歌辭의 장르 試論

尹錫昌 韓國比較文學會 1983 比較文學 Vol.8 No.-

A study of the Kasa genre should regard Kasa works alone as the object of research since it is meant for a right understanding of Kasa literature. Accordingly, the writer has developed his genre theory from the standpoint of atatching greater importance to the Kasa works themselves, breaking from the conventional and single-track genre theories. All literature in verse forms is not poetry. Prof. Cho Yun-Jae's definition that Kasa is verse in form but prose in content doesn't warrant an independent genre for Kasa literature. Prof. Lee Nung U's view that Kasa is essay tends to over emphasize one aspect-the epic aspect-of Kasa literature. Prof. Chang Deuk-Sun's division of Kasa literature into two separate genres fails toaccount for the complexity of the individual Kasa works. Neither can Prof. Cho Tong-Il's theory of "Didactic Genre" be applied to Sang-Chun-Kok or Seung-San-Byol-Kok, which indescribed with poetic feelings. Since Kasa works partake of more than two elements of lyricism, epic, landscape-painting, didacticism, and dramatic nature, Kasa literature does not need the specification of the kinds of genre. For instance, Myon-An-Cheung-Ka has the elements of landscape-painting and lyricism; Kwan-Tong-Byol-Kok has the elements of epic, landscape-painting, and lyricism; and Nu-Hang-Sa, the elements of lyricism, didacticism, and the dramatic. The compound elements of these two or three traits form either principal and subordinate relationships with oneanother, or centripe-talsone. Inclusion of Kasa literature, having such complexity, into specific kinds of genres according to Western literary theories is not conducive to a right understanding of Kasa literature. Kasa is clearly different from Japka, which is what a plebeian singer composed himself or adapted Shijo, Kasa or ballads to his own taste. Many Japkas do not observe strict foot or metre rules in rtheir forms, and are mostly lyrical and vulgar. Kasa is to be distinguished from a ballad (Minyo), which was composed and sung by the commoners, being of simple and plain nature. Ballads which formed the basis of Korean literature has naturally influenced Kasa literature. Kasa is also distinguished from the interposed songs in Pansori, because those songs were adapted from Shijo, Kasa or ballads. The so-called Tanka at the beginning of Pansori may rightly be regarded as plebeian Kasa. The writer has clarified that Kasa has a feature markedly different from other literary genres both in its form and contents, and further tentatively insisted that the complexity of individual Kasa works defies belonging to any genre Gattung, because Kasa literature constitutes an independent genre for itself.

檢證可能性과 反證可能性

李錫潤 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 1976 인문학연구 Vol.3 No.2

The principle of verifiability is the empiricist criterion of cognitive meang, which contemporary logical positivists have propounded. According to it, a proposition has empirical meaning if it is capable of experiential verification. As has frequently been said, this criterion of meaning originated in explicit forms from Wittgenstein's Tractatus, but was expressed by Schlick in a classical formulation of the following form: "The meaning of a proposition is the method of its verification." It is important, however, to realize that this is not a 'theory of meaning' which is concerned with discovering the meaning of a proposition, but a 'criterion of meaningfulness' by which we can determine whether a given proposition is empirically meaningful or not. It seems more adequate, therefore, that the criterion should be formulated as follews: 'A proposition is empirically meaningful if it is capable of verification by observational evidence.' Despite a disagreement among the positivists as to its logical status, they applied this criterion to the propositions of traditional metaphysics and epistemology to condemn many of them as pseudo-propositions, which assert nothing, because these are unverifiable, and thus to delimit the empirically meaningful propositions empirical sciences have to deal with. For empirical sciences must retain, first of all, such propositions in order to search for the ones which are not analytic and yet true. Hence the criterion seems to be a prerequisite to all empirical disciplines. In the intricate history of the logical positivist movement, the empiricist meaning criterion has been amended many times to meet the objections against it, as its defects became obvious. In its earlier stage, a proposition was said to be meaningful if it was capable, at least in principle, of complete verification by observational evidence. This is the criterion which Hempel calls the requirement of complete verifiability, which has, however, several defects. First, this criterion is too restrictive. It rules out all sentences of universal form, and thus not only those metaphysical statements which it purports to exclude, but also all statements expressing scientific general laws; for these can not be conclusively verified by any finite set of observational data. Secondly, this criterion is too inclusive. For if S is a sentence which satisfies the proposed criterion, whereas N is a sentence which expresses any arbitrary metaphysical statement, then their disjunction SvN likewise satisfies the criterion. It cannot, therefore, rule out the metaphysical statement. An alternative criterion which Hempel formulates as requirement of complete falsifiability is, too, inadequate on similiar grounds as the former. It rules out purely existential statements, for none of these can be conclusively falsified. And if S is a sentence which is completely falsifiable, whereas N is an arbitrary metaphysical sentence, then their conjunction S-N is empirically meaningful. Thus the criterion cannot rule out the metaphysical statements. Some attempts have been made to avoid these defects by modifying the criterion of complete verifiability. The criterion of partial verifiability suggested by Ayer is characteristic of one of these attempts to make the complete verification criterion more liberal by introducing the subsidiary hypotheses. But this new criterion cannot avoid the defect of the old one that it allows empirical meaning to such a metaphysical sentence as SvN or S-N. The difficulty of this sort would not arise, if it be possible to construct an artificial language whose vocabulary and grammar were so contrived as to preclude the possibility of forming such metaphysical sentences. Carnap, formulating the requirement of confirmability, attempted to construct an artificial language of this kind. Hempel calls it "an empiricist languag", and sets up a criterion of translatability thereon: "A sentence has cognitive meaning if and only if it is translatable into an empiricist language." The construction of such an empiricist language would make it possible to establish the criterion which might be restrictive to the metaphysical sentences on the one hand, and inclusive to the sentences of natural sciences on the other, by adopting, in addition, the "principle of tolerance" and also developing the theory of reduction sentence according to which disposition terms could be defined by means of observation predicates. But it is, in effect, difficult to construct a system of artificial language appropriate for all the theories of modern physical sciences that are formulated in terms of highly abstract theoretical constructs. In other words, it is almost impossible to construct the theory language completely equipped in advance with all the theory predicates which might be used in any advanced scientific theories. Moreover, Carnap's criterion of confirmability simply rests on the reductionism, without demanding the subsidiary hypotheses which are now used in almost all the cases of scientific test of empirical hypothesis. Actually, a hypothesis of empirical science would get the meaning to the full in the totality of its theory, if it could be confirmed or disconfirmed in conjunction with subsidiary hypotheses, and at the same time could confirm or disconfirm other hypotheses within the same system of theory. Hence, in order to determine whether any statement has empirical meaning or not, we must beforehand determine whether any system of statements is an empirically established theory, that is, a system of genuine science, or not. The idea of formulating a criterion of demarcation between genuine science and pseudo-science is due to Popper. Suggesting falsifiability as a criterion of demarcation, but not of meaning, he formulates it as follows: "the criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability, or refutability, or testability." It is the distinguishing mark of a scientific theory that it must be capable of conflicting with possible, or conceivable, observations, that is to say, of being refuted by experience. Here the testing?whose procedure turns out to be deductive?of a theory is an attempt to falsify it, or to refute it. A scientific theory is conclusively falsifiable by tests. In contrast, if a theory stands up severe tests, it has been corroborated (not confirmed) : it can be only temporarily supported in the sense in which no reason to discard it has been as yet found. Thus the verification of a theory is not regarded as conclusive. This "asymmetry between verifiability and falsifiability", he argues, results from the logical form of universal statements by means of which a theory is formulated. To test it, or to refute it, is to argue from the truth of singular statements, which are conclusions derived from it, to the falsity of universal statements, with the help of the modus tollens. Such an argument is the only strictly deductive kind of inference that can falsify, but not verify, the theory. Accordingly, if a theory is formed in such a way that it escapes refutation, it is not a genuine scientific theory, but a pseudo-theory. On this ground, Popper argues that the critical attitude suitable to scientific investigators may be described as thorough efforts to expose their hypotheses to the most severe experimental tests, with a decision to avoid all the "conventionalist strategems". His criterion of falsifiability has often been interpreted as revised version of the verifiability criterion of meaning. But his concern is not with "the problem of meaning", but only with "the problem of demarcation". The positivist attempt to find a criterion of meaning, he thought, led to no positive results; Carnap's intention to construct a language of science free from metaphysics is not realized. In contrast to the "anti-metaphysical strategems" of the positivist meaning criterion, the criterion of demarcation is intended to distinguish "the theoretical systems of the empirical sciences from those of metaphysics", and to show that even the metaphysical proposition might acquire scientific status "when it is presented in falsifiable form."

공채부담에 관한 이론적 연구

권태윤,기석도 경운대학교 산업기술연구소 1999 産業技術硏究論文誌 Vol.2 No.1

While the Classical school generally holds that public bonds are unsound and transfers the liabilities to the future generations, the new orthodox school, that succeeds to the views of the German orthodox school, maintains that the liabilities are placed on present generation. These theories of present-generation liability are largely consistent with the contention of the Keynesians. The theory of future generation liability largely belongs to the arguments made by the classical school and it regards the burden of public debt as corresponding financial burden, thus advocating microeconomic financing of the debt. We can reach the following conclusions from our discussions so far. 1. Overall, economists in different schools tend to favor bond-financing of public debt in recognition of its importance as a means of raising capital. This is consistent with the views of the New Orthodox School and the Keynesian School. 2. With regard to the burden of bond-financed public debt, the predominant view is that the burden is passed on to future generations. This view stands in line with the claims of J.M. Buchanan, F. Modigliani and R.A. Musgrave.

휴대용 MPEG 응용기기를 위한 비동기식 곱셈기 설계

나윤석(Yun-Seuk Na),김견수(Kyeoun-Soo Kim),홍유표(You-Pyo Hong),황인석(In-seok Hwang) 한국정보과학회 2001 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.28 No.2Ⅲ

본 논문은 여러 가지 데이터 압축 표준에서 채택하고 있는 이차원 이산 여현 변환과 그 역 변환 (DCT/IDCT)를 위한 효율적인 비동기식 행렬 벡터 곱셈기를 설계하였다. 본 논문에서 제안되어진 곱셈기는 일반적으로 DCT/IDCT의 입력 데이터가 대부분 zero입력이거나 또는 작은 비트수로 표현 가능하다는 점을 이용하여 저전력 고성능 동작을 구현할 수 있도록 설계하였다. 비동기식 설계 방식을 채택하여 Zero입력일 경우 곱셈과정을 생략하고, 정적 회로에 기초한 특정 계산 완료 인지 방식(Speculative Completion Sensing)와 비트 분할된 곱셈기를 이용하여 입력 비트 슬라이스에 대해 동적으로 회로의 계산부분을 활성화/비황성화를 동작을 할 수 있도록 설계되어졌다.

FPGA를 이용한 OFDM Modem 구현에 관한 연구

오석윤(Seuk-Yun Oh),안도랑(Do-Rang Ahn),이동욱(Dong-Wook Lee) 대한전기학회 2002 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2002 No.7

개인휴대정보단말기 기반 안전한 홈디바이스 제어를 위한 사용자 인증 기술 연구

이윤석(Yun-Seuk Lee),김희정(Hye-Jung Kim),전하용(Ha-Yong Jun),이주화(Ju-Hwa Lee),정민수(Min-Soo Jung) 한국멀티미디어학회 2006 한국멀티미디어학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2006 No.2

유비쿼터스 환경의 현실화와 일반화의 출발점인 홈네트워크 기술은 PC와 노트북, 프린터, 냉장고, 에어콘, DTV, 오디오, 비디오 등을 포함하는 댁내의 모든 홈 가전기기들을 하나의 네트워크로 연결함으로써 사용자가 언제, 어디에 있든 인터넷을 이용하여 댁내의 상황을 모니터링하고 모든 기기들을 제어할 수 있게 해주는 기술이다. 현재 대부운의 기업에서 네트워크 보호를 위하여 방화벽, 침입탐지시스템 및 가상사설망 등을 대응방법으로 응용하고 있으나, 홈네트워크 보안 기술에 대한 고려 및 응용이 활발하지 않다. 또한 홈네트워크는 많은 유ㆍ무선 통신 프로토콜을 통하여 정보가 전승되므로 여기서 발생하는 취약성에 대한 문제가 발생하기 때문에 안전하게 홈 가전을 제어할 수 있는 보안 기술이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 안전한 홈가전을 제어하기 위한 개인휴대정보단말기와 홈서버 기반의 사용자 인증 프로토콜을 설계하고자 한다.

Alpha-eleostearic acid suppresses proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells via activation of PPARγ and inhibition of ERK 1 / 2

Moon, Hyun-Seuk,Guo, Ding-Ding,Lee, Hong-Gu,Choi, Yun-Jaie,Kang, Jae-Seong,Jo, Kyungmin,Eom, Jung-Min,Yun, Cheol-Heui,Cho, Chong-Su Wiley (Blackwell Publishing) 2010 CANCER SCIENCE Vol.101 No.2

Aqueous extract of Lycii fructus suppresses inflammation through the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B signal pathway in murine raw 264.7 macrophages

Kim, Beum-Seuk,Lim, Hyung-Ho,Song, Yun-Kyung,Sung, Yun-Hee,Kim, Sung-Eun,Chang, Hyun-Kyung,Shin, Mal-Soon,Kim, Chang-Ju,Lee, Hye-Jung,Kim, Dong-Hee Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2010 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.10 No.3

Lycii fructus is the fruit of Lycium chinense Miller and is part of the Solanaceae family. Lycii fructus produces various effects such as hypotensive, hypoglycemic, anti-pyretic, and anti-stress activities. Lycii fructus is known to contain betaine, carotene, nicotinic acid, zeaxanthin, and cerebroside. In the present study, the effects of Lycii fructus aqueous extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in murine raw 264.7 macrophage cells were investigated. In this study we utilized the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and nitric oxide (NO) detection. Lycii fructus aqueous extract suppressed NO production by inhibiting the LPS-induced expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-$\alpha$) mRNA and iNOS protein in murine raw 264.7 macrophage cells. Also, Lycii fructus aqueous extract suppressed the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) in the nucleus. These results demonstrated that Lycii fructus aqueous extract causes an anti-inflammatory effect that was likely produced by the suppression of iNOS expression through the down-regulation of NF-$\hat{e}B$ binding activity.

북태평양 중부 해산어장에 있어서 저층 선주낙의 어획실태

오택윤 ( Taeg Yun Oh ),김영승 ( Young Seuing Kim ),조삼광 ( Sam Kwang Cho ),고정락 ( Jung Lag Koh ),양원석 ( Won Seuk Yang ),최석관 ( Seuk Kwan Choi ),김인옥 ( In Ok Kim ) 한국어업기술학회 2005 수산해양기술연구 Vol.41 No.3

원자력현미경을 이용한 나노임프린트 재료의 접착력 측정

윤형석(Hyeong Seuk Yun),이몽룡(Mong Ryong Lee),송기국(Ki Gook Song) 한국고분자학회 2014 폴리머 Vol.38 No.3

원자력현미경(AFM) tip을 표면 처리하여 임프린트용 acrylate 레진과의 접착력을 측정하였다. 표면 처리를 하지 않은 실리콘 tip에 비하여 CH4 플라즈마로 소수성 처리한 경우 접착력은 38% 감소한 반면 친수성의 O2 플라즈마로 처리한 경우에는 접착력이 1.6 배 증가하였다. 이러한 AFM 결과들은 정성적 실험 결과 밖에 얻을 수 없는cross-cut 접착실험에 비하여 매우 구체적인 정량적 결과들을 제공하였다. 나노 크기의 임프린트 패턴을 전사하는 경우, 몰드와 레진 사이 접촉 면적이 커져서 시료 전체의 접착력이 커지기 때문에 패턴 크기가 작아지는 나노임프린트 공정에서는 몰드 표면 처리 문제가 더욱 중요하게 되는 것을 알 수 있었다. Adhesion forces between acrylate imprinting resin and a surface treated atomic force microscope (AFM) tipwere investigated. Compared to the untreated silicon tip, 38% of the adhesion force is reduced for the hydrophobic tiptreated with CH4 plasma whereas 1.6 time increases is found for the hydrophilic tip with O2 plasma treatment. Such ameasurement of the adhesion force using AFM provides very quantitative results on adhesion comparing to the crosscutadhesion test which gives qualitative results. Since the adhesion area becomes larger as the imprinting pattern sizegets smaller, the surface treatment issue becomes more important in the nano-imprinting process.