Foreign Direct Investment and It’s Impact of Economic Growth: Nepal Case

Shiba-Raj Pokharel(포카렐 쉬바라저),Sang-Lae LEE(이상래),Bishnu-Prasad Pokharel(포카렐 비스누 프라사드) 전북대학교 산업경제연구소 2013 아태경상저널 Vol.5 No.1

오늘날 많은 개발도상 국가들이 경제발전의 도구로서 외국인 직접투자(FDI)를 유치하기 위해 노력하고 있다. 네팔은 남아시아에서 가장 자유주의적 국가이고 FDI를 유치하기 위하여 다양한 정책을 펼치고 있지만, 남아시아지역협력연합(SAARC)에서 FDI가 적은 국가 중 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 1990년부터 2010년까지 네팔의 경제성장과 FDI의 관계를 검증하였다. 구체적으로 네팔의 FDI 유치에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 조사하고, 이러한 요인들과 FDI의 관계를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 세계경제지표(WEI, 2012), 국제통화기금(IMF), 네팔 상경부에서 수집한 자료를 가지고 선형회귀분석을 사용하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 네팔의 FDI는 시장 규모와 정(+)의 강한 상관관계가 있음이 밝혀졌다. 노동력 및 GDP는 FDI와 정(+)의 상관관계를 보였으나 유의적이지 않았다. 결론적으로 FDI는 네팔의 경제성장에 긍정적으로 기여하고 있으며, 보다 많은 FDI를 유치하기 위하여 적극적으로 무역을 개방하고 국내투자를 활성화 하여야 할 것으로 보인다. Today many countries strive to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) because of its acknowledged benefits as a tool of economic development and Nepal is also one of them. In this paper, we study the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Nepal for the period 1990-2010. For this study, we, investigate the factors that affect FDI inflows to Nepal and analyze the empirical relationship between FDI and these factors. We used secondary data sources from the World Economic Indicator (2012), International Monetary Fund, Department of Industry, Commerce and Supply of Nepal. Data are analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results indicate that FDI in Nepal is strongly and positively correlated to market size. It is also positively correlated to the labor force and GDP but not significant between them. FDI contributes positively to economic growth and the components of FDI do have a positive impact.

Remittance and Informal Money Transfer Systems

Shiba Raj POKHAREL(포카렐 쉬바라저),Bishnu Prasad POKHAREL(포가렐 비스누 프라사드),Young-Soo RA(라영수) 전북대학교 산업경제연구소 2012 아태경상저널 Vol.4 No.3

외화의 주요 수입원인 노동자 송금은 네팔의 경제에 중요한 역할을 담당하고 경상 수지 흑자의 실질적인 구성 요소가 되어 있다. 본 연구의 주요 목적은 송금 유입이 네팔의 경제 발전에 기여하고 있는가, 만약 그렇지 못하다면 그 원인을 찾고 송금의 활용도를 모색하는 데 있다. 연구 결과, 노동자의 송금과 GDP의 관계는 부(-)로 통계적으로 유의하게 나왔다. 그러므로 네팔에 있어서 국외로부터의 송금의 실질적인 GDP의 상승에 기여하지 못한다고 할 수 있다. 하지만, 설문조사 결과, 공식채널의 높은 수수료로 인하여 송금의 많은 부분이 비공식 채널을 통하여 이루어지고 있으며, 그 송금의 대부분이 토지와 건물 구매와 같은 비생산적인 부분에 사용되고 있다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 따라서 노동자의 송금이 국민경제에 도움을 줄 수 있도록 적극적인 정책과 노력이 필요할 것으로 보인다. Workers’ remittance as major sources of foreign currency plays an important role in the economy of Nepal and has become a substantial component of current account surplus in the balance of payments. The major objective of this study was to investigate the inflows of remittance, its contribution for economic development of Nepal, utilization of remittance and the channels of remittance. The research has stressed the positive impact of the remittance to the nation. However, a negative correlation with GDP growth. Some socio-economic implications of remittance are also become apparent. This study empirically shows that the higher percentages of remittances are still transferred by informal channels and the remittances used in daily consumption, and other nonproductive areas such as buying land and buildings etc.

In vitro Constructive Approaches to the Origin of Coding Sequences

Shiba, Kiyotaka The Korea Science and Technology Center 1998 BMB Reports Vol.31 No.3

How did nature create the first set of genes at the beginning of life on Earth? One of the goals of molecular biology is to elucidate the fundamental rules governing how genes and, therefore, proteins were created. Through experiments carried out in the emerging field of "in vitro" or "benchtop" evolution studies, we are gaining new insights into the origins of genes and proteins as well as the origins of their functions (e.g. catalysis). In this review, I present an overview of recent experimental approaches to the question of the origin and evolution of genes. In addition, I will introduce a novel in vitro protein emergence system that was recently developed in my laboratory.

In vitro Constructive Approaches to the Origin of Coding Sequences

Shiba, Kiyotaka Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 1998 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.31 No.3

How did nature create the first set of genes at the beginning of life on Earth? One of the goals of molecular biology is to elucidate the fundamental rules governing how genes and, therefore, proteins were created. Through experiments carried out in the emerging field of "in vitro" or "benchtop" evolution studies, we are gaining new insights into the origins of genes and proteins as well as the origins of their functions (e.g., catalysis). In this review, I present an overview of recent experimental approaches to the question of the origin and evolution of genes. In addition, I will introduce a novel in vitro protein emergence system that was recently developed in my laboratory.

In vitro Constructive Approaches to the Origin of Coding Sequences

Shiba, Kiyotaka 생화학분자생물학회 1999 BMB Reports Vol.31 No.3

How did nature create the first set of genes at the beginning of life on Earth? One of the goals of molecular biology is to elucidate the fundamental rules governing how genes and, therefore, proteins were created. Through experiments carried out in the emerging field of $quot;in vitro$quot; or $quot;benchtop$quot; evolution studies, we are gaining new insights into the origins of genes and proteins as well as the origins of their functions (e.g., catalysis). In this review, I present an overview of recent experimental approaches to the question of the origin and evolution of genes. In addition, I will introduce a novel in vitro protein emergence system that was recently developed in my laboratory.

Programmed Treatment for Complete, Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate(UCLP)

Ryosuke Shiba,임재석 대한구순구개열학회 2000 대한구순구개열학회지 Vol.3 No.1

Programmed Treatment for Complete, Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate(UCLP)

Ryosuke Shiba,임재석 대한구순구개열학회 1999 대한구순구개열학회지 Vol.2 No.1·2

Cervical Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament in X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets Revealing Homogeneously Increased Vertebral Bone Density

Masato Shiba,Masaki Mizuno,Keita Kuraishi,Hidenori Suzuki 대한척추외과학회 2015 Asian Spine Journal Vol.9 No.1

There is no report that describes in detail the radiological and intraoperative findings of rickets with symptomatic cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Here, we describe a case of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets with cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament presenting unique radiological and intraoperative findings. The patient presented progressive tetraparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging studies revealed severe cervical spinal cord compression caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Computed tomography scans revealed homogeneously increased vertebral bone density. An expansive laminoplasty was performed. At surgery, homogeneously hard lamina bone was burdened in drilling and opening of the laminae. The patient’s neurological symptoms were improved postoperatively. Bony fusion of the hinges occurred postoperatively. Therefore, expansive laminoplasty could be performed for symptomatic cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets. However, unusual bone characters should be taken into consideration for careful operation during surgery.

Analytic Continuation beyond the Ideal Boundary

(Masakazu Shiba) 이화여자대학교 수리과학연구소 2000 Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Vol.- No.-

Dosimetric Comparison between Varian Halcyon Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm and Acuros XB Algorithm for Planning of RapidArc Radiotherapy of Cervical Carcinoma

Jonathan Mbewe,Sakhele Shiba 한국의학물리학회 2021 의학물리 Vol.32 No.4

Purpose: The Halcyon radiotherapy platform at Groote Schuur Hospital was delivered with a factory-configured analytical anisotropic algorithm (AAA) beam model for dose calculation. In a recent system upgrade, the Acuros XB (AXB) algorithm was installed. Both algorithms adopt fundamentally different approaches to dose calculation. This study aimed to compare the dose distributions of cervical carcinoma RapidArc plans calculated using both algorithms. Methods: A total of 15 plans previously calculated using the AAA were retrieved and recalculated using the AXB algorithm. Comparisons were performed using the planning target volume (PTV) maximum (max) and minimum (min) doses, D95%, D98%, D50%, D2%, homogeneity index (HI), and conformity index (CI). The mean and max doses and D2% were compared for the bladder, bowel, and femoral heads. Results: The AAA calculated slightly higher targets, D98%, D95%, D50%, and CI, than the AXB algorithm (44.49 Gy vs. 44.32 Gy, =0.129; 44.87 Gy vs. 44.70 Gy, =0.089; 46.00 Gy vs. 45.98 Gy, =0.154; and 0.51 vs. 0.50, =0.200, respectively). For target min dose, D2%, max dose, and HI, the AAA scored lower than the AXB algorithm (41.24 Gy vs. 41.30 Gy, =0.902; 47.34 Gy vs. 47.75 Gy, <0.001; 48.62 Gy vs. 50.14 Gy, <0.001; and 0.06 vs. 0.07, =0.002, respectively). For bladder, bowel, and left and right femurs, the AAA calculated higher mean and max doses. Conclusions: Statistically significant differences were observed for PTV D2%, max dose, HI, and bowel max dose ( >0.05).