background : Gastric cancer is the most common malignant tumor in Korea. surgical operation is one of the major treatment modalities for gastric cancer patients. Therefore, gastrectomy is one of the most common procedures in General Surgery. There were variation in length of hospital stay and medical treatment for gastrectomy between three surgeons at Asan Medical Center. Clinical pathways have received considerable attention as a tool for recucing the medical practice variation, increasing the efficiency of care process, and improving the quality of care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a clinical pathway for gastrectomy in gastric cancer patients. Methods : The clinical pathway for gastrectomy was developed and implemented by a multidisciplinary group in Asan Medical Center. A computerized clinical pathway program was developed and revised after a pilot test. A total of 145 patients underwent gastrectomy by three surgeons at Asan Medical Center. We compared the length of hospital stay, patient satisfaction, and unplanned readmission rate between the pre-pathway group(n=67) and the post-pathway group(n=78). We also investigated the degree of satisfaction among the physicians and nurses who were main end-users of the clinical pathway. Results : The clinical pathway was applied to all target patients. The average length of hospital stay was shortened from 12.7days to 10.6days(p<0.01). The degree of patient satisfaction with the care process changed from 90.3% to 89.2% after the implementation of the clinical pathway, but the difference was of satistically significant(p=0.761). Unplanned readmission rate was 2.9% in the pre-pathway group. More than 90% of physicians and nurses answered that the clinical pathway had been a useful tool in their medical practice. Conclusions : The findings of the study demonstrated that implementation of the clinical pathway for gastrectomy produced substantial reduction in the length of hospital stay while improving the quality of patient outcomes. The computerized clinical pathway program can be used as one of the powerful patient management tools for reducing the practice variations and increasing the efficiency of care process in Korea hospital settings.

      • KCI등재후보
      • 島嶼敎育 計劃을 爲한 調査硏究 : 沃溝郡 島嶼地域을 中心으로 For the islanders of Okku-kun,Chunpuk

        吉基烈,申鐵淳 群山敎育大學 1968 論文集 Vol.2 No.-

        1. Introduction We have done this survey in order to find out the problems for improving the planning of the islanders' education. In this survey, we tried to study the actual conditions and problems of the island communities and schools. We used the method of the observation, the interview, the questionnaire, and the analysis of documentary data. We have done the survey from August 10, 1968 to August 25, 1968 with the 31 students of Kunsan Teachers' college. The result of the survey is as follows, Ⅱ. Result of survey 1. The actual condition and problems of the island communities 1) Geographical condition of islands There are 11 inhabited islands and 32 uninhabited islands, total 43 islands. These island are located in the range of 126˚15' to 126˚34' East Longitude and 35˚40' to 36˚10' North Latitude. These islands are the west direction from Kunsan. 2) Population and occupation The population of the island is 9,506 (male-4,704, female-4,803) and the number of the households is 1,466 according to the census of december 1966. most of the islanders are engaged in fishery 50%, and the others are engaged in the farming, the commerce and the liberal profession. It is a great problem that they can not earn their livings with their main occupations whole year around. About 65% of the inhabitants are half unemployed because of the defect of fishery funds and the need of the farmers' side lines in their leisure seasons. 3) Area of the farm and necessary cereal The area of the farm is 992.79ha and the yield of rice and other cereal a year is about 5,512.78hl. The necessary total amount of rice and other cereal a year is 7,316.87hl, and they have to purchase the needed cereal about 1,480hl from the land every year. 4) Traffic condition The traffic between the land and the islands is accomplished by a passenger boat 45t built by the budget of the government and that of the county on March, 1963. And it is able to connect between the land and islands only twice a month. The Board of Education built a boat 30t for the supervision of the island schools. But the islanders need to improve the traffic conditions of their community. 5) Religion In these islands, the majority of at least 80% of the inhabitants still believe in the primitive Shamanism, 12% of them Christianity, 5% of them Buddhism, and 3% of them others. As the shamanism flourishes remarkably in these islands, most of their customs are superstitious. It is one of the problems which we have to break down in order to improve ways of their life. 6) Standards of living The inhabitants' income is less than 60% of the national income of 1968. And their livings are so poor that about 86% cf them live on miscellaneous cereal such as burley and potatoes without rice the whole year around. The fact suggests that most of the children are under the malnutrition. 7) Point of view of life The point of view of life has been influenced by Confucianism for a long period. According to the Survey, we can see the characteristic point of view of life. For example, they have the point of view of predominance of man over woman. And most of them want to have their children as follows : four sons and two daughters. The fact suggests that they do not believe the idea of the equality of man and woman and the idea of respect of human beings. 8) Collective shape of the island communities The collective shape of the community is the natural village and village community. The trait of the consciousness of the inhabitants is closing and competitive to others. And the Agricultural-Cooperative-Union and the Fishery-Cooperative-Union can not accomplish their services. 9) Local patriotism Most of the islanders 60% have no local patriotism and they want to remove to the land. The reasons are as follows : 1. Their economic conditions are poor. 2. They think the fishery and farming in the islands are not the desirable occupations for promoting their living standards. 3. There are no secondary schools for the education of their children. 4. In the island, it is difficult to get the necessaries of life. 10) Concern with their children's education Most of the parents 80% want to teach their children elementary school course because of their economic difficulties, 15% junior high school, 5% senior high schooi, and few college education. The fact suggests that their living standards are low and they have no abilities to support their children. 2. Actual condition and problems of the island school education There are 8 schools and 9 branch schools in these island communities. The school population is 26% of all island population. There are 55 classes, and 59 teachers. The average number of the pupils for a school is 147 and the average number of the teachers for a school is 3. Most of the classes are multiple-grade-type-classes. According to the above statements, we can find out the following educational problems. 1) Teachers' absence from school Most of the teachers are often absent from the school because of inconvenience of traffic and lodging houses. It is one of the problems to be solved for improving the island education. 2) Personnel administration and morale of teachers In the personnel administration, a regulation for the teachers decided to rotate every teacher in Okku-kun to serve in a island school for a year, but for the school principals is not decided. It is a very serious problem of the island education that the changes of teachers are frequently in force. But contrarily, teachers whish to frequent changes, because they can go back to the land soon. It is necessary to improve the island education and to raise moral of the teachers at the same time in the personnel administration. In order to achieve the two objects at the same time, it is desirable to pay the teachers better island regional allowance in comparision with the present system. 3) School facilities and teaching materials. Most of the schools have no essential facilities for elementary education. They must improve the conditions of facilities, school plants, school grounds, and teaching materials and so on. According to the survey, 7 schools out of 17 schools have organs for their music education. It is one of the serious problems of the island education, and we must try to solve immediately. 4) Curriculum organization and teaching method All the teaching activities are accomplished by the multiple - grade - type system. One teacher teaches two or three classes in a class room at the same time. According to the above statements, teachers have many problems in curriculum planning, organizing, and teaching. In order to improve the teaching method of the education, we must do the in-service-education and special educational researches for the island education continually. And the educational administrators must try to solve those problems continually, too. 5. School public relation Most of the parents and islanders are not cooperative for the school education. The reason are as follows : they are under the difficulties of economic status and the schools have not helped the community people improve their lives. It is necessary to improve the school public relation in order to improve the island education and island peoples life by increasing citizen understanding of educational needs and practices and encouraging intelligent citizen interest and cooperation in the work of improving school, and by opening the school and school facilities to the island adult education and social education. Ⅲ. Conclusion As the above statement, there are many problems in the island communities and school. In the following, we are going to suggest the methods of improving the planning of the islanders' education briefly. 1. To do the planning of the island education specially, and to carry it into effect. 2. To establish a pre-service education course and in-service-education course for the island education. 3. To help the teacher keep in the balance of his life by paying better island regional allowance according to the special system. 4. To rotate the teacher to serve in a island at least for two or three years. 5. To open the island schoolsand school facilities for the island adult education and social education.

      • Hermann Hesse의 Siddhartha 生成史 硏究

        洪淳吉 牧園大學校 1981 論文集 - 牧園大學校 Vol.4 No.-

        Hat man wirklich recht, wenn man behauptet, daB das Werk 'Siddhartha' von Hermann Hesse bloB die Resultat der Indienreise sei, die er im Jahre 1911 gemacht hat, seiner Herkunft oder seiner zwanzigjahrigen Beschaftigung mit asiatischem Gedankengut? 'Sid-dhartha' ist keineswegs eine Biographie des geschichtlichen Gotama Siddharthas, sondern "ein sehr europaisches Buch trotz seines Milieus". Hermann Hesse ist Dichter, der asiatisch denkt und lebt. Aber er ist zugleich ein geborener Europaer, der von seiner Umwelt abhangig ist. Die Tatsache, daB 'Siddharth' in der Krisen-und Wandelperiode seines Lebensabschnitts geschrieben wurde, hat eine besondere Bedeutung. Einige seiner wichtigen Werke, die in dieser Poriode entstanden sind, namlich 'Demian', 'Zarathustras Wiederkehr', 'Klingsors letzter Sommer', 'Innen und AuBen', 'Die Bruder Karamasows oder Der Untergang Europas' werden als Texte zur Deutung der Entstehung des Werkes 'Siddharthas' benutzt. Die obengenannten Werke haben ein charakteristisches Merkmal; Glaube an geistigen Untergang Europas und Hoffnung auf die Neugeburt Europas. Europa war ihm kein Ideal, sondern das, was wie Ei in 'Demian' in Trummer gehen muB. Aber dieser Untergang war "eine Heimkehr zur Mutter", "eine Ruckkehr nach Asien", "zu den Quellen". Das ldeal Karamasows war ihm "der Geist der Zukunft". Thu Fu, die Verkorperung des asia-tischen Geistes, war "der Bote aus dem Osten", weil er den Untergang Europas wittert. Im Dezember 1919 schrieb Hesse einen Brief an Mathilde Schwarzenbach folgendes: "Im Klingsor ist es namentlich das Kapitel vom Untergang, an das sich eine Reihe spaterer Gedanken und Arbeiten anknupft." Diese Aussage scheint mir des Schlussels wert zu sein zur Deutung der Entstehung 'Siddarthas'. Man sollte dabei die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Tatsache richten, daB 'Siddhartha' dem 'Klingsors letzter Sommer' folgt. Zusammenfassend ziehe ich folgenden SchluB. Hermann Hesses Herkunft, Studium uber asiatisches Gedankengut und Erlebnis durch seine Indienreise schuf die Grundlage fur das Werk. Er ist aber hauptsachlich nach dem Krieg durch den krisenhaften Zustand der Zeit hoch motiviert. 'Siddhartha' ist aus einem kulturgeschichtlichen und zeitkritischen Gesichts-punkt entstanden.

      • 헤세의 작품에 나타난 방랑과 안주의 모티브

        홍순길 한국헤세학회 2003 헤세연구 Vol.9 No.-

        Das Leben und Werk Hesses waren ein standiger Versuch und Konflikt dessen Ausdruck zwischen dem Drang der Wandlung und Niederlassung, dem Unterwegssein und dem Daheimbleiben. Das Motiv der Wandlung und Niederlassung ist also ein Hauptschlussel zum Verstandnis sowie seines Lebens als auch seines Gesamtwerks. Man findet ohne seines Lebens als auch seines Gesamtwerks. Man findet ohne Schwierigkeiten dadurch motivierte Außerungen in den drei literarischen Gattungen; Prosa, Lyrik und Drama. Die Wandlung anch außen ist ein Weg zur Niederlassung im Innern. Ohne Wandlung gibt es keine Niederlassung, und das gilt auch im umgekerhten Fall. Die Wandlung denkt man nicht nur im geographischen Sinne, sondern auch im metaphysischen. Genau wie der Dichter uberschreiten die Helden seiner Werke die Grenze der Stadte, Volkerstamme, Staaten und an Ende finden sie ihre Heimat. Sie sind auch nachsichtig gegen alle Religionen, Gegensatze und Wege und Arten des Menschenlebens. Die Wendung von außen zum Innen kommt erst nach der Gedankenwandlung, dass er allen Krieg und alle Mordlust der Welt, all ihren Leichtsinn, all ihre rohre Genußsucht, all ihre Feigheit in ihm selber wieder finde. Außer der Wandlung nach Innen gibt es allerei Wandlungen: Wandlung zwischen Traum und Phantasie, Wandlung zur Selbstwirklichung, Wandlung als Ideal und als Uberwindung der Wirklichkeit, Wandlung zwischen Geist und Natur, Wandlung der realen Welt, Wandlung der Kunstler wegen der mißlungenen Ehe, Wandlung als Pilger und Außenseiter u.a. Je nach deren Arten der Wandlung unterscheiden sich die Formen der Niederlassung. In diesem Motiv kann man sehen, dass der Außenseiter zugleich ein Innenseiter ist und die Selbstverwirklichung die harmonisierte Einheit der beiden Wege der Wandlung und Niederlassung voraussetzt.

      • 일부 병원에서 실시하고 있는 X-Ray 촬영조건의 비교연구 : 全南地域을 중심으로 한 X-Ray 관전압에 對하여 Compared with X-Ray tube Voltage in Chonnam Area

        양길순,류영래,한재진,함희석 광주보건대학 1981 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

        To know the effect of tube voltage in X-Ray Radiography. We made an experimental study on the tube voltage, on the exposure dose in taking general examination, and obtained the results as follows. A) In the Radiographic of the Chest P-A; The experimental value of tube voltage was obtained under the control of the applied voltage, the kind of some apparatus and thickness of body. 1) The average chest Radiographic condition was resulted as 65.5Kv, 16.6 mAs in Hospital around the chonnam area 2) It was resulted 21.93cm in average Thickness of the chest, exposure dose 20mR B) The thickness was 19.22cm in the abdomen and then appeared average tube voltage was 71.6Kv, 68.2 mAs C) Estimation could not in difference with because of the working dark room uniformly to hand-operated and automatic process.

      • 미국영어 문법의 특성

        申吉淳 한국영어교육연구학회 2002 영어교육연구 Vol.- No.24

        Language always changes. And English is also not an exception. English in America shows a very much differences ever since English began to move to North America. At present it is natural that there are many differences between British and American English in spelling, pronunciation, and grammar. In this study, a specific character of American English is observed, but confined to Americanism in grammar. Although English in the United States is called as American English, it is not a social but a regional dialect of English. It means that the Standard American does not base on the language of its social class but on that of its region. Of course many differences in grammar are found between two languages, but they can be easily understood, for the books published in both sides are widely read and moreover many informations are exchanged in every moment through the Internet among the people between the ocean. Eventually the differences in two languages are overcome easily, and naturally understood as dialects of the same language.

      • Hermann Hesse의 정치성

        홍순길 牧園大學校 1985 論文集 - 牧園大學校 Vol.9 No.-

        Man nennt Hermann Hesse noch heute, nach einem Vierteljahrhundert, seines Todes "den Vertreter der deutschen Innerlichkeit", "den letzten Ritter der deutschen Romantiker", einen "Edelkitsch", einen "Kleingartner". Kann man mit Recht solch eine Behauptung wagen? Steht Hesse immer auf den "Weg nach innen"? Aber was soll die Tatsache bedeuten, daß seine Werke in einer Epoche der Weltkrisen, "der Depression, der Bilanz und Orientierung" einen bemer kenswerten Einfluß auf die Leserschaft ausgeubt haben? Hesse wurde bis heute sowohl von den Lesern als auch von den Hesse-Forschern als arm an Engagement und Modernitat mißverstanden. Folgender Aufsatz setzt dagegen voraus, daß Hesse nie nur bloßer Zuschauer seiner Zeit und Einsiedler in dem Alpendorf, Montagnola, sondern Mitleidender und politisch engagierter Dichter war. Hesse hat zeit seines Lebens eine Menge aktueller Schriften geschrieben: politische Aufsatze und Betrachtungen, Briefe, Tagebucher, Gedichte, Artikel in Zeitungen und Zeitschriften, aber all diese konnen keineswegs als "Nebenprodukte seiner poetischen und literarischen Arbeiten" betrachtet werden. In seinen Prosawerken wie 'Demian', 'Zarathustras Wiederkehr', 'Klingsors letzter Sommer', 'Der Steppenwolf' und 'Das Glasperlenspiel' kann man reichlich zeitsymptomatische Spuren finden. Die Hesse-Forschung in dieser Richtung ist sowohl in Deutschland als auch im Ausland unzulanglich. Besonders in Deutschland hat die Forschung keine Ansatze gefunden, die deutschen Wissenschaftler haben keine Interesse gezeigt. Hesse scheint noch heute auf schwarze Liste als "unerwunschter Autor", als Gegenstand des selbstqualerischen Hasses des deutschen Volkes zu stehen. Dafur ist die Forschung in den USA unubersehbar. Das 14. Amhester Colloquium 1983 an der Massachusetts Universitat hat eine neue Epoche eroffnet und ist bereit, Hesse als politische Figur zu begreifen und ihn in der Zeitgeschichte erkennbar zu machen. In Korea wird der vorliegende Aufsatz der erste sein. Hesses Stellungnahme zur Politik konnte januskopfig sein. Offiziell sei er unpolitisch. Er habe nie eine Zeitung gelesen und sei vom politischen Denken und Wirken vollig unberuhrt. Bei ihm existiere keine aktive Gegnerschaft, und er sei Anhanger einer asiatischen Passivitat. Er wollte sein Leben hindurch absichtlich keiner politischen Partei angehoren und keine politische Tatigkeit ausuben. Ein gutes Beispiel war sein Eintritt zum NDNVPV (Nobelpreistrager Die Nichts Von Politik Verstehen). Er zogert sogar. Mitglied des PEN-Clubs zu werden und ist aus der Preußischen Akademie aus politischen Grunden ausgetreten. Aber aus seinem Leben und Werk laßt sich leicht schließen, daß er mehr als bisher angenommen sensibel der Wirklichkeit gegenuber und politisch sei. Sein dichterisches Schaffen steht im umgekehrten Verhaltnis zu seiner politischen Aktivitat. Nachdem Hesse den Ersten Weltkrieg erlebt hatte, wurde er zur Wirklichkeit erweckt und politisch engagierter Dichter. Er ist der Meinung, daß der Dichter als Zeiger, als Seismograph erscheine, von dem der Gewissenszustand seiner Umwelt abgelesen werden konne. Sein politischer Lebenslauf beginnt 1905, nachdem ihn Albert Langen und Ludwig Thoma in Gaienhofen besucht haben. Mit 'Simplicissimus', einem politischen Witzblatt, hatte er zum erstenmal eine Art von Beziehung zum politischen Leben gewonnen. 1905 wurde er Mitherausgeber der Zeitschrift 'Marz'. Vor allem war es der Krieg, der Hesse in seinem Leben und Werk eine kopernikanische Wendung gebracht hat. Durch die Kolner Verleumdung stieß Hesse auch mit der deutschen Presse und Regierung zusammen. Im Jahre 1915 stellte er sich in den Dienst der 'Deutschen Kriegsgefangenenfursorge' mit Professor Woltereck. Man kann Hesses Tatigkeit wahrend der beiden Weltkriege folgenderweise betrachten; die Fursorge fur die Deutschen Kriegsgefangenen wahrend des 1. Weltkrieges und die fur die Jugend nach dem Krieg, sowie fur die Juden und Emigranten im 2. Weltkrieg. Es ist fraglich, ob man Hesses Tatigkeit "politisch" nennen kann. Hesses Begriff von "politisch" ist im Grunde genommen anders als der im allgemeinen Sinne. Darum benutzt er das Wort "politisch" stetst in Anfuhrungszeichen. Hesse sieht die Welt als Kunstler. Er hat eine kunstlerische Auffassung von der Politik. Das Ziel der Politiker ist Fremdentwicklung, wahrend das von Hesse innere personliche Selbstentwicklung ist. Seine politischen Gedanken umfassen alle moglichen Ismen. Er ist in Gedanken so links wie der linkeste Bolschewik, so rechts wie der rechtsradikalste Demokrat. Er neigt zu jeder Partei, jedem Programm und jeder politischen Richtung, aber er ist kein Anhanger einer politischen Lehre und Gruppe. Er will die Neutralitat der Politik dadurch erhalten, indem er die Grenzen zwischen Dichtung und Politik stets auf das strengste bewahrt. Er sucht die Politik in der Dichtung, nicht in der tagtaglichen Politik, was man kunstlerisches Politisch-Sein nennen kann. Sein kunstlerisches Politisch-Sein kann man in funf Teile zerlegen; Erstens beruht es auf Gewissen und Innerlichkeit, also richtet es sich nach innen. Zweitens nennt es als Mittel zur Verwirklichung politischer Ideale Leiden und Gewaltlosigkeit. Drittens lebt es vom Geist der Humanitat. Viertens legt es den Schwerpunkt nicht auf die Massen, sondern aufs Individuum, nicht aufs Objekt, sondern aufs Subjekt. Funftens ist es zukunftsweisend. Er treibt als Kunstler also Politik des Gewissens und der Innerlichkeit, des Leidens und der Gewaltlosigkeit, der Humanitat und Liebe, des Individuums und der Selbstentwicklung und zuletzt des Weltgeistes und der Zukunft.

      • 水中의 微量 鹽化物이온의 吸光光度定量

        朴吉淳,張德相 濟州大學校 海洋資源硏究所 1985 해양과환경연구소 연구논문집 Vol.9 No.-

        水中의 鹽化物이온을 定量하는 方法으로 널리 利用되어 온 內海의 方法은 檢量線이 Lamdert-Beer의 法則에 適用되지 않고 共存이온과 溫度의 영향을 받아 微量의 鹽化物이온을 正確하게 定量하기 곤란하였다. 그래서 鹽化物이온 13㎖/ℓ이하의 용액 10㎖에 티오시안산제2수은溶液(0.3%) 2㎖, 황산제2철암모늄溶液(6%) 4㎖, Triton X-100 1㎖ 및 아세톤 8㎖를 정확히 가하고 10分間 發色시킨 다음 460nm에서 吸光度를 測定하여 Lambert Beer의 法則에 적용되는 定量方法을 얻었다. 이 方法은 溫度, 放置時間, 共存이 온의 영향등도 적었다. Since conventional Usumi's method which is presently being used is not in accordance with Lambert-Beer's law and sensitivity is decreased due to diverse ions and temperature, it is rather desirable to desirable to design a new method in determining the micro amount of chloride in water. Hence, a simple and accurate spectrophotometric method for micro-chloride determination was developed using Triton X-100 and acetone. The procedure is as follows. Sample which contains less than 13㎎/ℓ of chloride ion is taken in a stoppered reaction flasks, and 2㎎ of 0.3% mercuric thiocyanate, 4㎖ of 6% ferric ammonium sulfate, 1㎖ of acetone are added. Allowed to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes. The absorbance of the colored solution is measured at 460nm with a 10㎜ cell against the reagent blank. This method is in accordance with Lambert-Beer's law in the range of O to·13㎎/ℓ in chloride ion concentrate and no interference is detected by fluoride, nitrate, nitrite and thiosulfate. It is not discolored by standing time. Although the sensitivity is decreased by increasing of temperature it is rather accurate at the range of 15-22℃. Therefore, it could be said that this proposed method is simple, time saving and accurate for the determination of micro amount of chloride in water.

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