Complete ¹H-NMR and <SUP>13</SUP>C-NMR spectral assignment of five malonyl ginsenosides from the fresh flower buds of Panax ginseng

Yu-Shuai Wang,Yin-Ping Jin,Wei Gao,Sheng-Yuan Xiao,Yu-Wei Zhang,Pei-He Zheng,Jia Wang,Jun-Xia Liu,Cheng-He Sun,Ying-Ping Wang 고려인삼학회 2016 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.40 No.3

Background: Ginsenosides are the major effective ingredients responsible for the pharmacological effects of ginseng. Malonyl ginsenosides are natural ginsenosides that contain a malonyl group attached to a glucose unit of the corresponding neutral ginsenosides. Methods: Medium-pressure liquid chromatography and semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography were used to isolate purified compounds and their structures determined by extensive one-dimensional- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. Results: A new saponin, namely malonyl-ginsenoside Re, was isolated from the fresh flower buds of Panax ginseng, along with malonyl-ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd. Some assignments for previously published ¹H- and <SUP>13</SUP>C-NMR spectra were found to be inaccurate. Conclusion: This study reports the complete NMR assignment of malonyl-ginsenoside Re, Rb₁, Rb₂, Rc, and Rd for the first time.

Extraction, Distribution, and Precipitation Mechanism of TiN–MnS Complex Inclusions in Al-Killed Titanium Alloyed Interstitial Free Steel

Shuai Gao,Min Wang,Jian‑long Guo,Hao Wang,Jian‑guo Zhi,Yan‑ping Bao 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.5

The TiN–MnS complex inclusions in Al-killed titanium alloyed interstitial free steel were extracted from the slabs using anelectrolytic aqueous solution method. Scanning electron microscopy with energy spectroscopy analysis and an automaticscanning electron microscope were employed to analyze the size and distribution of TiN–MnS inclusions in the thicknessdirection of the slab. It was found that TiN–MnS complex inclusions were primarily concentrated in the 1/4 thickness directionfrom the inner and outer surfaces, and the size of the complex inclusions in the slab center was approximately 8 μm.TiN began to precipitate when the solidification rate reached 0.646–0.680 in the δ phase, and MnS would appear in the γphase when the solidification rate exceeded 0.450 through thermodynamic analysis. Also, the formation mechanism of thecomplex TiN–MnS was investigated under a crystal structure during solidification.

Superluminescent diode integrated with monitor photodiode

Zhou Shuai,Liu Kun,Li Peng,Pang Fu-Bin,Zhang Jing,Kong Xiang-Ping,Duan Li-Hua,Zhang Chang-Chun 한국물리학회 2023 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.82 No.2

Ridge-waveguide superluminescent diodes with integrated rear-side monitoring photodiode have been fabricated. When electrical isolation trench is not etched to active layer, the leakage current of monitoring photodiode is determined by the resistance between active region electrode and monitoring photodiode electrode, i.e. the resistance multiplied by the leakage current approximately equals to 0.8 V. In order to reduce the leakage current of monitoring photodiode, the electrical isolation trench must be etched into substrate layer. In addition, the electrical isolation trench has to be far enough away from the active region so that the superluminescent diode could achieve small spectral ripple.

Dynamic Unloading Instability Mechanism of Underground Cavern Based on Seepage-Damage Coupling

Li-Ping Li,Wenfeng Tu,Zongqing Zhou,Shao-shuai Shi,Mingguang Zhang,Yuxue Chen 대한토목학회 2020 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.24 No.5

The seepage-damage coupling effect will aggravate the instability of the surrounding rock during the unloading process of underground cavern excavation. Considering this coupling effect and excavation disturbance, the theoretical solution of the stress state of surrounding rock is derived by using the elastic-brittle damage model. The dynamic criterion of the instability and water inrush is presented. Based on the theoretical derivation, the calculation program for the seepage-damage analysis of the surrounding rock under dynamic unloading is programmed, and the seepage flow and the radius of the damage zone of the surrounding rock are calculated. By analysing the variation of radius of the damaged zone with pore water pressure and excavation radius under different calculation conditions, the influence of dynamic unloading disturbance on the damaged zone of the surrounding rock is discussed. The radius of the damaged zone increases with the pore water pressure and excavation radius. Considering the effect of dynamic unloading, the calculation result of the damaged zone radius and seepage discharge of underground cavern are much larger than the theoretical calculation and coupling calculation of seepage-damage without dynamic unloading. Research methods and results can provide guidance and reference for similar engineering research.

Highly active bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts derived from nickel- or cobalt-phytic acid xerogel for zinc-air batteries

Wang, Shuai,Nam, Gyutae,Li, Ping,Jang, Haeseong,Wang, Jia,Kim, Min Gyu,Wu, Zexing,Liu, Xien,Cho, Jaephil The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Nanoscale Vol.10 No.33

<P>Developing highly efficient non-noble metal electrocatalysts for oxygen electrode reactions is highly desirable for industrial scale application in energy related devices. Herein, two new kinds of Ni (POxN3−x)2/NPC and Co (POxN3−x)2/NPC (NPC: N, P-co-doped carbon) are synthesized through a facile post-treatment of nickel- or cobalt-phytic acid xerogel, followed by an annealing procedure under an argon and ammonia atmosphere at 800 °C. The as-prepared catalysts exhibit outstanding catalytic activities for both the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, which are comparable to those of Pt/C and IrO2. Furthermore, the primary zinc-air batteries assembled with Ni (POxN3−x)2/NPC and Co (POxN3−x)2/NPC as the cathodes show gravimetric energy densities of 894 and 836 W h kgZn<SUP>−1</SUP>, which are superior to that of Pt/C (793 W h kgZn<SUP>−1</SUP>). In addition, the rechargeable zinc-air battery assembled with Ni (POxN3−x)2/NPC exhibits an excellent round-trip efficiency, which is shown by a slight increase in the sum of the overpotentials for discharge-charge cycling at a current density of 20 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP>, even after experiencing 33 h of testing. To the best of our knowledge, there are few reports on metaphosphate salts where oxygen is partially replaced by nitrogen as bifunctional oxygen electrode catalysts for zinc-air batteries. This work provides an easy, low-cost and scalable avenue to develop new kinds of catalyst for application in energy devices.</P>

Coefficient of Restitution and Kinetic Energy Loss of Rockfall Impacts

Li-Ping Li,Shang-qu Sun,Shucai Li,Qian-qing Zhang,Cong Hu,Shao-shuai Shi 대한토목학회 2016 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.20 No.6

This paper presents the results of the coefficient of restitution and the kinetic energy loss rate obtained by lab experiment, two parameters that are crucial for rockfall impact. However, various definitions of coefficient of restitution exist and the most appropriate one is still not formed and obtained. In addition, the energy variation during the rockfall impacts has important significance in practical design. In this research, two kind shapes of blocks including plate and strip were adopted in the laboratory testing and the block material was tested before, indicating that the material has sufficient strength to prevent shattering during the impact. Furthermore, an apparatus specifically built for this study was established including a base, a slope and a releasing device. The falling testing was performed using plate and strip block while the falling height as well as the slope angle and releasing height were altered during the tests in order to estimate the effect of each parameter on the coefficients of restitution and energy loss rate. It was observed that collision reflection angle is less than impact angle for all, suggesting energy loss in collision. Impact angle decreases with increasing slope angle while there was no obvious effect of releasing height and releasing angle on impact angle. The relevant coefficient of restitution was found to decrease with impact angle, and the kinetic energy loss rate increased. Finally, the kinetic energy before and after the impact was found to significantly affect the COR and energy loss rate and the results can provide basis for mitigation measures.

公司人權義務的國際規制: 內容、問題與發展 -以 <跨國公司和其他工商企業在人權方面的責任準則> 爲核心

류평 ( Ping Liu ),풍수 ( Shuai Feng ) 제주대학교 법과정책연구소 2015 국제법무 Vol.7 No.1

국제법의 전통적 이론에 따라, 기업은 민간영역으로, 국내법에서만 감독을 받아야 하고 국제법과는 아무런 관련이 없지만 인권보호는 국제법을 포함하는 국가적인 문제가 되어야 한다. 따라서, 기업과 인권 보호 사이에 교차지점이 존재하지 않았다. 그러나 최근 수십년 동안, 일련의 인권 침해 문제는 기업에 의해 발생 되었으며, 따라서 언 권 보호단체는 세계의 공동 노력을 요구하고 있다. 특히 경제의 세계화의 시 대에서 인권문제는 더 민감하고, 어렵고 복장하게 되었으며, 이는 국제법의 대 상이 아니므로 기엽은 더 이상 인권 보호의 책임을 피할수 없다. 인권에 관한 다국적 기업 및 기타 비즈니스 기업의 책임 에 대한규범은 종 합이고 체계적으로 인권 보호, 인도주의, 국제 노동 보호, 환경 보호, 및 소비 자의 권리 및 이익 보호와 관련된 기업의 인권 보호를 설명한 최초의 국제법 적 문서이다. 범위의 규범적 보편성, 내용의 확산성 및 직접적 명령의 유효성 때문에, 이 문서는 인권위반에 대한 기업의 책임에 대한 주목할 만한 기념비적 지침서 중 하나로 간주되었다. 그러나 "국제 기업. "회사의 음모" 및 "활동과 영향력의 범위"의 규범의 모호한 표현과, 광범위한 규제의 반대, 기엽의 인권 의무에 대한 자기규제의 미숙성, 법원 관할에 관한 모호성과 다른 절차적 문제 때문에, 그것은 유엔 인권 위원회 에 제출되었을 때 최종 투표에서 부결 되었다 비즈니스와 인권 에 대한 기본원칙 · 유엔 "보호, 존중, 구제" 프레임 워크실행은 2011년에 통과 되었지만, 기업의 인권 의 국제 규제 의 측면에서 규범의 중요성 때문에, 그것은 오랜 기간 동안 이론과 실제 연구에 큰 영향을 끼치고 있다. 기업의 사회적 책임의 국제 개발을 통해서 기업의 인권 의무에 대한 국제 규제가 국제기업의 범위를 명확히 하고 학계에서 제기한 ``직접공범``, ``간점공 범``,``침묵공범``, 및 ``기업공모``의 분류를 상담하고, 활동과 영향의 표현을 해석 하데 적용되는 모습을 보는 것은 그리 어렵지 않을 것이다 반면, 기업의 인권 의무는 WTO를 간접적이고 부정적인 규정에서 직접적이고 적극적인 규정으로의 주요 플랫폼으로 간주할 것이고, 또한 원래 의무의 근간위에 법적구제장치를 마련하고, 인권을 국제적, 국가적 차원에서 보호할 것이다. In the traditional theory of international law, corporation was private actor, which should be only regulated by domestic law, having nothing to do with the international law, while the human rights protection should be the issue of the country, involving the international law. Therefore, there exists no intersection between corporation and human rights protection. However, in recent decades, a series of human rights violations have been caused by the corporations, and the human rights protection calls for the joint efforts of the world. Especially in the era of globalization of economy, the issue of human rights has been more sensitive, difficult and complex, and corporation can no longer escape the responsibility of human rights protection as it is not the subject in the international law. The Norms on the Responsibility of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights was the first international legal document that comprehensively and systematically described the corporation``s human rights protection, which involved human rights protection, humanitarian, international labor protection, environmental protection, and the consumers`` rights and interests protection, Because of the Norms`` universality of the scope, prevalence of the content, and the directness and mandatory of the validity, it was considered as one of the notable landmarks on the road of the corporation``s responsibility for human rights violation. But due to the Norms`` vague expression of the "international corporations", "company conspiracy", and "scope of the activity and influence", and wide regulating object, undeveloped self-regulation of the corporation``s human rights obligation, ambiguous jurisdiction of the courts and other procedural matters, etc. it was failed to pass in the final vote when submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee. The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations "Protect, Respect and Remedy" Framework has been passed in 2011, but with the significance of the Norms in the aspect of international regulation of the corporation``s human rights, it would continue having great effects on theoretical and practical study within a long period of time. Throughout the international development of the corporate social responsibility, it is not difficult to see that the international regulation of the corporation``s human rights obligations will apply itself to further clarify the scope of the "international corporations", consult the classification of the "direct accomplice", "indirect accomplice" and "silent accomplice" of the "company conspiracy" that suggested by the academic field, and interpret the expression of the "scope of the activity and influence". Meanwhile, the corporation``s human rights obligations will regard the World Trade Organization as a main platform from indirect, negative regulation to direct and active regulation, set legal remedies on the basis of the original obligations, and protect the human rights at the international and domestic levels.

Numerical analysis and fluid-solid coupling model test of filling-type fracture water inrush and mud gush

Li, Li-Ping,Chen, Di-Yang,Li, Shu-Cai,Shi, Shao-Shuai,Zhang, Ming-Guang,Liu, Hong-Liang Techno-Press 2017 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.13 No.6

The geological conditions surrounding the Jijiapo Tunnel of the Three Gorges Fanba Highway project in Hubei Province are very complex. In this paper, a 3-D physical model was carried out to study the evolution process of filling-type fracture water inrush and mud gush based on the conditions of the section located between 16.040 km and 16.042 km of the Jijiapo Tunnel. The 3-D physical model was conducted to clarify the effect of the self-weight of the groundwater level and tunnel excavation during water inrush and mud gush. The results of the displacement, stress and seepage pressure of fracture and surrounding rock in the physical model were analyzed. In the physical model the results of the model test show that the rock displacement suddenly jumped after sustainable growth, rock stress and rock seepage suddenly decreased after continuous growth before water inrushing. Once water inrush occured, internal displacement of filler increased successively from bottom up, stress and seepage pressure of filler droped successively from bottom up, which presented as water inrush and mud gush of filling-type fracture was a evolving process from bottom up. The numerical study was compared with the model test to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the results of the model test.

<i>Orobanche cernua</i> Loefling Attenuates Ultraviolet B-mediated Photoaging in Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Gao, Wei,Wang, Yu-shuai,Qu, Zheng-yi,Hwang, Eunson,Ngo, Hien T. T.,Wang, Ying-ping,Bae, Jahyun,Yi, Tae-hoo Wiley (Blackwell Publishing) 2018 Photochemistry and photobiology Vol.94 No.4

<P>UV radiation is the primary cause of skin photoaging, which results in an increase in matrix metalloproteinases and degradation of collagen. Developing new natural antioxidant as photoprotective agents has become a popular area of research. Orobanche cernua Loefling is a parasitic plant that is rich in phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs). This study investigated the photoprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Orobanche cernua Loefling (OC) and its principal component acteoside on UVB-induced photoaging as well as their underlying molecular mechanisms in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). Biological testing demonstrated that OC and acteoside possessed significant photoprotective activities, reducing MMP and IL-6 levels while improving type-I procollagen synthesis in UVB-irradiated NHDFs. Further study showed that the protective mechanisms were the improvement of transcription factor Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defensive system, suppression of MAPK/AP-1 and activation of the TGF-/Smad pathway. Together, our results suggested that OC might be a promising antiphotoaging agent against UV radiation-induced skin damage.</P>

Methodology effects on determining the energy concentration and the apparent total tract digestibility of components in diets fed to growing pigs

Huang, Chengfei,Li, Ping,Ma, Xiaokang,Jaworski, Neil William,Stein, Hans-Henrik,Lai, Changhua,Zhao, Jinbiao,Zhang, Shuai Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.8

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different diet formulations: F1 (Two complicated basal diets containing different crude protein levels plus tested feedstuff) vs F2 (A simple corn soybean meal [SBM] basal diet plus tested feedstuff) combined with total collection (TC) or chromic oxide ($Cr_2O_3$) marker or acid-insoluble ash (AIA) marker method, and freeze-dry or oven-dry (OD) technique on estimation of nutrient digestibility in diets fed to growing pigs. Methods: In F1, twelve barrows were allocated to two $6{\times}4$ Youden Squares. The treatment diets included a high protein basal (HPB) diet, a low protein basal (LPB) diet, a corn diet and a wheat bran (WB) diet formulated based on the HPB diet, and a SBM diet and a rapeseed meal (RSM) diet formulated based on the LPB diet. In F2, eight barrows were allocated to two $4{\times}4$ Latin Squares. The treatment diets included a corn basal diet, a SBM basal diet formulated based on the corn diet, and a WB diet and a RSM diet formulated based on the SBM diet. Results: Concentration of digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME), and the apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy, ash, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre determined by $Cr_2O_3$ marker method were greater than those determined by TC and AIA marker methods in HPB, LPB, and RSM diets formulated by F1 and in corn diet formulated by F2 (p<0.05). The DE values in WB and both DE and ME values in SBM and RSM estimated using F1 were greater than those estimated using F2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: From the accuracy aspect, the AIA marker or TC method combined with OD technique is recommended for determining the energy concentration and nutrient digestibility of components in diets fed to growing pigs.