The C- and G-value paradox with polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, phenomes and cell economy

Ik‑Young Choi,Eun‑Chae Kwon,Nam‑Soo Kim 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.7

Background The apparent disconnection between biological complexity and both genome size (C-value) and gene number (G-value) is one of the long-standing biological puzzles. Gene-dense genomic sequences in prokaryotes or simple eukaryotes are highly constrained during selection, whereas gene-sparse genomic sequences in higher eukaryotes have low selection constraints. This review discusses the correlations of the C-value and G-value with genome architecture, polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, cell economy and phenomes. Discussion Eukaryotic chromosomes carry an assortment of various repeated DNA sequences (repeatomes). Expansion of copies of repeatomes together with polyploidization or whole-genome duplication (WGD) are major players in genome size (C-value) bloating, but genomes are equipped with counterbalancing systems such as diploidization, illegitimate recombination, and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) after double-strand breaks (DSBs). The lack of these efficient purging systems allowed the accumulation of repeat DNA, which resulted in extremely large genomes in several species. However, the correlation between chromosome number and genome size is not clear due to inconsistent results with different sets of species. Positive correlations between genome size and intron size and density were reported in early studies, but these proposals were refuted by the results with increased numbers of species, in which genome-wide features of introns (size, density, gene contents, repeats) were weakly associated with genome size. The assumption of the correlations between C-value and gene number (G-value) and organismal complexity is acceptable in general, but this assumption is often violated in specific lineages or species, suggesting C- and G-value paradoxes. The C-value paradox is partly explained by noncoding repeatomes. The G-value paradox can also be explained by several genomic features: (1) one gene can produce many mature mRNAs by alternative splicing, and eukaryotic gene expression is highly regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels; (2) many proteins exert multiple functions during development; (3) gene expansion/contraction are frequent events in the gene family among evolutionarily close species; and (4) sets of homeotic genes regulate development such that organismal complexity is sometimes not clear among organisms. A large genome must be burdensome in terms of cell economy, such that a large genome constraint results in the distribution of genome sizes skewed to small genomes. Moreover, the C-value can affect the phenome. A strong positive correlation has been recognized between genome size and cell size, but the relationship is weak or null with higher-level traits. Additional analyses of the relationship between the C-value and phenome should be carried out, because natural selection acts on the phenotype rather than the genotype. Conclusions Dramatic advancement in genomics has given some answers to the C-value and G-value paradoxes. We know the mechanisms by which the current genomes have been constructed. However, basic questions have not yet been fully resolved. Why have some species retained small genomes yet some closely related species have large genomes? Random genetic drift and mutational pressure might have affected for genome size in the limited population size during evolution; thus, genome size may be quasiadaptable rather than the best adaptive trait.

연작업자들에서의 δ -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase 유전형질의 다형성이 신기능에 미치는 영향

안익수,황보영,김용배,리갑수,이성수,장봉기,함정오,안규동,이병국 순천향대학교 산업의학연구소 2001 순천향산업의학 Vol.7 No.1

δ-aminolevulinic acid hehydratase (ALAD) is a polymorphic enzyme that has two alleles, ALAD1 (ALAD1-1 as phenotype) and ALAD2 (ALAD1-2 or ALAD2-2 as phenotype). ALAD genotype has been reported to modify the toxicokinetics of lead. To investigate the influence of ALAD genotype polymorphism on renal function in lead workers, author studied 1022 male lead workers and 149 non lead workers in the same industries. For the cross-sectional renal function indices, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, uric acid and total protein were selected. Blood lead and blood zinc protoporphyrin were also measured as indices of lead exposure. Information on weight, age, job duration, smoking & drinking history were collected. Following results are as follows: 1. Whereas the mean (standard deviation) of blood lead and blood ZPP of lead workers were 27.2±12.5 ㎍/㎗ and 57.7±37.8 ㎍/㎗, those of non-lead workers in the same premises were 14.9±6.5 ㎍/㎗ and 44.6± 15.8 ㎍/㎗ respectively. The difference of mean blood lead and blood ZPP between two groups were statistically significant. 2. Whereas the prevalence of the variant allele, ALAD2 in 1022 lead workers was 10.2 %, the prevalence of that in 149 non-lead workers was 7.4 %. But there was no difference of prevalence between two groups. 3. The mean±standard deviation of blood lead of subjects with ALAD1 was 25.5± 12.7 ㎍/㎗ and was slightly lower than that of subjects with ALAD2 (26.5±10.9 ㎍/㎗), and the mean±standard deviation of blood ZPP of subjects with ALAD1 was slightly higher than that of subjects with ALAD2 (56.7±37.3 ㎍/㎗ vs 48.9±18.6 ㎍/㎗). But the differences of blood lead and blood ZPP between two genotypes were not statistically significant. 4. There were no differences of cross-sectional renal function indices (BUN, serum creatinine, uric acid and total protein) either by lead workers and non-lead workers or two genotypes. 5. In multiple regression analysis of ALAD genotype on BUN after controlling for possible confounders (sex, weight, job duration, smoking and drinking status), the mean of BUN in ALAD2 subjects was 0.629 ㎎/㎗ lower than ALAD1 subjects with a weak statistical significance (p=0.07). But in logistic analysis of ALAD genotype on median value of BUN revcaled that subjects of ALAD2 genotype were 32% less likely to have median value or more of BUN than subjects of ALAD1 with odd ratio of 0.618 (95% confidence interval 0.411-0.920). 6. In multiple regression analysis of ALAD genotype on serum creatinine after controlling for possible confounders (sex, weight, job duration, smoking and drinking status), the mean of serum creatinine in ALAD2 subjects was 0.0271 ㎎/㎗ lower than ALAD1 subjects with statistical significance (p=0.02). On the other hand, in logistic analysis of ALAD genotype on median value of serum creatinine revealed that subjects of ALAD2 genotype were 30% less likely to have median value or more of scrum creatinine than subjects of ALAD1 with odd ratio of 0.700 (95% confidence interval 0.442-1.080). With the above results, it was found that the variant allcle, ALAD2 appeared to modify the association of lead and renal function and ALAD2 genotype may be supportive for the protective effect of lead.

철학(哲學) : 우암(尤庵) 송시열(宋時烈)의 직철학(直哲學)과 교육문화

김익수 ( Ik Soo Kim ) 한국사상문화학회 2008 韓國思想과 文化 Vol.42 No.-

우암 송시열(1607~1689)은 理學은 율곡이이(李珥 1536~1584)에게서 전수했으나 直哲學은 스승인 金長生(1548~1631)으로부터 전수(傳受)받았는데 조선조에서 直의 哲學은 송익필(1534~1599)로부터 비롯된 것이다. 우암은 孔子, 孟子, 程子, 朱子, 靜庵, 退溪, 栗谷 등의 사상을 貫通할 수 있는 直哲學 하나(一)로 義理之學을 세웠으니 ``大人之學``이라고 칭할만하다. 조선시대의 학문은 性理學이지만 시대를 초월하여 古今이 通貫되는 것이 直哲學이며 교육문화이므로 원천적으로 孔子易學의 直哲學으로 소급해서 연구되어야 한다. 우암의 直哲學은 平生의 生活哲學이었지만 모든 인류를 바르고 곧고(正直) 淸明하고 光明하게 문화민족으로 살아갈 수 있는 교육문화가 꽃필 修養論이기에 時·空을 초월한 永續性을 갖는다. 朱子를 尊信하고 朱子學에 전심한 우암의 春秋大一統思想의 義理는 민족의 주체성과 국가관이 확고하며 나아가서는 平天下, 곧 世界人類 平和思想임이 확실하다. 현대의 우리나라는 정치와 교육이 일치(政·敎一致)되지 않고 있어서 민족의 주체가 확고하지 않고 윤리가 지극히 문란하며 교육의 본연을 잃고 있다. 國史의 正體性이 허약하고 도덕이 부실(不實)한 토대위의 경제건설은 미래지향적이 아니다. 이런 때에 우암의 直哲學과 교육문화로 시대의 철학과 교육문화로 정착하여 世界化할 때 세계속에 우리나라가 도덕종주국으로 찬란한 교육문화가 인류평화사상으로 꽃필 가능성이 높다고 전망한다. 21세기는 문화의 세기라고 한다. 우암의 直哲學의 修養論은 현대 교육문화철학으로서 가치가 절대적이라고 판단되므로 새로운 정립이 시급하다. Uam Song Si-yeol(1607-1689) inherited the study of li from Yulgok Yi I(1536-584) while he succeeded the tradition of the philosophy of Righteousness from his teacher Kim Jang-saeng(1548-1631). The tradition of the philosophy of the Righteousness began with Song Ik-pil(1534-1599) at the early period of Joseon Dynasty. Uam would be considered as a ``Great Man in Neo-Confucianism because he established the philosophy of Righteousness that provide the theory unifying the cores of the teachings of Confucius, Mencius, Ch`engcius, Chu His, Jeongam, Toegye, and Yulgok. The major trend of the scholarly tradition of Joseon was Neo-Confucianism, however, this timeless philosophy of Righteousness is the core as well as the education. That is why Confucius study of Righteousness needs to be the first step to understand the Neo-Confucian tradition of Joseon. Uam`s philosophy of Righteousness was the philosophy of his life itself. At the same time, he emphasized the education to cultivate the all humankind to live with righteousness and wise to live as civilized men. From this his idea of education receives the respect regardless the time and space. Uam`s righteousness from his philosophy of the Great Union of Spring and Autumn, which reflects his dedication and respect for the Chu His is the one to set up sound national and racial self-esteems to achieve the peaceful co-existence of the mankind. There is a gap between politics and education in Korea today and it causes the collapse of education with the lack of identity and moral. Economic development cannot be futuristic when it lacks the identity in national history and collapse of moral standard. This is why the Uam`s philosophy of Righteousness and civilized education need to be reestablished and internationalized to promote the possibility of Korea becomes a leader of world moral and education. Since twenty-first century is the era of culture, Uam`s thoughts and the concept of education has an unchallengeable values.

주파수확산통신을 위한 카오스 PN 시퀀스의 특성

이익수,여지환 대구대학교 과학기술연구소 1999 科學技術硏究 Vol.5 No.5

The existing random numbers or PN sequences are secure and reproducible with a implementation of digital circuit. But it is hard to change random sequences that is due to limit period size and digital system realization. This work proposes the chaotic PN sequence(CPNS) of analog and binary types which is coded by the chaotic sequence, that can be extracted from a 3-dimensional discrete time chaotic generation equation(3D²CGE) for generating various chaotic signals. A CPNS method using 3D²CGE has several advantage: the generation is easy, and various families with arbitrary size and sequence period can be obtained because the chaotic systems has parameters. Furthermore, we have tested a correlation function and the degree of statistical independence of each CPNS that is evaluated in order to apply to spread spectrum communication. Experimental results show that the proposed CPNS codes are used for the spreading sequence and secure communication codes.

직업적 연폭로가 일부 신경행동학적 검사수행에 미치는 영향

안익수,안현철,김용배,리갑수,김화성,황규윤,최은,장봉기,이성수,안규동,이병국 순천향대학교 산업의학연구소 1999 순천향산업의학 Vol.5 No.1

In order to investigate that blood lead levels of lead exposed workers is associated with decreased performance in neurobehavioral tests in adults, we investigate 78 workers in a battery industry. Three items among neurobehavioral core test battery of World Health Organization, including digit span, Santa ana dexterity, digit symbol were administered to workers occupationally lead exposed workers by operational guide for the WHO neurobehavioral core test battery. Blood lead (PbB) and zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood (ZZP) were selected as an index of lead exposure. Detailed occupational history such as exposed agent, age, work duration, smoking and drinking habits, were recorded as confounding factors. After controlling age, the results of digit span and digit symbol among the neurobehavioral tests were significant contributed by PbB.

외상성 대장 및 직장 손상

김익용,김상희,윤광수,김히욱 대한대장항문학회 1997 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.13 No.3

모바일 GIS 응용을 위한 엔코딩 표준 연구

고익준,송관수,오병우 금오공과대학교 2005 論文集 Vol.26 No.-

Recently various service is provided as developing of wireless internet in mobile environment. Also mobile GIS service is provided too. In mobile environment, the service use wireless internet. So it is not adaptable to apply the service which provided in existing internet environment. And owing to each service provide service independently, mobile GIS service is hard to look for interoperability This paper is developed encoding standard for mobile GIS application for service to be conform mobile environment and to be guarantee interoperability between service. First, we analyzed GML 3.1 standard for encoding standard and investigate encoding method to use in mobile GIS service. And we derive characteristic of GIS in mobile environment to analyze domestic GIS. We develop mobile GIS encoding standard by analyzing MATRIX of analyzed GML 3.1 standard and derived characteristic to analyze service.

人權의 保護와 國際테러리즘의 防止努力

尹益洙 관동대학교 1996 關大論文集 Vol.24 No.2

Nowadays “Terrorism” is taking place frequently irrespective of time, place and national borderline, and it is getting more crual and bigger than over. It is an illegal action trampling down international place and security. In addition, it is inhumanities and anti-civilization rampaging ruthlessly upon the freedom, peace and happiness of mankind. Especially “International Terrorism” must be an international crime, and legal regulation against terrorism is badly needed more than ever. International endeavours to counterattack terrorism can be found in several places. This dissertation forcuses on the respect for and protection of human right to prevent and punish terrorism. First of all, I'll review the current state of rules on the respect and protection of human rights described in the charter of the U.N., I reviewed various regulation of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Convention on the prevention and punishment of the Crime of Genocide, International Covenant on Human Rights and International Convention against the Taking of Hostage, and I reviewed Attendant Clause, In re Munier Case, extradition, assassination of the Alexander I and the issue of extradition as an origin of international regulation. I reviewed the activities of the League of Nations as a universal regulation to prevent international terrorism. The league of Nations asked for the investigation of the international terrorism issue to the League of Nations Council in Nov. 22. 1934. and 1937 adopted “The Convention for the prevention and punishment of Terrorism” and “The Convention for the Creation of an International Criminal Court” but these two conventions were not effective. On the other side, the 6th International Conference for the Unification of Penal Laws adopted the “resolution relating to the punishment of Terrorism” in 1935. Coming to the age of U. N., the Movement of regulation against Terrorism was treated by International Law Commission and General Assembly in U.N. First of all, In 1950 and 1954, International Law Commission in the Draft code of Offences against the peace and Security of Mankind defined terrorism as one of the international crimes. After World War Ⅱ, due to frequently occurring hijacking, bomb explosion, violence against ambassadors and the attack of Munchen olympic village in 1972, Kurt Waldheim, the U.N. Secretary-General, asked that the regulation against terrorism against terrorism annexed in the agenda of the 27th U.N. General Assembly, and he established the ad hoc committee on terrorism through the General committee and the 6th (Law) Committee to report the prompt suggestion which consisted of 35 nations in Dec, 18 of the same year. The committee, however, couldn't suggest and discuss repeatedly without any achievement, and finally decided to present in the next session. Eventually, the movement of U.N. couldn't solve the problem of the terrorism except the denunciation, only organizations of U.N. made the conclusion about hijacking in each way, for instance, The Tokyo Convention of hijacking (1963), The Hague Convention(1970), The Montreal Convention(1971), The Convention on the Protection and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Person, including Diplomatic Agents(1973), The Convention of Prevent and Punish the Act of Terrorism taking the form of Crimes Against Persons and Related Extortion that are of International Significance91971), International Convention against the Taking of Hostage. In short, international terrorism is one of serious and the largest problems with which our society is facing. Not only every nation protect and regulate against a terrorism with domestic legislation, but also the world community should hold together and cooperate in counterattacking terrorism. As a result, the protection of human rights, International public order and safety will be maintained.

고속 머시닝센터의 성능평가 기술에 관한 연구

강익수,강명창,김정석,김기태 한국공작기계학회 2004 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2004 No.-

The high speed machining center(HMC) has been widely applied to manufacture a die and machine elements product in industrial field. Because the evaluation for HMC is not sufficiently performed, ineffective machining is occasionally conducted in machining industry. In this study, the dynamic characteristics of newly developed machining center is evaluated under running condition and the machinability is investigated experimentally. Also, the in-process measuring instrument which can measure the tool wear on the machine were developed by using the CCD and exclusive jig and calibration instrument for tool wear measurement.

실과 재배영역의 실습에 대한 초등교사들의 인식

진익수,정연옥 晋州敎育大學校 初等敎育硏究所 2003 初等敎育硏究 Vol.13 No.-