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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : Schwartz, Peter Harold (검색결과 140 건)
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External factors: Advisory committees, regulation, and American public health, 1962-1999
Schwartz, Jason Lee University of Pennsylvania 2012 해외박사(DDOD)
The activities of scientific expert advisory committees are among the most visible aspects of the federal government's regulation and promotion of pharmaceuticals, vaccines, medical devices, and related technologies. The substantial attention given to the deliberations and judgments of these groups belies their official roles limited to providing only non-binding recommendations. To the contrary, advisory committee recommendations so frequently mirror subsequent government decisions that those seldom cases in which health agencies do not follow the guidance of their advisors often result in public scrutiny, concern, and allegations of political interference in science. This dissertation traces the work, visibility, and influence of expert advisory committees in public health regulation and policy through an examination of the history of these activities within health agencies of the U.S. federal government. Focusing on the Food and Drug Administration, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and National Institutes of Health since the early 1960s, it explores the development of a model for decision-making that created formal mechanisms for ongoing contributions from outside scientific and medical experts in the day-to-day work of government agencies evaluating specific biomedical products and practices. Through their creation, design, and use, expert advisory committees have been profoundly significant venues through which federal health officials have negotiated and strengthened their relationships with professional and lay communities. Expert advice has also been thought by its proponents to enhance the credibility and legitimacy of federal agency activities, leading to greater support for agency decisions. It established a more open deliberative process to which professional communities, patients, and the public had greater visibility and access, in part a procedural solution to the unavoidable subjectivity associated with government decision-making. <italic>External Factors: Advisory Committees, Regulation, and American Public Health, 1962-1999</italic> reveals how scientific expert advice in public health regulation and policy grew in three decades from an experiment to an institution. This history of the technical advisory committee system illuminates transformations in biomedical research, medical practice, and public health, offering new perspectives on the changing but ever-critical relationships between the federal government and physicians, scientists, manufacturers, patients, and consumers in the past, present, and future.
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Computation and coding in the retina
Schwartz, Gregory William Princeton University 2008 해외박사(DDOD)
Two fundamental questions about the brain are, "What does it compute?" and "How does it represent information?" The retina serves as a tractable model system in which we can begin to answer these questions because it is isolated from the rest of the brain and because we can record from many cells at once (Segev et al., 2004). We have identified two classes of novel retinal computations that cannot be explained by current models. Following a periodic sequence of flashes, retinal ganglion cells fire a burst of spikes after the time of the missing flash (Schwartz et al., 2007a). This response is only one member of a set of sophisticated forms of temporal and spatio-temporal pattern recognition performed in the retina (Schwartz and Berry, 2008). We also studied the retinal response to motion discontinuities, and we discovered a synchronized firing event among retinal ganglion cells that signals motion reversal (Schwartz et al., 2007b). Another set of experiments was aimed at the question of information representation. The brain must interpret the spike trains from a population of ganglion cells in order to identify objects. We presented different shapes to the retina, and we studied the population code by performing the task of the brain: reading out shape identity from the spike trains of a population of cells. The results showed that more than 100 cells are required to reach the low error rates that are common in vision, and a read-out mechanism must use information about the correlations between cells to achieve high accuracy.
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Mcguire-Schwartz, Miranda Z ProQuest Dissertations & Theses New York Universit 2016 해외박사(DDOD)
McGuire-Schwartz, M. Relationships between traumatic exposure, family connectedness, and posttraumatic stress among children and adolescents. New York University, PhD, May, 2016. Objective: Given the high prevalence of trauma exposure among children and adolescents in the United States and the risk of negative outcomes for people exposed to traumatic experiences during youth, it is very important that we continue to develop our understanding of conditions and interventions that can contribute to improved outcomes for children and families who have experienced trauma. Methods: This study consisted of the analysis of secondary data collected by the Child and Adolescent Trauma Treatments and Services Consortium (CATS). Multivariate analyses were conducted using SEM. Results: Within the multivariate model, family involvement did not serve as a moderator between exposure to potentially traumatic events and posttraumatic stress symptoms. For some youth, particularly those who have experienced multiple potentially traumatic events, family involvement may not play a significantly protective role in buffering youth responses to potentially traumatic events. Instead, other contextual factors may play larger roles. This may be particularly true in the cases of potentially traumatic events that occurred within the family, such as domestic violence and physical abuse. Conclusions: This study reinforces the need for trauma-informed care. More specifically, it highlights the need for effective treatment for youth who have experienced potentially traumatic events, related to domestic violence and otherwise, in order to decrease posttraumatic stress symptoms. There is a need for both systemic and clinical interventions to reduce the prevalence of potentially traumatic events among youth and the effects of these events on them. This is particularly the case for urban youth and most urgently for African American/black youth. It is important for practitioners to understand that exposure to potentially traumatic events may have long term outcomes, particularly in the case of increased arousal symptoms. These symptoms may also vary over time. Finally, this study supports the need to complete a thorough, multicontextual assessment, with the understanding that strengths related to family connectedness may not be protective for all youth.
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