한국 근대 초기 낭만주의 시의 산문화 경향과 시적 이미지

이성혁(Lee, Seong-hyuk) 한국시학회 2016 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.48

시의 근대성은 시적인 것과 산문적인 것이라는 두 극(極) 사이에서 방황해간 궤적으로 나타난다. 한국 근대시는 낭만주의를 통해 정립되기 시작했다. 한국 근대 초기 낭만주의 시인들은 현실로부터 자율적인 시적 공간을 마련하여 시적인 것을 확보하고자 했다. 하지만 삶을 옥죄는 현실에 대한 감정의 토로로 나아가거나 은유적으로라도 산문적 현실을 담아내야 했기 때문에 산문화에의 지향으로 이끌리게 되었다. 그래서 한국 근대 낭만주의 시에는 시적인 것과 타율적인 산문성이 모순적으로 공존한다. 낭만주의가 연 근대시는, 독일 초기 낭만주의에서 볼 수 있듯이, 세계를 낭만화하자는 기획 아래서 시의 산문화가 이루어지면서 형성되어갔다. 나아가 시의 산문화는 산문을 이미지의 논리에 용해시키고 이미지의 리듬을 확보하면서 포에지를 획득해 나갔다. 이러한 근대 자유시의 성립 과정은 한국 근대초기 낭만주의 시인들 역시 보여주었는데, 그들은 시적인 것과 산문성의 긴장을 해결하기 위하여 시에 유입된 산문성을 시적 이미지의 창출과 구성을 통해 승화하고자 했다. 1910년대 『학지광』에 실린 몇몇 시들은, 정형률에서 탈피하면서 산문과는 다른 자유시의 독자적인 미적 가치를 마련하려는 시인들의 노력을 보여주었다. 그들은 서정적 주체의 내면 공간을 형성시키는 방식으로 시적인 것을 만들어내고자 했다. 하지만 시의 공간에 산문적인 것이 침투하면서 시인들은 시적인 것을 확보하는 데에 어려움을 겪게 된다. 김억은 ‘밤’의 상징적 이미지를 구축하여 이러한 어려움을 해결하려고 했다. 주요한은 「불놀이」에서 ‘밤’의 상징적 이미지를 이어받으면서 ‘불꽃’의 이미지를 통해 산문을 산문시로 승화하는 데 성공했다. 김억과 주요한은 ‘밤의 낭만주의’를 통해 한국 근대시를 출범시켰다. 1920년대의 1920년대의 많은 시들이, 낭만적인 감정의 분출을 통해 산문에 리듬을 만들어냄으로써 시적인 것을 획득하는 「불놀이」의 길을 따라갔다. 이상화와 김소월은 산문이 개입되는 낭만주의의 두 양상을 잘 보여준다. 이들은 시에 시적인 것을 유지하면서 산문을 들여오는 방안으로 ‘대지’의 상징에 기댔다. 이들은 ‘대지의 시학’을 통해 한국의 산문적 현실을 시에 담아내면서, 이를 낭만적으로 승화시켰다. 이상화 시에서 대지의 이미지는 성적인 의미를 품으면서 열정적이고 발랄한 리듬을 산출했다. 김소월은 대지의 이미지를 통해 상실을 노래했으며, 나아가 일상의 노동을 시화하면서 산문적 경향에 이끌렸다. 이상화와 김소월은 밤의 낭만주의에서 낮의 낭만주의로의 이행을 보여주면서 한국 낭만주의의 두 전형을 정립했다고 평가할 수 있다. The poetry modernity has appeared in the trace of wandering between poetic extreme and prosaic extreme. Korean modern poetry established through the Romanticism. Korean Romantic poet of early modern age tried to secure the poetic making autonomous poetic space from reality. However Korean modern poetry inclined to the prosaic tendency because of exposing the feelings of choking reality or having to express the prosaic reality metaphorically. Therefore Korean Romantic modern poem had coexistence of both the poetic and the heteronomous prosaic. Like early Romanticism of Germany we could have seen, modern poem which Romanticism opened has been formed making poem prosaic under the plan of romanticizing the world. Furthermore, to make the poem prosaic has been acquiring the ‘poesie’ not only melting the prose in image logic but also securing the image rhythm. Korean Romantic poet of early modern age also showed the formation process of modern free verse. They tried to sublimate the prosaic of poem through creating and organizing the poetic image in order to relax the tension between the poetic and the prosaic. Several poems which was published in the 『Hak Ji Kwang』 of 1910s showed the effort of poet who has created the independent aesthetic value of free verse differently from prose getting out of fixed rhythm. They tried to make the poetic forming the inward space of lyrical subject. However poets had hard time securing the poetic while the prosaic passing through in the poem space. Kim Yeok tried to solve such a difficulty by means of cultivating the symbolic image of ‘night’. Ju Yo-Han succeeded in sublimating the prose into prose poem through the image of flame, while he inherited the symbolic image of ‘night’ from the 「Fireworks」. Kim Yeok and Ju Yo-Han inaugurated Korean modern poetry through the ‘Romanticism of night’. A lot of poetry of 1920s followed the way of 「Fireworks」 acquiring the poetic by means of making the rhythm in the prose through the eruption of romantic emotion. Lee Sang-Wha and Kim So-Wol showed the aspect of Romanticism intervening the prose very well. They leaned on the symbol of the ‘Earth’ as a way of adopting the prose maintaining the poetic in the poetry. They not only melted the prosaic reality of Korea into the poetry through the ‘Poetics of Earth’ but also sublimated it romantically. The earth image of Lee Sang-Wha’s poem not only had the sexual meaning but also produced the passionate and vivacious rhythm. Kim So-Wol recited the loss through the earth image. In addition, he was attracted by the prosaic tendency poeticizing everyday labor. It could be evaluated that Lee Sang-Wha and Kim So-Wol established two models of Korean Romanticism, while showing the transition from Romanticism of night to Romanticism of day.

실재계의 시학 - 이승훈의 시와 시론 -

이성혁 ( Lee Seong-hyuk ) 국제어문학회 2016 국제어문 Vol.0 No.68

초기 이승훈의 시 쓰기는 일상의 사회생활로부터 시의 세계를 따로 구성한다는 면에서 유미주의적인 성격을 갖고 있었다. 이 성격은 모더니즘과도 공유하는 것이었다. 나아가 시인은 진술 행위 주체와 진술 대상의 주체를 분리하는 과정에서 자아가 허상임을 깨닫고는 제도로서의 서정시를 부정했다. 이러한 시 쓰기는 시라는 장르를 파괴하려고 한다는 점에서 유미주의와는 다른 길로 들어서는 것이지만, 한편으로 제도화된 일상에 대한 거부라는 측면에서는 여전히 유미주의와 맞닿아 있었다. 하지만 있음과 없음의 경계선을 지우는 선의 사상과 만나면서, 그는 아방가르드의 정치적 방향보다는 유희적 방향으로 나아갔다. 이 과정에서 그는 일상을 그대로 시에 옮기면서 일상에서 순간적으로 나타나는 `공(空)-실재`를 포착하는 작업을 해나갔다. 일상에서 실재의 흔적을 발견하는 작업은 일상에서 미를 발견하는 작업이기도 했다. 그래서 이승훈의 후기 시에서는 미와 일상의 거리가 좁혀지고 일상의 심미화가 이루어지는 포스트모더니즘적인 특성이 나타난다. 하지만 이승훈 시인은 여기서 멈추지 않는다. 자아의 해체, 시와 일상 사이의 경계 해체, 대상의 해체와 꿈과 현실 사이의 경계를 해체하는 그의 최근 작업은 아예 상징체계에서 벗어난 상태에서의 시 쓰기, 즉 광기의 시 쓰기-이승훈 자신이 `영도의 시 쓰기`라고 칭한-로 나아가고 있다. 이는 그가 다시 과격한 아방가르드적인 시 쓰기로 방향을 전환했음을 의미한다. The early poems of Lee Seunghun are significant in that they separate the world of poetry from everyday life, which is also performed by modernist poetry. Furthermore, the poet realizes that the self is empty while the writing subject and the writing object are separate entities and rejects lyrical poetry as an institution. This writing of poetry is both different from and similar to aestheticism because on the one hand, it tries to destroy the genre of poetry itself, and on the other, it rejects the institutionalized flow of everyday life. However, Lee follows a direction of pleasure, not politics, by encountering Zen, which erases the boundary between being and non-being. In this process, he portrays his daily life in his poetry and captures “the real” that suddenly appears in everyday life. Since this can also be seen as discovering the beauty of daily life, the distance between Lee`s poems and daily life is narrowed down and his poems achieve the aestheticization of daily life. In this respect, his poetry is postmodernist. However, the poet does not stop there. In his poetry, he deconstructs the self and an object, blurring the line between poetry and everyday life, as well as between dreams and reality. His recent works describe poetry that is completely out of the symbolical; he calls it “writing degree zero.” In this manner, Lee Seunghun embraced radical writing, or avant-garde poetry writing.

‘테러 시대’의 ‘테러의 심미화’와 ‘시의 폭력’에 대한 시론(試論)

이성혁 이화여자대학교 이화인문과학원 2016 탈경계인문학 Vol.9 No.2

정량화의사결정기법을 이용한 빌딩공사 공종별 위험지수 산정

고성석,송혁 대한건축학회 2005 大韓建築學會論文集 : 構造系 Vol.21 No.1

It is very useful tool to get necessary informations by process and case of construction work for preventing of the construction calamity and accident What is the most important thing among the informations is considered to evaluate the degree of risk In the each construction process to prepare the safety planning Past construction accidents contain the information of construction safety method and hazard of construction activity So, to prevent construction accident, we utilize the past construction accidents properties Therefore the research is carried out prevent construction accident using the past accidents example like us a risk properties Firstly we re-categorized work type based on the past accidents, and analyzed accidents depending on the number of persons by work types secondly we collected the construction Specialists, opinion about the risk by work types With the result of risk work type applied AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method, we compared these result finally we suggested the risk index of each work type and process

設計洪水量의 誘導를 위한 冪變換과 頻度分布分析의 比較

李淳赫,羅性均 충북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1990 農業科學硏究 Vol.8 No.2

This study was conducted to pursue the normalization of frequency distribution by approaching the coefficient of skewness to zero through power transformation to the annual maximum series of four watersheds along Han, Guem, Nag Dong river basin. Analysis for the comparison of design flows according to the return periods were carried out between the best fitted probability distribution and power transformation. The results were analyzed and summarized as follows. 1. Power transformation has found to be best one in comparison with log and square root transformation for being the coefficient of skewness into closer zero as a means of getting the normalization of frequency distribution in the annual maxium series for the applied watersheds. 2. The best fitted probability was acknowledged as three paramater lognormal destribution for Jeong sun of Han, Im Ha of Nag Dong river basin and type 1 extremal distribution for Seok Hwa, Gyu Am of Geum river, respectively. 3. Empirical formulas for the probable flood flows and design flows according to the return periods were derivated for the applied watersheds. 4. Relative errors of three parameter lognormals and type 1 extermal distribution to power transformation which was acknowledged as a best fitted probable flows were shown to be within 10 percent in common for all watersheds from two to two hundred years of return period. 5. The part of higher nonexceedance probabilities, i.e. probable flood flows for power transformation leas found to be more approached to the observed data in comparison with the results of other fitted distributions in view of relative suitability.

주물용 폐규사의 특성과 재활용 방안

노재성,권혁무,조헌영,홍성수 忠南大學校 地域開發硏究所 1993 地域開發論叢 Vol.5 No.-

무기안료가 시멘트모르타르의 압축강도와 흡수율에 미치는 영향

송혁,이재용,고성석 한국안전학회 2004 한국안전학회지 Vol.19 No.2

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of inorganic pigments on the physical properties of cement mortar. For this purpose, the compressive stieugth and absorption test were carried out on cement mortar mixed with inorganic pigments by changing the proportion of cement mortar, water-cement ratio, and ratio of pigment. The result of this study can be summarized as follows: The compressive strength of colored mortar rapidly increased in red and yellow mortar, as the mix ratio of pigment increased. In case of green and black mortar, however, the compressive strength decreased as the mix ratio increased. In case of red and yellow mortar, the absorption of colored mortar increased as the mixing ratio increased, if the mean particle diameter of the pigment is small. In case of green and black mortar, the absorption ratio decreased as the mix ratio increased. After investigating the overall physical properties of colored mortar, it was confirmed that the proper mix ratio of pigment securing the properties of colored mortar was below 6% of the weight of the cement to be used.

Weibull分布에 의한 確率渴水量의 誘導

李淳赫,趙成甲 충북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 1991 農業科學硏究 Vol.9 No.2

Derivation of probable drought flow was attempted for getting the hydrologic design criterion of various hydraulic structures which can be contributed to the planning of water utilization. Weibull distribution was used for the analysis of drought flow frequency with annual drought flow of three watersheds at Geum, Nak Dong and Yeong San river basin. The results were analyzed and summarized as follows. 1.Basic statistics were calculated for the analysis of extremal distribution to the research watersheds. 2.Necessary parameters were derivated by weibull distribution for the research watersheds. 3.Formulas for the probable drought flow were derivated by the method of weibull distribution and probable drought flow for the applied watersheds were calculated by above mentioned formulas to the return periods of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 years. 4.Probable drought flows by weibull method were shown to be much closer to the observed at the research watersheds in general. 5.It is to be desired that weibull distribution used in this study would be compared with other transformation methods for getting the drought flow could be acknnowleged as it estimated in accurate.

Frozen Shoulder에 있어서 마사지의 치료적 접근

홍성찬,김영빈,박병근,정동혁,이정윤,이동헌 圓光大學校 附設 體力科學硏究所 2003 體力科學硏究 Vol.26 No.1

Painful stiffness of the shoulder is an ill-defined clinical entity that is difficult to assess and delicate to treat. The nomenclature used is broad and includes terms such as frozen shoulder, adhesive capsulitis, focal algodystrophy, stiff shoulder, contracted shoulder, and others. Apart from its idiopathic form, the disease can be initiated by trauma, infection, tumour, radiation, systemic and local metabolic disturbances. Pathoanatomically, the common denominator is an inflammatory vascular proliferation followed by thickening, scarring, and retraction of the joint capsule. The inflammatory process often starts at the rotator interval and may extend to the subacromial space. Clinical diagnosis is based on history and physical examination. Generally the onset of pain precedes the perception of a reduced range of motion by weeks or months. In early stages of the disease, the inflammatory type of pain dominates, i.e., the patient's main complaint ist pain at night. In the later stage, range of motion gradually decreases. Patients do not often complain about reduced motion, probably because of its slow onset. The purpose of this study is to find out the effectiveness of the massage applied to the patients with Frozen Shoulder by measuring, assessing and analyzing the changes in intensity and unpleasantness of pain and range of motion(ROM) before and after massage. Surveyed from Jan. 2001 to December 2002 were 104 patients suffering from Frozen Shoulder. In the therapeutic massage program, such methods as Effleurage, Petrissage and Deep transverse friction were selected as they are among traditional massage treatments frequently used for joints with pain and restricted ROM. Effleurage and Petrissage were applied for 20 minutes in total before and after Deep Transverse Friction. After massage program, the intensity and unpleasantness of pain were measured and analyzed by means of VAS(visual analogue scale)-I and VAS-U, while ROM was measured and analyzed by using Goniometer. The major findings from this study are as follows; 1. The surveyed patients range from 28 to 75 in age, with highest numbers of 44(42.31%) registered in the fifties and next ones of 24(23.08%) in the forties. Divided by sex, 59 are women and 45 are men totalling 104 with average age of 51.4. 2. There was significant decrease in the intensity of pain and unpleasantness of pain after massage(p<.05). 3. There appeared, however, significant increase in ROM after massage(p<.05). 4. From the analysis into chronological changes in ROM before and after massage with ANOVA, it became evident that the longer the period of treatment was, the higher the ROM increases drastically, while significant difference was shown in Abduction and in External and Internal Rotation(p<.05). Summed up, it can be generally concluded that massage is an effective treatment to rid the patients with Frozen Shoulder of pains safely and promptly. This study was conducted to determine more accurate impact of massage. From the above outcomes, it was revealed that massage has proven to reduce the pains, exercising huge influence to increase ROM. It is, therefore, suggested to continue and expand the study on the cure of Frozen Shoulder and to motivate patients, orthopedists, physiatrists, physiotherapists, and sports massagists etc. to consider massage as safest and most efficient pain remedy.

감압술을 이용한 치근단 낭의 처치

김남혁,최병재,이제호,손흥규,김성오,최형준 大韓小兒齒科學會 2009 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.36 No.2

치근단 낭은 염증 등에 의한 자극으로 치수가 실활되어 치근단에 있는 상피로부터 형성되는 낭종으로 주된 기원은 말라세즈 상피잔사이지만 치은열구 상피나 상악동 이장 상피, 누공의 상피에 의한 것도 보고 되었다. 구강악안면 영역에서 가장 흔히 발생되는 낭종의 하나이지만 유치열기에서의 발생 빈도는 낮은 것으로 알려져 있다. 악골 내의 치성 낭종은 크기가 커지면서 주위 조직의 파괴나 구조의 변형을 초래할 수 있으며 유치의 경우에서는 후속 영구치배의 변위를 유발할 수 있다. 이런 큰 크기의 치성 낭종을 외과적으로 제거하면 해부학적 구조의 손상 및 안모의 변형, 치아흡수, 신경손상 등의 후유증을 일으킬 수 있으므로 조대술이나 감압술 후 적출하는 술식이 권장되고 있다. 이 증례는 하악 우측 부위의 동통을 주소로 연세대학교 치과대학병원 소아치과에 내원한 8세 남아로, 임상 및 방사선학적검사 결과 치수치료 후 기성금속관의 수복을 시행한 하악 우측 제1유구치의 치근단 하방에 방사선투과성 병변과 견치와 제1소구치의 변위를 발견하였다. 병소가 있는 하악 우측 제1유구치를 발거하였고, 조직학적 검사에서 치근단 낭으로 진단되었다. 감압술 및 공간유지장치를 시행하고 병소의 크기 변화와 하악 우측 견치와 제1소구치의 맹출 양상을 정기적으로 관찰한 결과 양호한 치유 양상과 정상적인 맹출을 보였기에 이를 보고하고자 한다. Radicular cyst is a true epithelium lined cyst formed when epithelium at the apex of a nonvital tooth is stimulated by inflammation. It is the most common type of cyst in the oral cavity, but its frequency is low in the primary dentition. Treatment of large-sized cyst aims at conservation of adjacent structure and allowance of proper eruption of the successive permanent teeth in the primary dentition. Considering these two aspects, marsupialization or enucleation following decompression is recommended as a treatment means for large-sized radicular cyst. In this case, 8-year old boy visited the pediatric dentistry department, Yonsei University Dental Hospital, with the chief complaint of pain on the lower right area. Clinical and radiographic examinations revealed periapical radiolucent lesion on #84, which had previous pulp treatment and restorated with the stainless steel crown. Dislocation of its successive tooth, #44, was also observed. #84 was extracted and sent for biopsy. Through histologic examination, it was diagnosed as radicular cyst. Following its extraction, removable space maintainer was delivered, which was also used as a decompressor. During periodic check-up for next 22 months, favorable healing of the lesion and eruption of the successive tooth were observed.