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Technical requirements for cultured meat production: a review
( Sivasubramanian Ramani ),( Deunsol Ko ),( Bosung Kim ),( Changjun Cho ),( Woosang Kim ),( Cheorun Jo ),( Chang-Kyu Lee ),( Jungsun Kang ),( Sunjin Hur ),( Sungkwon Park ) 한국축산학회 2021 한국축산학회지 Vol.63 No.4
Environment, food, and disease have a selective force on the present and future as well as our genome. Adaptation of livestock and the environmental nexus, including forest encroachment for anthropological needs, has been proven to cause emerging infectious diseases. Further, these demand changes in meat production and market systems. Meat is a reliable source of protein, with a majority of the world population consumes meat. To meet the increasing demands of meat production as well as address issues, such as current environmental pollution, animal welfare, and outbreaks, cellular agriculture has emerged as one of the next industrial revolutions. Lab grown meat or cell cultured meat is a promising way to pursue this; however, it still needs to resemble traditional meat and be assured safety for human consumption. Further, to mimic the palatability of traditional meat, the process of cultured meat production starts from skeletal muscle progenitor cells isolated from animals that proliferate and differentiate into skeletal muscle using cell culture techniques. Due to several lacunae in the current approaches, production of muscle replicas is not possible yet. Our review shows that constant research in this field will resolve the existing constraints and enable successful cultured meat production in the near future. Therefore, production of cultured meat is a better solution that looks after environmental issues, spread of outbreaks, antibiotic resistance through the zoonotic spread, food and economic crises.
Sivasubramanian M.,Boopathi C. S. 대한전기학회 2021 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.16 No.6
A novel seven-level boost active-neutral-point-clamped (7LB-ANPC) inverter topology is presented in this paper. The structure of the inverter topology comprises of the combination of a cross-connected switched capacitor and T type neutral point clamped inverter with eight switches, four diodes, and one fl oating capacitor. The analysis begins with the study of detailed modes of operation where the steady state and dynamic behaviour are presented under diff erent loading conditions. To achieve a balanced fl oating capacitor voltage, a phase disposition multi-carrier modulation technique is used. By integrating a single fl oating capacitor, the voltage is balanced without any sensors and gain is increased by 1.5 times. The benefi ts of the proposed topology are less number of switching devices, low switching and conduction losses, also the fl oating capacitor voltage is self-balanced with good boosting ability, the measured THD values of voltage and current are 4.1% and 1.1% correspondingly and these values are less than the IEEE 519. Furthermore, to authorize the superiority of the proposed topology, its confi gurations are compared with existing inverter topologies. A prototype model is developed for validating the simulation results.
Carboxymethyl dextran-cyclodextrin conjugate as the carrier of doxorubicin.
Sivasubramanian, Maharajan,Thambi, Thavasyappan,Deepagan, V G,Saravanakumar, Gurusamy,Ko, Hyewon,Kang, Young Mo,Park, Jae Hyung American Scientific Publishers 2013 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.13 No.11
<P>The carboxymethyl dextran-y-cyclodextrin (CMD-yCD) conjugate was prepared as the carrier for the delivery of the poorly water-soluble anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX). The conjugate could form self-assembled nanoparticles (315 nm in diameter) in an aqueous solution, which might be due to the hydrogen bonding among yCD molecules in the conjugate. DOX was effectively encapsulated into CMD-yCD nanoparticles (CMD-NPs) by the emulsion method. In particular, regardless of the feed amount of DOX, its loading efficiencies were always greater than 70%. CMD-NPs released DOX in a sustained manner, owing to the inclusion complex formation between DOX and yCD. When Cy5.5-labeled CMD-NPs were treated with SCC7 cancer cells, strong fluorescence signals were observed at the cytosol, indicating effective intracellular uptake. In addition, DOX-loaded CMD-NPs exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity to SCC7 cancer cells. However, the empty nanoparticles did not show toxicity to the cells, implying their high biocompatibility. Overall, these results suggest that the CMD-gammaCD conjugate could be a useful carrier for the delivery of DOX.</P>
Sivasubramanian, Maharajan,Park, Jae-Hyung The Korean Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and 2010 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.40 No.4
The hyaluronic acid (HA) conjugate bearing $\alpha$-cyclodextrin ($\alpha$-CD) was synthesized as the potential carrier of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-drug conjugates. The HA conjugate was prepared by the reaction between the carboxylic acid of HA and the primary amine of $\alpha$-CD in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. The chemical structure of the conjugate was confirmed using $^1H$ NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. The conjugate could form nano-sized particles in the presence of PEG by forming the inclusion complexes between $\alpha$-CD at the backbone of HA, which was demonstrated using electrophoretic light scattering and field emission transmission electron microscopy. It is anticipated that this novel kind of nanoparticles can serve as a useful delivery system for PEGylated drugs.
Cyclodextrin-based nanocomplexes for sustained delivery of human growth hormone.
Sivasubramanian, Maharajan,Lee, Joon-Youl,Kim, Kap Jin,Saravanakumar, Gurusamy,Kang, Young Mo,Park, Jae Hyung American Scientific Publishers 2013 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.13 No.11
<P>The use of human growth hormone (hGH) as a therapeutic protein has been limited by its instability in biological fluids and short biological half-life in vivo. In this study, glycol chitosan (GC) bearing beta-cyclodextrin (GC-betaCD) as the carrier of hGH was synthesized by the covalent attachment of a carboxymethyl derivative of betaCD to the GC backbone via amide bond formation. The GC-betaCD conjugate could form self-assembled nanoparticles (340 nm in mean diameter) in an aqueous solution, resulting from hydrogen bonding among betaCDs at the backbone of the conjugate. hGH was effectively encapsulated into the nanoparticles because of hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic cavity of betaCD and alkyl or aromatic groups of amino acids in hGH. From the in vitro release experiments, it was found that the nanoparticles released hGH in a sustained manner for 9 days. Overall, the GC-betaCD conjugate might be a promising carrier for sustained delivery of hGH.</P>
High capacity multi‐bit data hiding based on modified histogram shifting technique
Nandhini Sivasubramanian,Gunaseelan Konganathan,Yeragudipati Venkata Ramana Rao 한국전자통신연구원 2018 ETRI Journal Vol.40 No.5
A novel data hiding technique based on modified histogram shifting that incorporates multi‐bit secret data hiding is proposed. The proposed technique divides the image pixel values into embeddable and nonembeddable pixel values. Embeddable pixel values are those that are within a specified limit interval surrounding the peak value of an image. The limit interval is calculated from the number of secret bits to be embedded into each embeddable pixel value. The embedded secret bits can be perfectly extracted from the stego image at the receiver side without any overhead bits. From the simulation, it is found that the proposed technique produces a better quality stego image compared to other data hiding techniques, for the same embedding rate. Since the proposed technique only embeds the secret bits in a limited number of pixel values, the change in the visual quality of the stego image is negligible when compared to other data hiding techniques.