獨占과 反트러스트政策에 대한 小考 : 美國의 SHERMAN法 제정을 前後한 反트러스트 政策을 中心으로

申建熙 건국대학교 1988 論文集 Vol.27 No.1

Sherman Act that was passed in 1890 made it illegal to monopolize trade and outlawed all combination or conspiracy in restraint of trade. But it was adopeted with little discussion, indeed without attracting much attention of a favorable or unfavorable nature. Also there is no evidence that anyone had clear notions as to which actions were to be regarded as legal or illegal. Thus, to strengthen Sherman Act, The clayton Act was passed. It prohibites price discrimination to lessen competition, and mergers for this purpose formed by acquiring common stocks of competitiors. Moreover, in 1914 the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was established. This organization has powers to investigate, hold healing and issue cease - and - desist orders. The U. S. government has spent more and more money on lawyers and investigators to enforce dare to use group practices which used to be standard in American industry. Aside from civil and criminal suits initiated by government. Judges were tougher in their judgments. More and more they weaken the powers that a business firm has to exploit its patens, and its market advantages. Even after a carte has been decided against a company, it is not off the hook. It may feel forced to enter into consent decrees which bind It to follow certain policies, and the judge may for years afterward keep his careful eye on the performance. Anyway the Sherman and Clayton Acts have contributed enormously toward improving the degree of competition in the American society After world war II, the justice department and the courts have been increasingly vigorous in their prosecution of the anti - trust laws. It is because of that the economic evils of such imperfections transcend the mere matter of monopolistic profits : entry may cut out excess profits without bringing pries down to marginal costs ; overentry of imperfect competitiors may waste resources without giving the consumer the benefit of lower prices ; monopolistic and oligopolistic pricing above true marginal costs bring distortion of resource allocation even if the firms involved have their excess profits taxed away. It is not the profit a monopoly makes that constitutes its greatest evil, but rather its setting too high a price in is not spontaneously attained of enforceable, the problem of doling and approaching workable competition becomes paramount. As we have seen, the economist and the lawyer do not always see eye to eye. The economist often feels that lawyers and the courts have concentrated on the letter of the law, without defining its spirit with and precision. Thus sometimes complaints arise from frictions between firms, while giant companies that dominate a field and exorcise quiet monopoly power tend to be overlooked. Some cynics, even argued that the anti - trust laws encourage bigness, because in practice they are so much harsher on agreements between firms than on what the economist would consider the same price marginal cost discrepancies engineered by intrafirm practices that require no furtive meetings at midnight or incriminating letters. Too ofter the law regards various vigorous forms of competition that tend to reduce the discrepancy between price and marginal cost as climes rather than benefits. The legal mind is not so much concerned with the distortion of price, which it has no means of measuring, as it is with the methords by which prices are set. Legal technicalities rather than economic realities have often been dominant. The act of monopolizing has been target than the condition of existing monopoly. Punishment after the fact rather than prevention of bad market behavior and bad market structure has often been emphsized. And the distinction between bad market structure and bad or unreasonable market conduct has often been blunted by the legal mind. Evidently there is an unresolved conflict here, and all that can be said at that economists tend on the whole to lean toward the market structure view point. There are five major parts to this paper. In the first part, historical background of monopolistic theory from Adam Smith to Sherman Act will be reviewed. In the second part, some monopolistic theories after the Sherman Act will be discussed. Third part will discuss the policies of anti - trust and its economic effects on the monopolistic business. Fourth part will discuss how economists can influence to the anti - trust policy. In the fifth part, some impacts on the policy of antitrust and some effects on economists will be examined.

급성 심근 경색증과 혈장 Paraoxonase activity와의 관계

김건영,윤상준,박근호,조영신,장성종,장경식,홍순표 조선대학교 부설 의학연구소 2000 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.25 No.1

연구배경: 혈장 파라옥소나제의 감소는 HDL-cholesterol의 항 산화작용의 중요한 요소로 알려져 있어 이의 감소는 항산화작용의 저하로 인해 동맥경화의 진행을 촉진시킬 수 있어 허혈성심장병의 주요 위험인자로 추정하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 급성 심근 경색증 환자를 대상으로 혈장 파라옥소나제의 활성도를 측정하여 정상군과 비교하여 혈장 파라옥소나제 활성도의 감소가 급성 심근 경색증의 위험인자인지 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 급성 심근 경색증으로 입원한 39 명의 환자(남자 : 여자 = 19 : 20, 평균나이: 61±4.3세)와 정상 대조군 36명(남자 : 여자 = 17 : 19, 평균나이: 55±10세)을 대상으로 정맥혈을 채혈 후 파라옥소나제 활성도와 LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol를 측정하였다. 두 군간의 비교는 Student T-test를 이용하였다. 결과: 건강 대조군과 급성 심근 경색 환자군 간에 측정치를 비교해본 결과 혈장 콜레스테롤 수치는 182.10± 12mg/dl, 194.87± 40mg/dl이고 HDL 콜레스테롤은 54±5.4mg/dl, 37.52± 13mg/dl 였다. LDL 콜레스테롤은 94.45±13mg/d1, 122±34mg/d1로 급성 심근 경색증 환자의 경우 통계학적으로 의미있는 차이를 보였다. (P<0.05). 그러나 혈장 파라옥소나제 활성도는 건강 대조군 112.35±15U/ml, 급성심근 경색증 환자군 96.10±43.50U/ml로 급성 심근 경색증 환자군이 건강 대조군에 비해 낮은 수치를 보이는 경향이 있었으나 통계학적으로 유의한 차이(P=0.071)는 보이지 않았다(Table 2참조). Background : Human plasma paraoxonase is a HDL-associated ester hydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosphates, aromatic carboxylic acid esters and carbamates. HDL has been implicated in the prevention of LDL lipid peroxidation. Low paraoxonase activity in the Plasma may have responsibility to the development of coronary artery disease partially because oxidized LDL has intimate relationship with atherosclerosis. We studied plasma paraoxonase activities in the plasma of acute myocardial infarction patients in order to evaluate the relationship between these enzyme activities and the acute myocardial infarction. Materials and Methods : plasma samples were obtained from 39 individuals with acute myocardial infarction(M: 19 cases, F: 20cases, mean age: 61(4.3 years) and 36 individuals of healthy control(M: 17 cases, F: 19cases, mean age: 55(10 years). We determined paraoxonase activities, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol &DL-cholesterol levels in the plasma samples. Paraoxonase activities were measured spectrophoto metrically in 0.1M Tris-HCl buffer (pH=7.4) at 25℃ with paraoxon as substrate(5.5mM) at 405 nm. We used student T-test to compare the results of both groups. Results : Comparison of the results between myocardial infarction patients and normal control groups revealed that plasma total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels showed statistically significant differences between groups but plasma paraoxonase activity does not. Conclusion : Our study showed that there was no significant difference of plasma paraoxonase activity between acute myocardial infarction and normal population. So low plasma paraoxonase activity may not be a risk factor of acute myocardial infarction. but further prospective large scale study will be needed to conclude.

방사선 사진과 디지탈 영상에서 실험적 치근 이개부 병소의 감지도에 관한 연구

이건일,신형식,유형근 大韓口腔顎顔面 放射線學會 1995 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.25 No.1

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinician's detectability in the diagnosis of bone loss in the bifurcation of mandibular molars on periapical radiographs and Digital images. Periapical radiographs were obtained of the first molars in 2 dry mandibles after preparation of bony defects corresponding to degree Ⅰ, degree Ⅱ and degree Ⅲ buccal furcation involvements. The radiographs were randomly presented to 39 clinicians(1 oral radiologist, 4 periodontist, 34 general dentists) who were asked to determine the presence or absence of bone loss. Periapical films were digitized with a TV camera. Digital images were assessed by 15 clinicians(1 oral radiologist, 4 periodontist, 10 general dentists). 1.the overall diagnostic accuracy of Digital images for detection of bone loss in the bifurcation of mandibular molars was higher than that of the periapical radiographs. 2.the largest increase in diagnostic accuracy was found between lesion grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ on both radiographs and Digital images(P<0.05). 3.there was no significant difference between the standard state and the controlled contrast state on Digital images. 4.the overall diagnostic accuracy of 1 radiologist and 4 periodontists was better than that of the general dentists for detecting bifurcation involvements.

깁스표본기법을 이용한 와이블분포의 위험률에 대한 베이즈추정

조건호,이우동,신양규,윤용화 慶山大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1998 基礎科學 Vol.2 No.1

와이블분포를 따르는 표본을 이용하여 위험률을 베이지안 방법을 이용하여 추정한다. 깁스표본법을 베이지안 추정에서 사후확률의 분포를 구하는 방법에 적용하여 위험률에 대한 사후분포와 주변사후분포를 추정하는 방법을 제안한다. 그리고, 9개의 가솔린 정류에서 쓴 sdufwjsekfrlrn(heat exchanger)에 대한 수명시간자료를 이용하여 제안된 방법으로 위험률에 대한 베이즈추정량을 구하고 최우추정량과 비교한다. In this paper, a Bayesian estimation of the hazard rate function of Weibull distribution is considered. Using Gibbs sampling approach, the posterior distribution of hazard and Bayes estimator of hazard are presented. Using 9 heat exchanger data, the proposed method is illustrated.

청소년 ADHD 평가 도구 개발을 위한 예비연구 : CASS(S)의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY FOR CASS(S)

반건호,신민섭,조수철,홍강의 대한소아청소년정신의학회 2001 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.12 No.2

주의력결핍과잉운동장애(ADHD)는 소아질환으로 생각되었으나, 청소년과 성인에서도 문제가 되는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 질환의 유병율이 2.0∼14.3%로 다양하게 보고되고 있는데, 그 이유로는 질병 정의 기준의 차이, 평가방법의 차이 외에 연구대상자의 연령 차이 때문 등을 생각할 수 있다. 따라서 소아, 청소년, 성인을 대상으로 각각 적용가능한 ADHD 평가도구가 필요하다. 본 연구는 청소년에게 사용가능한 ADHD 유병율 평가도구의 개발을 위하여 Conners-Wells' Adolescent Self-Report Scale(Short Form)[CASS(S)]을 번안하여 신뢰도와 타당도를 확인하고자 하였다. CASS(S)는 세 명의 정신과 전문의와 임상심리전문가 한 명이 번안, 수정하였다. 공존타당도 및 검사-재검사 신뢰도를 보기 위하여 K-YSR 중 주의력 관련 9문항과 번안된 CASS(S)를 서울 시내 중학교에서 학년당 한 학급씩 선택하여 삼 개 학년에게 2주 간격으로 실시하였다(총인원 115명 : 남학생 58명, 여학생 57명). 신뢰도 평가를 위하여 내적일관성을 나타내는 Cronbach's alpha를 구하였다. 구성타당도를 알아보기 위하여 요인분석을 실시하였다. 요인분석을 위한 검사대상은 전국의 중고교생 4,354명으로 하였다. 연구결과 공존타당도를 알아보는 상관계수는 .65(p<.01), 검사-재검사 신뢰도를 알아보는 Pearson 상관계수는 .83으로 만족할 만한 수준이었다. 내적 일관성은 Cronbach's alpha .88로 만족할만한 수준이었다. 요인분석 결과 품행문제, 과잉행동문제, 인지문제의 세 가지 요인으로 나타났다. Although Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) has been considered as the disorder occurring during childhood, the prevalence is increasing among adolescents and adults. The prevalence rate varies from 2.0 to 14.3% due to the difference of diagnostic criteria, different assessment methods, or subjects' age difference. Therefore, it needs to make age specific(i.e., for children, for adolescents, and for adults) assessment tools. Authors translated Conners-Wells Adolescents Self-Report Scales(short form)[CASS(S) in to Korean to get validity and reliability as a way of development of assessment tool for adolescent with ADHD in Korea. CASS(S) was translated and corrtected by three psychiatrists and one clinical psychologist. To examine the concurrent validity and test-retest validity, CASS(S) was applied with K-YSR on one class of each grade in a middle school in Seoul with two week interval(total 115 : male 58, female 57). To test validity, authors analysed and got Cronbach's as internal consistency. Construct validity was done by principal axis factor analysis on 4,354 students. As a result, Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency was .88, Pearson coefficient for test-retest reliability .83, and coefficient for concurrent validity .65. And in the factor analysis to examine construct validity, three factors were revealed as cognition, hyperactivity, and conduct. These results shows that CASS(S) may be useful tool for adolescents with ADHD, although there was a limit not to be done the comparison with clinical groups.

경안면 괴사성 근막염의 처치

김신유,이봉서,권대근,김종배 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 2003 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.25 No.4

Necrotizing fasciitis is a rapidly progressive soft tissue infection with high mortality rates, characterized by diffus necrosos of fascia and subcutaneous tissue. It most commonly affects the abdominal wall, the perineum and the extermities, but head and neck involvement can occur. Patients often have an underlying systemic disease such as diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, malntrition or chronic renal failure. Successful management of this life-threatening condition requires early diagnosis, prompt institution of broad spectrum antibiotics and aggressive surgical intervention combined with supportive care such as airway maintenance anf hyperbaric oxygen therapy. We reviewed cervicofacial necrotizing fasciitis in Korea with our cases, and pathophysilogy, diagnisis and treatment of this patentially lethal entity were investigated.

서비스품질이 점포충성도에 미치는 영향 : 중국 진출 외국 할인점들을 중심으로

蔡卉蔡;辛建澈 경희대학교 산업관계연구소 2010 産硏論叢 Vol.35 No.-

중국의 급속한 성장에 따라, 중국인들의 생활수준은 엄청난 진보를 이루어왔다. 동시에, 그들의 소비 패턴 또한 빠르게 변화하고 있다. 중국인들의 엄청난 구매력을 고려하여, 많은 국제적인 할인점들이 중국 시장에 진입하였다. 이러한 거대한 다국적기업들이 북경 도시지역에서 그들의 활동을 지속적으로 확장해 왔지만, 서비스 품질과 고객충성도와의 관계에 대한 연구는 없었다. 그러므로 본 저자는 외국 할인점들에 대한 소비자 만족도의 정도와 점포 충성도에 대한 서비스 품질의 영향을 분석하였다. 네 가지의 주요 외국 할인점, 즉, 미국의 월마트, 프랑스의 까르프, 일본의 이토-요카도, 한국의 롯데마트 등을 대상으로 결과를 도출하였다. Along with the rapid development of Chinese economy, Chinese standard of living has achieved a significant improvement. At the same time, their consumption pattern is also rapidly changing. In order to take advantage of enormous purchasing power, many international discount stores entered Chinese market. Although these multinational giants continued to expand their operation in Beijing metro area, there is no research about the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty. Therefore, we analyzed the degree of consumer satisfaction on foreign discount stores and the influence of service quality on store loyalty. The current study used four major foreign discount stores such as Wal-Mart from the U.S., Carrefour from France, Ito-Yokado from Japan and Lotte-Mart from Korea.

상악골과 비사골동에 이환된 백악질 골화성 섬유종(cemento-ssifying fibroma)의 치험례

권대현,김신유,남정순,구명숙,이봉서,권대근,김종배 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 2001 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.23 No.6

The cemento-ossifying fibroma is a benign fibro-osseous tumor that may behave in an aggressive pattern. Although found predominantly in the mandible, most of these unusual tumors may arise in the maxilla and paranasal sinuses. Especially these lesion in the maxilla and sinuses behave more aggressively and are more prone to recur compared to mandibular counterparts. Therefore, more radical approach may be recommended than expectant observation or curettage in the initial management of this neoplasm. This is a case report of cemento-ossifying fibroma extended to maxillary sinus and naso-ethmoidal area treated by wide surgical excision after repeated conservative treatments.

맥주오염미생물의 동정과 specific PCR primer의한 신속한 검출 방법

이택인,최신건 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 2008 産業技術硏究 Vol.28 No.A

Several contaminated bacteria such as Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus damnosus in beer production cause beer spoilage by producing off flavours and turbidity. Detection of these organisms is complicated by the strict anaerobic conditions and lengthy incubation times required for their cultivation, consequently there is a need for more rapid detection methods. Recently, two contaminated strains were isolated from vessel of beer production and identified as Lactobacillus species by API kit identificaton as well as 16S-23S ITS sequencing analyses. Two isolated strains were named as Lactobacillus sp. HLAl and Lactobacillus HLB2, respectively. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for the rapid and specific detection of Lactobacillus sp.. Two sets of primer pairs (HLA1-F/HLA1-R and HLB2-F/HLB2-R) were designed for the amplification of a 1576 base pair (bp) fragment of the HLA1 16S-23S rRNA gene and 1888 bp fragement of the HLB2 16S-23S rRNA. Amplified PCR products were highly specific to detect corresponding bacteria when other contaminated strains were used as PCR templates. However, detection of both strains were limited when 100 ㎕ of cultured samples were mixed with 100 ㎕ of beer sample in arbitrary manner. The sensitivity of the assay still needs to be improved for direct detection of the small amounts of bacteria present in beer.

빙핵활성단백질의 N-terminal 부분을 이용한 녹색형광단백질의 Zymomonas mobilis 세포 표면 발현

이은모,최신건 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 2009 産業技術硏究 Vol.29 No.B

Green fluorescent protein (GFPuv) was displayed on the surface of ethanol-producing bacteria Zymomonas mobilis using N-terminal domain of ice nucleation protein (INP) as an anchoring motif. To evaluate the ice nucleation protein as plausible anchor motif in Z. mobilis, GFPuv gene was subcloned into Zymomonas expression vector yielding pBBR1MCS-3/pPDC/INPN/GFPuv plasmid., INP-GFPuv fusion protein was expressed in Z. mobilis and its fluorescence was verified by confocal microscopy. The successful display of GFPuv on Zymomonas mobilis suggest that INP anchor motif could be used for future fusion partner in Z. mobilis strain improvement.