실측과 컴퓨터 모델링을 통한 미기후 요소 및 인간 열환경지수의 차이 비교 분석

박수국(Sookuk Park),공학양(Hak-Yang Kong),강훈(Hoon Kang) 응용생태공학회 2020 Ecology and resilient infrastructure Vol.7 No.1

본 연구는 컴퓨터 모델링의 결과를 실측자료 보정없이 이용하였을 때의 문제점을 조사하기 위해, 작은 도시공원을 대상으로 실측자료와 컴퓨터 모델링 결과를 비교 분석하여 보았다. 컴퓨터 모델링 결과는 실측자료에 비해 미기후 요소인 기온과 풍속에서는 과소예측을 보였으며, 상대습도와 평균복사온도에서는 과대예측을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 그 차이는 인간 열환경지수인 PMV와 UTCI에서 최대 2.3 PMV와 4°C UTCI의 차이를 보였다. 그러므로, 인간 열환경지수 (열쾌적성) 연구에서 컴퓨터 모델링을 이용할 때는 반드시 실측자료를 이용한 결과보정 과정을 거쳐 도시와 조경계획 및 디자인에 적용되어야 할 것이다. For investigating restriction in the use of computer modeling results without adjusting them with measured data, this study analyzed and compared microclimatic aspects and human thermal sensation between in situ measurement and computer modeling using ENVI-met in and around a small urban park of downtown Changwon in May, 2012. In the results, ENVI-met underestimated air temperatures and wind speeds than the measured ones and overestimated relative humidities. In the radiation analysis, ENVI-met overestimated solar radiation from the sky hemisphere and terrestrial radiation from the ground hemisphere and underestimated terrestrial radiation from the sky hemisphere. Also, the differences of mean radiant temperatures with the measured ones reached up to 19.6°C which could create an 1.2 PMV difference. ENVI-met overestimated up to 2.3 PMV and 4°C UTCI at 12:00. The difference was shown clearly in PMV than in UTCI. Therefore, when computer modeling is used in urban microclimate and human thermal sensation (comfort) studies the modeling results should be compared with measured data and adjusted adequately to adopt the results to urban and landscape planning and design.

여름철 도시근린공원의 기온저감 효과 - 경기도 수원시 효원공원 -

박수국 ( Sookuk Park ),조상만 ( Sangman Jo ),현철지 ( Cheolji Hyun ),공학양 ( Hak-yang Kong ),김승현 ( Seunghyun Kim ),신영규 ( Youngkyu Shin ) 한국환경과학회 2017 한국환경과학회지 Vol.26 No.9

In order to investigate the effect of air temperature reduction on an urban neighborhood park, air temperature data from five inside locations (forest, pine tree, lawn, brick and pergola) depending on surface types and three outside locations (Suwon, Maetan and Kwonsun) depending on urban forms were collected during the summer 2016 and compared. The forest location had the lowest mean air temperature amongst all locations sampled, though the mean difference between this and the other four locations in the park was relatively small (0.2-0.5℃). In the daytime, the greatest mean difference between the forest location and the two locations exposed to direct beam solar radiation (brick and lawn) was 0.5-0.8℃ (Max. 1.6-2.1℃). In the nighttime, the mean difference between the forest location and the other four locations in the park was small, though differences between the forest location and locations with grass cover (pine tree and lawn) reached a maximum of 0.9-1.7℃. Comparing air temperature between sunny and shaded locations, the shaded locations showed a maximum of 1.5℃ lower temperature in the daytime and 0.7℃ higher in the nighttime. Comparing the air temperature of the forest location with those of the residential (Kwonsun) and apartment (Maetan) locations, the mean air temperature difference was 0.8-1.0℃, higher than those measured between the forest location and the other park locations. The temperatures measured in the forest location were mean 0.9-1.3℃ (Max. 2.0-3.9℃) lower in the daytime than for the residential and apartment locations and mean 0.4-1.0℃ (Max. 1.3-3.1℃) lower in the nighttime. During the hottest period of each month, the difference was greater than the mean monthly differences, with temperatures in the residential and apartment locations mean 1.0-1.6℃ higher than those measured in the forest location. The effect of air temperature reduction on sampling locations within the park and a relatively high thermal environment on the urban sampling locations was clearly evident in the daytime, and the shading effect of trees in the forest location must be most effective. In the nighttime, areas with a high sky view factor and surface types with high evapotranspiration potential (e.g. grass) showed the maximum air temperature reduction. In the urban areas outside the park, the low-rise building area, with a high sky view factor, showed high air temperature due to the effect of solar (shortwave) radiation during the daytime, while in the nighttime the area with high-rise buildings, and hence a low sky view factor, showed high air temperature due to the effect of terrestrial (longwave) radiation emitted by surrounding high-rise building surfaces. The effect of air temperature reduction on the park with a high thermal environment in the city was clearly evident in the daytime, and the shading effect of trees in the forest location must be most effective. In the nighttime, areas with high sky view factor and surface types (e.g., grass) with evapotranspiration effect showed maximum air temperature reduction. In the urban areas outside the park, the high sky view factor area (low-rise building area) showed high air temperature due to the effect of solar (shortwave) radiation during the daytime, but in the nighttime the low sky view factor area (high-rise building area) showed high air temperature due to the effect of terrestrial (longwave) radiation emitted surrounding high-rise building surfaces.

Human-biometeorological investigations to achieve the mitigation of urban heat by street trees

Hyunjung Lee,Helmut Mayer,Sookuk Park 한국기상학회 2020 한국기상학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2020 No.10

Estimating The Accuracy Of Black-Globe Thermometer To Determine Mean Radiant Temperature On The Assessment Of Human Thermal Comfort During The Summer

Hyunjung Lee(이현정),Sookuk Park(박수국) 대한환경공학회 2021 대한환경공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2021 No.11

제주특별자치도 도시지역 미세먼지 악화 시 기상요소 분석

신지환(Jihwan Sin),조상만(Sangman Jo),박수국(Sookuk Park) 응용생태공학회 2022 Ecology and resilient infrastructure Vol.9 No.1

본 연구에서는 제주도의 도시지역을 대상으로 관측이 시작된 2001년부터 2019년까지의 미세먼지 (PM10)와 초미세먼지 (PM2.5) 악화 빈도에 따른 기상 상황을 분석하였다. PM10과 PM2.5의 악화는 제주시와 서귀포시 모두 봄>겨울>가을>여름철 순으로 나타났으며, 봄·여름철에는 주간에 가을·겨울철에는 야간에 더 많이 나타났으며, PM10보다 PM2.5의 피해가 더 심각하게 나타났다. PM10 악화 시의 기온과 풍속은 제주시와 서귀포시 모두 봄·겨울철에는 각각의 계절평균보다 높게 나왔으나, 여름·가을철에는 반대로 낮게 나왔다. 상대습도는 계절평균보다 모든 계절에 낮게 나타났다. PM2.5 악화 시 기온은 PM10 악화 시와 계절별 동일한 경향을 보였으며, 상대습도는 봄·여름철에는 제주시와 서귀포시 모두 평균보다 높았으며, 겨울철에는 평균보다 낮았다. 풍속은 두 도시 동일하게 평균보다 낮게 나왔다. PM2.5 악화 시가 PM10 악화 시보다 봄·겨울철에 기온과 풍속이 더 낮을 때 발생 빈도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. PM10과 PM2.5 악화 시 풍향은 주간에는 북풍과 서풍이, 야간에는 계절별로 다양하게 나타났다. 특히, PM10에 비해 PM2.5 악화 시 풍속이 낮게 나타나 한라산에서 발생하는 산곡풍의 영향으로 제주시는 남풍이 서귀포시는 북풍이 야간에 자주 발생하였다. 풍속등급별 PM10 악화 빈도수는 제주시와 서귀포시 모두 주·야간 1.6 - 3.4 ms<SUP>-1</SUP>에서 가장 높았고, 여름철 야간에만 0.3 - 1.6 ms<SUP>-1</SUP>에서 가장 높은 값을 보였다. PM2.5 악화 빈도수는 제주시에서는 1.6 - 3.4 ms<SUP>-1</SUP>에서 가장 높은 값이 나타났으나, 서귀포시에서는 0.3 - 1.6 ms<SUP>-1</SUP>에서 가장 높은 값이 나타났다. 제주시와 서귀포시 모두 PM10과 PM2.5 악화 시 3.4 ms<SUP>-1</SUP>이상의 바람이 0.3 ms<SUP>-1</SUP>이하의 바람보다 빈도가 더 높은 것으로 나타나므로, 이는 PM10과 PM2.5가 바람의 영향으로 도시지역 외부에서 유입된 것이 주요인이라고 할 수 있겠다. 위 자료를 토대로 미세먼지 저감을 위한 도시계획 및 조경식재계획 방안을 마련한다면 효과적일 것으로 판단된다. In this study, the weather conditions corresponding to the increase in the environmental concentration of fine dust (PM10) and ultrafine dust (PM2.5) from 2001 to 2019 in Jeju and Seogwipo cities were analyzed. The increase in the levels of PM10 and PM2.5 was observed in the order: spring > winter > autumn > summer. In both cities, PM10 and PM2.5 levels increased more frequently during the day in spring and summer and at night in autumn and winter, with PM2.5 showing a greater increase in concentration than PM10. The air temperature and wind speed corresponding with increased levels of PM10 were higher than their respective seasonal averages in spring and winter, but lower in summer and autumn. Relative humidity was lower than the seasonal average during all seasons. The air temperature variation corresponding with increased levels of PM2.5 showed the same seasonal trend as that observed for PM10. The relative humidity was higher than the respective seasonal averages in spring and summer, and lower in winter. The wind speed was lower than the seasonal average in both the cities. When the PM10 and PM2.5 levels increased, the wind direction was from the north and the west during the day and varied according to the season at night. The rate of the increase in the PM10 concentration was the highest in both cities at the wind speed of 1.6 - 3.4 ms<SUP>-1</SUP> during the day and night except during night in the summer. The highest concentration of PM2.5 was observed with the wind speed range of 1.6 - 3.4 ms<SUP>-1</SUP> in Jeju, and 0.3 - 1.6 ms<SUP>-1</SUP> in Seogwipo. The results of this study applied to urban and landscape planning will aid in the formulation of strategies to reduce the adverse effects of fine particular matter.

여름철 해변지역의 인간 열환경지수 및 열쾌적성 - 제주특별자치도 제주시 구좌읍 월정리 해변 -

박수국,신지환,조상만,현철지,강훈,Park, Sookuk,Sin, Jihwan,Jo, Sangman,Hyun, Cheolji,Kang, Hoon 한국조경학회 2016 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.44 No.4

최근에 관광기후지수가 생리등가온도(PET)와 범용열기후지수(UTCI)와 같은 완전한 인간 에너지 균형 모델들을 포함함으로써 발전되어 오고 있다. 이 연구는 해변에서의 조경계획 및 설계를 위해, 2015년 봄과 여름에 대한민국 제주특별자치도 월정리해변에서 인간 열환경지수 및 열쾌적성을 조사하였다. 미기후 측정과 국제표준화기구 10551을 바탕으로 만들어진 설문조사를 동시에 실시하였으며, 성인 869명이 참가하였다. 그 결과, 생리적인 요소만 고려된 '열환경 지각'과 '열환경 선호도'가 선형 회귀 분석에서 생리등가온도와 92.8과 87.6%의 높은 결정계수를 나타내었다. 그러나, 생리적 요소와 심리적 요소 둘 다 고려된 '열환경 평가', '열환경 수용도'와 '열환경 부담도'에서는 60.0, 21.1, 46.4%로 낮은 결정계수를 보였다. 그렇지만, 생리등가온도와의 상관성 분석에서는 모두 0.01 레벨에서 유의성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 인간 열환경 지수를 나타내는 '열환경 지각'에서 덥지도 춥지도 않는 '중간'의 생리등가온도의 범위는 $25{\sim}27^{\circ}C$로 나타났으나, 미국의 냉온난방협회 표준 55에서 추천한 20% 이하의 불만족성 범위는 없었다. 다만, '열환경 평가'와 '열환경 부담도'에서 $21{\sim}32^{\circ}C$와 $17{\sim}37^{\circ}C$의 생리등가온도 범위들이 그 추천범위에 속하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로, $21{\sim}32^{\circ}C$의 생리등가온도를 해변지역의 조경계획 및 디자인뿐만 아니라 관광 및 레크리에이션 계획을 위한 인간 열쾌적성 범위로 적용될 수 있을 것이다. 해변에서의 열 스트레스 레벨들은 한국의 내륙들보다 $2{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ 높게 나타났으며, 대만과 나이지리아와 같은 열대지역과 유사한 높은 결과들을 보였고, 서 중유럽과 이스라엘의 텔아비브보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. The climatic index for tourism(CIT) has recently been advanced, which includes complete human energy balance models such as physiological equivalent temperature(PET) and universal thermal climate index(UTCI). This study investigated human thermal sensation and comfort at Woljung-ri Beach, Jeju, Republic of Korea, in spring and summer 2015 for landscape planning and design in beach areas. Microclimatic data measurements and human thermal sensation/comfort surveys from ISO 10551 were conducted together. There were 869 adults that participated. As a result, perceptual and thermal preference that consider only physiological aspects had high coefficients of determination($r^2$) with PET in linear regression analyses: 92.8% and 87.6%, respectively. However, affective evaluation, personal acceptability and personal tolerance, which consider both physiological and psychological aspects, had low $r^2s$: 60.0%, 21.1% and 46.4%, respectively. However, the correlations between them and PET were all significant at the 0.01 level. The neutral PET range in perceptual for human thermal sensation was $25{\sim}27^{\circ}C$, but a PET range less or equal to 20% dissatisfaction, which was recommended by ASHRAE Standard 55, could not be achieved in perceptual. Only PET ranges in affective evaluation and personal tolerance affected by both aspects were qualified for the recommendation as $21{\sim}32^{\circ}C$ and $17{\sim}37^{\circ}C$, respectively. Therefore, the PET range of $21{\sim}32^{\circ}C$ is recommended to be used for the human thermal comfort zone of beach areas in landscape planning and design as well as tourism and recreational planning. PET heat stress level ranges on the beach were $2{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ higher than those in inland urban areas of the Republic of Korea. Also, they were similar to high results of tropical areas such as Taiwan and Nigeria, and higher than those of western and middle Europe and Tel Aviv, Israel.

Green Curtain 형식의 벽면녹화시스템을 통한 여름철 건물 실내 열환경 비교 분석

이선영,조상만,박수국,Lee, Sunyoung,Jo, Sangman,Park, Sookuk 한국조경학회 2022 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.50 No.5

In order to solve the limitations of horizontal thermal environment improvement, this study compared the thermal environment of the indoor and outdoor of a building in summer according to the presence or absence of a green curtain, a vertical greening method. In the summer of 2021, the air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and shortwave and longwave radiation were measured at a central point inside a building and the grass field outside of the building to determine the human thermal sensation index, PET and UTCI. As a result, the green curtain showed an average 1.6℃ cooler air temperature during the daytime, but it did not have an effect at night. For relative humidity, it showed higher humidity indoors by an average of 5.6% and 1.0% during the daytime and at night, respectively. Wind speed was 1.4-1.8 ms^-1 and 1.4-1.5 ms^-1 higher outdoors on average during the daytime and at night, respectively, showing a high value outdoors regardless of whether a green curtain was installed. The green curtain showed an average indoor mean radiant temperature reduction effect of 4.7℃ during the daytime, but it did not have an effect at night. In PET and UTCI, the green curtain reduced the indoor PET by about a 1/3 level, an average of 2.1℃, and the indoor UTCI by about a 1/6 level, an average of 1.1℃, during the daytime. However, no effects appeared in PET and UTCI at night. For landscape planning, a green curtain can effectively modify the thermal environment during the daytime in summer.

Effects of Photoperiod, Light Intensity and Electrical Conductivity on the Growth and Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in a Closedtype Plant Factory System

Jirapa Austin,Youn A Jeon,Mi-Kyung Cha,Sookuk Park,Young-Yeol Cho 한국원예학회 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.3

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a plant native to the Andean region that has become increasing popular as a food source due to its high nutritional content. This study determined the optimal photoperiod, light intensity, and electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution for growth and yield of quinoa in a closed-type plant factory system. The photoperiod effects were first analyzed in a growth chamber using three different light cycles, 8/16, 14/10, and 16/8 hours (day/night). Further studies, performed in a closed-type plant factory system, evaluated nutrient solutions with EC (salinity) levels of 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 dS·m<SUP>-1</SUP>. These experiments were assayed with two light intensities (120 and 143 μ㏖·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·s<SUP>-1</SUP>) under a 12/12 and 14/10 hours (day/night) photoperiod. The plants grown under the 16/8 hours photoperiod did not flower, suggesting that a long-day photoperiod delays flowering and that quinoa is a short-day plant. Under a 12/12 h photoperiod, the best shoot yield (both fresh and dry weights) was observed at an EC of 2.0 dS·m<SUP>-1</SUP> and a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 120 μ㏖·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·s<SUP>-1</SUP>. With a 14/10 hphotoperiod, the shoot yield (both fresh and dry weights), plant height, leaf area, and light use efficiency were higher when grown with an EC of 2.0 dS·m<SUP>-1</SUP> and a PPFD of 143 μ㏖·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·s<SUP>-1</SUP>. Overall, the optimal conditions for producing quinoa as a leafy vegetable, in a closed–type plant factory system, were a 16/8 h (day/night) photoperiod with an EC of 2.0 dS·m<SUP>-1</SUP> and a PPFD of 143 μmol·m<SUP>-2</SUP>·s<SUP>-1</SUP>.

Effects of Photoperiod, Light Intensity and Electrical Conductivity on the Growth and Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in a Closed-type Plant Factory System

Austin, Jirapa,Jeon, Youn A,Cha, Mi-Kyung,Park, Sookuk,Cho, Young-Yeol Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.3

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a plant native to the Andean region that has become increasing popular as a food source due to its high nutritional content. This study determined the optimal photoperiod, light intensity, and electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution for growth and yield of quinoa in a closed-type plant factory system. The photoperiod effects were first analyzed in a growth chamber using three different light cycles, 8/16, 14/10, and 16/8 hours (day/night). Further studies, performed in a closed-type plant factory system, evaluated nutrient solutions with EC (salinity) levels of 1.0, 2.0 or $3.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. These experiments were assayed with two light intensities (120 and $143{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) under a 12/12 and 14/10 hours (day/night) photoperiod. The plants grown under the 16/8 hours photoperiod did not flower, suggesting that a long-day photoperiod delays flowering and that quinoa is a short-day plant. Under a 12/12 h photoperiod, the best shoot yield (both fresh and dry weights) was observed at an EC of $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. With a 14/10 h photoperiod, the shoot yield (both fresh and dry weights), plant height, leaf area, and light use efficiency were higher when grown with an EC of $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and a PPFD of $143{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Overall, the optimal conditions for producing quinoa as a leafy vegetable, in a closed-type plant factory system, were a 16/8 h (day/night) photoperiod with an EC of $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and a PPFD of $143{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$.

Local Climate Zone과 토지피복에 따른 여름철 야간의 인간 열환경 분석 - 경기도 수원시 호매실 택지개발지구

공학양(Hak-Yang Kong),최낙훈(Nakhoon Choi),박수국(Sookuk Park) 응용생태공학회 2020 Ecology and resilient infrastructure Vol.7 No.4

도시지역의 여름철 밤 시간대 열환경을 알아보기 위해, 토지피복 대분류에 따라 10개의 도시기후지역 지점에서 미기후 자료를 측정하여 인간 열환경지수를 분석하여 보았다. 미기후 요소 비교 분석 결과, 그린인프라 지역이 그레이인프라 지역보다 기온에서는 평균 1.6°C 최대 2.4°C 낮은 결과를 보였으며, 상대습도에서는 반대로 그린인프라 지역이 평균 9.0% 최대 15.0% 높은 결과를 보였다. 풍속에서는 그린인프라 지역과 그레이인프라 지역에서 차이가 거의 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 수목의 영향으로 가장 낮은 풍속을 보인 산림지점을 제외하고는 모든 지점에서 유의성이 없는 것으로 나타나, 건물이나 수목의 높이에 의해 결정되는 표면거칠기 뿐만 아니라 지역풍의 영향이 풍속을 결정하는 주 요인인 것으로 보인다. 평균복사온도에서는 수목의 영향으로 산림지역이 가장 높은 값을 보였으며, 산림지역을 제외하면 그린인프라 지역이 그레이인프라 지역에 비해 평균 5.5°C의 저감 효과를 보였다. 평균복사온도를 결정하는 주 요인으로는 하늘시계지수라고 할 수 있다. 인간 열환경지수 분석에서는 그린인프라 지역은 거의 덥지도 춥지도 않는 ‘중립’의 열지각 단계를 나타내었으며, 그레이인프라 지역은 그것보다 한 단계 높은 ‘약간 따뜻함’의 단계를 나타내었다. 가장 높게 나온 산림지역을 제외하면, 그린인프라 지역이 그레이인프라 지역에 비해 3.2°C 저감 효과를 보여 1/2 단계의 인간 열환경 개선 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. Microclimatic data were measured, and the human thermal sensation was analyzed at 10 local climate zones based on the major land cover classification to investigate the thermal environment of urban areas during summer nighttime. From the results, the green infrastructure areas (GNIAs) showed an average air temperature of 1.6°C and up to 2.4°C lower air temperature than the gray infrastructure areas (GYIAs), and the GNIAs showed an average relative humidity of 9.0% and up to 15.0% higher relative humidity. The wind speed of the GNIAs and GYIAs had minimal difference and showed no significance at all locations, except for the forest location, which had the lowest wind speed owing to the influence of trees. The local winds and the surface roughness, which was determined based on the heights of buildings and trees, appeared to be the main factors that influenced wind speed. At the mean radiant temperature, the forest location showed the maximum value, owing to the influence of trees. Except at the forest location, the GNIAs showed an average decrease of 5.5°C compared to GYIAs. The main factor that influenced the mean radiant temperature was the sky view factor. In the analysis of the human thermal sensation, the GNIAs showed a “neutral” thermal perception level that was neither hot nor cold, and the GYIAs showed a “slightly warm” level, which was a level higher than those of the GNIAs. The GNIAs showed a 3.2°C decrease compared to the GYIAs, except at the highest forest location, which indicated a half-level improvement in the human thermal environment.