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Evaluation for Impacts of Nitrogen Source to Groundwater Quality in Livestock Farming Area
Gyeong-Mi Lee,Sunhwa Park,Ki-In Kim,Sang-Ho Jeon,Dahee Song,Deok-hyun Kim,Tae-Seung Kim,Seong-Taek Yun,Hyen Mi Chung,Hyun-Koo Kim 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.5
We investigated 52 livestock farming complexes in Gyeong-Gi and Incheon provinces based on low, medium, and high livestock density and groundwater quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate a relationship between nitrate N concentration in groundwater and animal factors, such as livestock density and animal species. 2,200 groundwater samples for 3 years from 2012 to 2014 at Gyeong-Gi and Incheon provinces were collected and analyzed for pH, EC, DO, ORP, temperature, major anions and cations, such as NO₃-N, HCO₃<SUP>-</SUP>, PO₄<SUP>-</SUP>, SO₄<SUP>2-</SUP>, Cl<SUP>-</SUP>, NH₄-N, K<SUP>+</SUP>, Na<SUP>+</SUP>, Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>, Mg<SUP>2+</SUP>, T-N, and TOC. Average concentration of total N for generated load density was 23,973 g day<SUP>-1</SUP> km<SUP>-2</SUP> for cattle, 51,551 g day<SUP>-1</SUP> km<SUP>-2</SUP> for pig, and 52,100 g day<SUP>-1</SUP> km<SUP>-2</SUP> for poultry. For animal feeding species, average ratio for generated load over discharge load was 16.1% for cattle, 7.8% for pig, and 7.1% for poultry. Therefore, cattle feeding region is highly vulnerable for water pollution compared to pig and poultry feeding areas. The concentrations of chloride, nitrate, and total N in the groundwater samples were higher at high animal farming regions than other regions. The average concentration of nitrate, and chloride in groundwater samples was 5.0 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP>, 16.6 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for low livestock density, 6.9 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP>, 17.7 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for medium livestock density and 7.6 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP>, 22.7 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for high livestock density and total nitrogen (T-N) was 7.7 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for low livestock density, 9.4 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for medium livestock density, 10.7 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for high livestock density. In conclusion, based on this research, for managing groundwater quality near livestock farming regions, Ca-(Cl+NO₃) group from the Piper diagram is more efficient than using 19 factors for water quality standard.
Evaluation for Impacts of Nitrogen Source to Groundwater Quality in Livestock Farming Area
Lee, Gyeong-Mi,Park, Sunhwa,Kim, Ki-In,Jeon, Sang-Ho,Song, Dahee,Kim, Deok-hyun,Kim, Tae-Seung,Yun, Seong-Taek,Chung, Hyen Mi,Kim, Hyun-Koo 한국토양비료학회 2017 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.5
We investigated 52 livestock farming complexes in Gyeong-Gi and Incheon provinces based on low, medium, and high livestock density and groundwater quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate a relationship between nitrate N concentration in groundwater and animal factors, such as livestock density and animal species. 2,200 groundwater samples for 3 years from 2012 to 2014 at Gyeong-Gi and Incheon provinces were collected and analyzed for pH, EC, DO, ORP, temperature, major anions and cations, such as $NO_3-N$, ${HCO_3}^-$, ${PO_4}^-$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$, $Cl^-$, $NH_4-N$, $K^+$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, T-N, and TOC. Average concentration of total N for generated load density was $23,973g\;day^{-1}\;km^{-2}$ for cattle, $51,551g\;day^{-1}\;km^{-2}$ for pig, and $52,100g\;day^{-1}\;km^{-2}$ for poultry. For animal feeding species, average ratio for generated load over discharge load was 16.1% for cattle, 7.8% for pig, and 7.1% for poultry. Therefore, cattle feeding region is highly vulnerable for water pollution compared to pig and poultry feeding areas. The concentrations of chloride, nitrate, and total N in the groundwater samples were higher at high animal farming regions than other regions. The average concentration of nitrate, and chloride in groundwater samples was $5.0mg\;L^{-1}$, $16.6mg\;L^{-1}$ for low livestock density, $6.9mg\;L^{-1}$, $17.7mg\;L^{-1}$ for medium livestock density and $7.6mg\;L^{-1}$, $22.7mg\;L^{-1}$ for high livestock density and total nitrogen (T-N) was $7.7mg\;L^{-1}$ for low livestock density, $9.4mg\;L^{-1}$ for medium livestock density, $10.7mg\;L^{-1}$ for high livestock density. In conclusion, based on this research, for managing groundwater quality near livestock farming regions, $Ca-(Cl+NO_3)$ group from the Piper diagram is more efficient than using 19 factors for water quality standard.
변주승(Byun, Ju-Seung),문경득(Mun, Gyeong-Deuk) 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2013 인문과학연구 Vol.0 No.39
무신란(戊申亂)은 영조 4년(1728)에 경기, 충청도, 전라도, 경상도 지역에서 영조의 왕위계승 정통성을 부정하며 일어난 반란이다. 본 논문은 무신란에 대한 조사와 처결이 기록된 ?무신역옥추안(戊申逆獄推案)?을 주로 활용하여, 전라도 지역에서 일어난 무신란을 크게 반란군의 부안 평교 집결과 박필현의 태인 거병으로 나누어 살펴보았다. 반란군의 부안 평교 집결은 정세윤과 원만주가 포섭한 부안 인근 지역의 반란군이 3월 15일에 평교에 집결한 사건이다. 원래 이들은 3월 19일에 평교에 집결해 청주로 이동해 반란군과 합류할 계획이었다. 그런데 이인좌의 급한 연락을 받은 정세윤과 원만주가 먼저 청주로 이동한 뒤, 15일에 부안 평교에서 집결했다. 그러나 주동자의 부재와 악천후, 적은 규모 등으로 인해 해산했고, 일부만 청주로 이동해 반란에 가담했다. 집결의 주모자인 정세윤은 변산적과 밀접한 관련이 있는 인물인데, 기존의 연구에서 변산적은 흔히 ‘변산의 도적 무리’로 이해되었다. 그러나 정세윤의 행적과 실제로 반란에 가담한 자들을 분석해본 결과, 변산적은 ‘변산의 역적 무리’였다. 박필현의 태인 거병은 당시 태인 현감이던 박필현이 관군을 이끌고 태인을 출발하여, 3월 22일 새벽 전주성 서쪽 삼천까지 진출하여 전주성을 공략하려 했던 사건이다. 박필현은 반란군을 토벌한다는 명분으로 태인의 군사를 이끌고 전주성의 군사와 합류했다가, 결정적인 순간에 배신하여 전주성을 장악할 계획이었던 것으로 보인다. 그러나 태인 현감에서 파직되고, 부안과 나주의 반란군이 계획대로 오지 않자, 박필현은 태인의 관군만을 거느리고 전주성으로 향했다. 그는 전라감사 정사효에게 편지를 보내 포섭을 시도했으나, 전주영장 이경지가 편지를 받아들이지 않아 실패했다. 이에 바로 청주로 이동할 뜻을 밝히자, 박필현의 목적이 반란군 토벌이 아니라 반역이라는 사실을 알아차린 태인의 관군들이 도망쳐, 박필현의 태인 거병은 실패로 돌아갔다. 다음과 같은 몇가지 점에서 본 논문의 연구 의의가 있다. 첫째, ?무신역옥추안?에 나오는 관련자의 진술을 비교?검증하여, 전라도 지역 무신란의 전개과정을 파악했다. 둘째, 무신란의 전개과정에 있어 중요한 역할을 했으나, 기존 연구에서 자세히 다루지 못한 ‘정세윤’을 분석했다. 셋째, 무신란 당시의 ‘변산적’이 하층민으로 구성된 변산의 도적 무리라는 기존 견해와 달리, ‘변산의 역적 무리’임을 밝혔다. In 1728, there was the national-wide The Musin Revolt against King Yeongjo(英祖) in Gyeonggi(京畿), Chungcheong(忠淸) and Jeolla(全羅) province. I conducted research about the Musin Revolt by using “the investigation record of the Musin Revolt(?戊申逆獄推案?)” and, in particular, examined the gathering of armed forces in Bu`an(扶安) Pyeonggyo(平橋), and marching of Bak Pil-hyeon(朴弼顯)’s Taein(泰仁) army. Th Rebel forces in locality of Bu`an assembled at Pyeonggyo until March 19. they originally planed to move to Cheongju(淸州) and join in rebel forces; but Jeong Se-yun(鄭世胤) left for Cheongju after receiving the urgent message from Lee In-jwa(李麟左), and the others gathered at March 15. However, they were dispersed due to the absence of rebellion leaders and inclement weather, scaled-downed forces. Bak Pil-hyeon who was local governor of Taein planned to lead the army of Taein to convert to the rebel forces. So he assembled the army and marched on Jeonju at March 22. However, rebel forces of Bu`an and Naju did not arrive, and he was also dismissed from the governor. Thus he solely moved to Jeonju. He sent a messenger to Jeong Sa-hyo(鄭思孝), the Govenrnor of Jeonju, and tried to embrace the army of Jeonju. However, Commanding officer of Jeonju, Lee Gyeong-Ji(李慶祉) refused to accept this attempt. Additionally the army of Taein realized Bak Pil-hyeon`s plan to convert itself to the rebel forces, they scattered immediately and Bak Pil-hyeon failed to implement the plan for revolt. This thesis is important in conducting research about following things. First, this thesis analyzes the statements of people concerned who are recorded on the “investigation record of the Musin Revolt”, exploring the development of Musin Revolt in Jeolla Province. Second, it examines Jeong Se-yun whom precious studies did not focus on. He did not only played a significant role in the development of entire Musin revolt. Third, this it proves that ‘the bandits of Byeonsan’(邊山賊) were comprised of people in the low class, and actually rebellious local residents.
최승원,양승미,이경은 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2021 法學論集 Vol.26 No.1
최근 온라인 플랫폼을 기반으로 한 소비자의 정보 접근과 기타 상거래의 비중이 점차 확대되는 가운데 각종 온라인 정보통신매체를 활용한 새로운 시장은 급속하게 성장하고 있다. 이러한 온라인광고시장 확대에 따라 온라인광고분쟁 사례들이 증가하고 있으며, 그 해결과정에서의 문제점이 제기되고 있다. 온라인광고에 관한 분쟁은 주로 소상공인 사업자와 광고대행 사업자에 해당하는 사인간의 분쟁으로, 이러한 온라인 광고계약을 체결하는 과정에서 충분한 설명을 제공받지 못하고 있으며, 분야에 대한 이해도 또는 전문기술에 대한 정보의 비대칭성으로 인한 피해가 발행하고 있다. 국내법상 온라인광고 및 온라인광고분쟁해결에 대한 법제도적 정비가 요구된다. 정보비대칭과 관련한 온라인광고 분쟁에서 소상공인이 소비자 범위에 포함될 수 있는지가 문제되는데, 광고를 소비하는 소상공인에게 상대적 약자의 소비자 지위를 인정하는 것이 바람직하며, 이를 뒷받침하기 위하여 「방문판매법」 제3조 제1호 및 그 단서의 개정이 필요하다. 온라인광고분쟁의 경우 재판절차에 의한 소송 전단계적인 온라인광고분쟁조정위원회의 ‘조정’이라는 대체적 분쟁해결제도(ADR)가 마련되어 있으나, 당사자 간 의사합의 및 화해를 권고할 수 있을 뿐 합의된 의무를 이행하도록 강제할 수 있는 권한이 없고 결정내용을 따르지 않더라도 별도의 불이익이 없어, 분쟁의 간이 신속한 해결을 위하여 위원회의 법적 지위와 권한이 강화될 필요가 있다. 한편, 디지털 이행과 함께 갈수록 확대되고 다양해지는 온라인광고시장의 건전한 발전을 위해서는 육성과 보호라는 이해조절적 측면을 감안한 가칭 「온라인광고에 관한 법률」 제정도 고려해볼 시점이다. Recently, in the middle of a consumer access to information and extra commerce based on online platform is getting expanded, the new market utilizing a variety of Online Information and Communications method grows rapidly. In accordance with expansion of Online advertising market, the related dispute cases are increasing and problems arise out of resolving the dispute. Online advertising dispute usually occurs between small business(advertiser) and advertising agencies. A damage to advertisers happens because of an asymmetric information about expertise or having a low understanding of the field. Also, the agencies don’t give a sufficient explanation while making an online advertising contract. So, it required that we need to modify national laws and regimes about online advertising and online advertising dispute resolution. In an online advertising dispute related to Information Asymmetry, it is discussed whether a small business owner can be included in a range of consumer or not. To conclude, it is proper that acknowledges the consumer’s status as weaker party to the owners consuming advertisements and so amending Article 3 (1) and the clause of 「Door to Door Sales Act」 is necessary. Online Advertising Dispute, meanwhile, use Alternative Dispute Resolution(ADR) as ‘Mediation’of Online Advertising Dispute Mediation Committee instead of a lawsuit by judicial procedure. But the Committee can only advise to get to agreement or reconciliation between the two, not have the authority that compel to fulfil the agreed obligations. Even if they don’t abide by the ruling, there is no penalties. In conclusion, it requires to reinforce the legal status and authority of the Committee to get a simple and fast solution. Meanwhile, it is time to consider to make a legislation for sound development of Online Advertising market where it becomes more diverse and bigger with digital transition tentatively named 「Act on Online Advertising」 complementing the aspect of adjusting interest ; growth and protection.
순·구개열 환자의 두부규격방사선사진상을 이용한 친자간의 유사성에 관한 연구
이언경,나승목,고광준,조수범 大韓口腔顎顔面 放射線學會 1994 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.24 No.2
The purpose of this study was to determine whether any similarity existed in craniofacial morphology between parents and offspring in cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Thirty three measurements of the various regions of cranium and face were obtained from lateral cephalometric radiograms in 28 families comprising 28 fathers, 28 mothers and 28 cleft patients. The measurements of cleft patients were compared with those of their fathers, mothers and midparents. The obtained results were as follows: 1. There were similar measurements between the cleft patients and their father; ramal height(Ar-Go), mandibular angle(∠MP-RP). 2. There were similar measurements between the cleft patients and their mothers; cranial base angle(∠NSBa), relation of maxilla to the cranial base(∠SNA), relation of maxilla to the cranial base(soft tissue:∠BaN"Sn), angle of inferior border of mandible(∠SNL-MP) and convexity of nose apex(soft tissue:N"PrnPog"). 3. There were similar measurements between the cleft patients and their mdparents; ramal height (Ar-Go), cranical base angle(∠NSBa), relation of maxilla to the cranial base(soft tissue:∠BaN"Sn), Y axis angle(∠NSGn) and mandibular angle(∠MP-RP). 4. There was no similar measurements between the cleft patients and their fathers and mothers simultaneously.
나승목,이언경,고광준,최은숙 大韓口腔顎顔面 放射線學會 1994 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.24 No.2
Early diagnosis and treatment of osteomyelitis provide good prognosis and prevent severe complications. Therefore, it is important to early diagnose and treat before the bony changes are observed in conventional radiograms. Authors experienced three cases of early osteomyelitis, and scintigrams were useful to differentiate them from other diseases. The purpose of this report was to aid in the early diagnosis and treatment of osteomyelitis occurred in the jaws. The characteristic features were as follows: 1. In clinical examination, the patients complained mild pain and localized swelling in the jaws. 2. In radiographic findings, the conventional radiograms showed relatively mild bony changes in the jaws. 3. The more severe periosteal reactions were observed in radiograms in children than in adult patient. 4. It showed marked increased uptake of radioisotopes in all scintigrams. 5. The three phase bone scannings were helpful to differentiate osteomyelitis from soft tissue diseases.
유양경,고성희,김귀분,정승희 성인간호학회 2004 성인간호학회지 Vol.16 No.1
Purpose: This study was done to identify the degree that perceived social support effects the self esteem of the elderly. Method: A structured questionnaire was administered to 203 elderly subjects from April 2003 to June 2003. The data were analyzed with an SPSS program for descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficients. t-test, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression. Result: The level of social support was moderate; family support received the highest score among sources of support. In types of support, appraisal support was the highest score and material was the lowest. The level of self esteem was also moderate. The score of social support showed a slightly high positive correlation with self esteem. In general characteristics, several variables were significantly related to self esteem. The most powerful predictor of self esteem was material support by family and the variance explained was 19.6%. A combination of material support by family, informational support by relatives, perceived economic status, perceived health status, and having a subject to depend on accounted for 39.8% of the variance in self esteem of the elderly. Conclusion: To increase the self esteem of the elderly, it is necessary to consolidate material support by family.
低周波 電磁場 속에서 불활성 기체 원자에 의한 電子의 산란단면적
정경복,장차익,최승평 조선대학교 기초과학연구소 1997 自然科學硏究 Vol.20 No.1
The scattering cross section is the physical quantity which is susceptible of a reasonably direct experimental measurement and which at the same time lends itself readily to calculation, and which establish contact between scattering theory and scattering experiment to assist each other. We have calculated one-photon free-free absorption cross sections without target distortion at the frequencies of the CO_2, Nd, and ruby lasers, for targets consisting of the ground states of He, Ne, Ar. The calculations yield total cross sections averaged over all orientations of the polarzation, which is taken to be linear. Electron energies are in the range up to about 13 eV. The atomic potential used to represent the interaction of the atom in our calculation is the same one that is replaced atom by the potential used by Robinsion and Geltman in the evaluation of photodetachment cross-sections. We used the Numerov method for numerical integration of our differential equations. This method appears to be most efficient numerical intergration scheme available for second-order differential equations with the first derivative absent.
양승택,박은영 慶星大學校 1998 論文集 Vol.19 No.2
This study was designed to prepare liquefied Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) and squid (Ommasterephes bartrami) protein concentrates with proteolytic enzyme by spray drying. The whole Alaska pollack and squid were chopped and mixed with same amount of water and then hydrolyzed by the proteolytic enzymes. The optimum conditions for hydrolysis of Alaska pollack were 55℃, pH 7.0 and 5 hr by bromelain (0.3%) digestion, 55℃, pH 7.0 and 5 hr by papain (0.5%) digestion, and 50℃, pH 7.0 and 3 hr by commercial Complex enzyme (3.0%) digestion, respectively. Their conditions in squid were 55℃, pH 7.0 and 4 hr by bromelain (0.3%) digestion, 50℃, pH 7.0 and 5 hr by papain (0.5%) digestion, and 50℃, pH 7.0 nad 4 hr by commercial Complex enzyme (3.0%) digestion, respectively. Alaska pollack and squid protein hydrolysates by commercial proteolytic enzyme (Complex enzyme) could be decolorized by the treatment with 15% and 20% activated chacoal, respectively. The hydrolysates were concentrated to Brix 25% with rotary vacuum evaporator, and then dried with spray dryer in conditions of inlet temp., 185℃ and outlet temp., 85℃. Liquefied Alaska pollack and squid protein concentrates were packed in cans and checked the keeping qualities such as solubility in water, soluble nitrogen, relative viscostiy, emulsifying stability (ES) and color during storage for six months at 5℃, 20℃ and 35℃. The liquefied Alaska pollack and squid protein concentrates by spray drying had an excellent functional properties. The quality of products were maintained until six months storage at 5℃ and 20℃ in Alaska pollack, and five months storage at 5℃ and four months at 20℃ in squid, respectively. But the qualities of both samples had been lost after one months storage at 35℃ in Alaska pollack and fifteen days storage at 35℃ in squid.
한경필,한재숙,小机信行,여정수,이승언,南出隆久 동아시아식생활학회 2003 동아시아식생활학회지 Vol.13 No.3
The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional composition of native and hybrid pork in Korea. Three different parts (ham, loin and belly) of both native and hybrid pork were used The results were as follows : The moisture content from Korean native pork was about 60.28%, while that from the loin of hybrid one was 69% and decreased in the order of ham, loin, and belly. The highest protein content of 19.71% was found in Korean native pork loin, and Korean native pork ham had a significant amount of protein of 17.80% and hybrid one had 13.14% (p< .05). The highest crude lipid, 34.44%, was found in hybrid pork belly, Korean native pork ham had a significant amount of 5.43% and hybrid pork had 2.33% (p<.05). The highest carbohydrate content of 13.28% was found in the Korean native pork belly. The amount of ash was in the order of loin, ham and belly in Korean native pork. Among the minerals, K was found the most in Korean native pork ham (654.82㎎) and hybrid one (747. 35㎎) (p<.05). Fe was higher in the Korean native pork ham (23.03㎎), loin (15.86㎎) and belly (10.80㎎) compared to the hybrid pork ham (19.04㎎), loin (11.63㎎) and belly (7.61㎎). That was significant ham, loin(p< .01) and belly(p< .05). The main free amino acids of the native and the hybrid pork in Korea were alanine, aspartic acid and lysine. While the cholesterol content was found to be high in the order of ham, belly, and loin in the Korean native pork, in the order of belly, fresh ham and loin in the hybrid pork. The cholesterol contents in ham were significantly different between the Korean native pork(789.32㎍) and the hybrid pork (538.84㎍) (p< .01).