독일에서의 환경영향평가와 분쟁조정

Schafer, Bettina 한국환경영향평가학회 1993 환경영향평가 Vol.2 No.2

During the last years it became more and more difficult to deal with environmental conflicts using traditional political instruments in industrialized countries. One reason for the occurring problems might be the citizens' awareness of scarceness of nature. Another reason might be the changing legislation with the introduction of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) as an integral part of a project's licensing procedure. The EIA offers new possibilities for citizens to interfere in decision processes and to obstruct projects. The changing situation requires new instruments for conflict solving. Mediation may he considered an alternative or completion to the traditional political instruments. It is a systematic strategy for conflict treatment and, with the support of an independent mediator, allows to reach an agreement among all parties involved. Mediation may be introduced in the EIA. One possibility offers the scoping date, which, if the participation of the public is assured, might avoid heavy disputes in the further process. Another connection between the instrument of mediation and the EIA could be the use of the environmental impact study (EIS) as information background for a mediation process. EIA would then be source of information about all environmental aspects. Thus the role of EIA would be extended to being a part of conflict analysis in the alternative dispute resolution process.

Localized Mobility

Schafer, P.,Brubacher, C.,Hwang, M.J. 한국공공사회학회 2017 공공사회연구 Vol.7 No.4

Photochromic resorcin[4]arenes: stabilization of intramolecular anthracene dimers in solution

Schafer, Christian,Rozhenko, Alexander B.,Mattay, Jochen Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.8

Several resorcin[4]arenes functionalized with two anthracene units on opposite sides of the upper rim of the macrocycle were synthesized. We investigated the potentially photochromic properties of these systems, with the main focus on the intramolecular [4+4] cycloaddition of the anthracenes and its reversibility by thermal ring opening. Whereas compound 9 proved to be a switchable host system (by irradiation and temperature, T-type photochromic substances), compounds 10-12 formed intramolecular photodimers upon irradiation, which are only stable at low temperature. The reopening occurred immediately at room temperature and was followed by UV/VIS spectroscopy. Further investigations showed that the cyclodimer of 11 can be stabilized significantly by sodium cations due to crown ether-like complexation. Additionally, quantum chemical calculations were performed to evaluate the different behaviour.

Environmental Impact Assessment and Mediation

Schafer, Bettina 한국환경영향평가학회 1993 환경영향평가 Vol.2 No.2

During the last years it became more and more difficult to deal with environmental conflicts using traditional political instruments in industrialized countries. One reason for the occurring problems might be the citizens' awareness of scarceness of nature. Another reason might be the changing legislation with the introduction of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) as an integral part of a project's licensing procedure. The EIA offers new possibilities for citizens to interfere in decision processes and to obstruct projects. The changing situation requires new instruments for conflict solving. Mediation may be considered an alternative or completion to the traditional political instruments. It is a systematic strategy for conflict treatment and. with the support of an independent mediator, allows to reach an agreement among all parties involved. Mediation may be introduced in the EIA One possibility offers the scoping date, which, if the participation of the public is assured, might avoid heavy disputes in the further process. Another connection between the instrument of mediation and the EIA could be the use of the environmental impact study (EIS) as information background for a mediation process. EIA would then be source of information about all environmental aspects. Thus the role of EIA would be extended to being a part of conflict analysis in the alternative dispute resolution process.

Localized Mobility

Schafer, P.,Brubacher, C.,Hwang, M.J 한국공공사회학회 2018 공공사회연구 Vol.8 No.1

주요 대도시의 미세먼지의 원인이되는 자동차의 매연과 날로 증가하는 도심지 교통체증의 문제로 인하여, 자동차의 사적 소유에 대한 의문이 제기되고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 이동에 대한 패러다임의 전환적인 사고가 요구되고 있다. 이는 보다 현대적이고 다양하며 환경친화적이고 지속 가능한 유형의 공유적 이동의 시대가 도래하고 있음을 의미하는 것이다. 이러한 전환점에서 본 연구자들이 선행연구에서 제언한 “이동의 지역화를 기반으로 지역성과 지역사회의 수준에서 이동행위에 대한 이론적으로 구성된 개념체계로 설명하였다. 지역적 수준이란 시민이 높은 빈도로 혹은 활발하게 생활하고 이동하는 수준이나 단위를 의미한다. 이 수준에서는 이동이 구성되는 형태에 가장 큰 영향력을 가지고 있음을 의미한다. 본 연구에서는 “이동의 지역화” 연구의 이론적 구성을 넘어서, 구체적인 사례로서의 지역적 맥락을 가지고 이 이론이 어떻게 구성되고 또 얼마나 확장성을 갖고 적용될 수 있는지에 관한 이론적인 평가와 함께 논의를 전개할 계획이다. 준거적인 분석틀로서 세종시를 대상으로 실시한 사례연구방법론이 적용되었다. 한국의 세종특별자치시는 독특한 원형의 이동 네트워크를 가지고 있는 계획도시로서 환승-지향적인 개발과 도시 전체에 대한 공정한 접근을 강조한 특성을 가지고 있다. 본 연구를 통해서 지역사회가 경험하고 있는 고유의 이동문제를 해결하기 위한 수준높은 인식론적인 기반 위에 원칙적인 적용과 실천에 있어서 맥락적으로 섬세한 수준의 지역화된 이동에 대한 이해를 얻기 바란다. By virtue of disillusionment with private car ownership becoming incrementally more apparent, and as a result of increasing fine dust levels and traffic congestion proliferating in major world cities, a mobility paradigm shift is underway. Preferred travel modes are evolving with greater momentum towards contemporary, multi-modal, and environmentally sustainable forms of shared mobility. This shift is mentioned in recent research on ‘localized mobility’, a theoretically established construct pertaining to mobility behavior at the level of localities and communities. The local level is the level at which citizens live and move within most frequently, and thus the level possessing the greatest influence over how their constructions of mobility are shaped. In this paper, the theoretical construct of localized mobility is taken a step further, evaluating a conceptual scheme for how, and the extent to which, it can be practically applied to, and devised to be compatible with, a particular local context. The analytical frame of reference used in this case study is that of Sejong City, South Korea, a planned city designed and built to have a unique ring-shaped mobility network with an emphasis on transit-oriented development and the provision of equitable access to the entirety of the city. Through this study, it is hoped that local communities experiencing their own nuanced mobility challenges can gain valuable cognizance of how to approach the adaptation and implementation of their own context-sensitive version of localized mobility.

Autonomous temperature control technique in VLSI circuits through logic replication

Schafer, B.C.,Kim, T. IET 2009 IET COMPUTERS AND DIGITAL TECHNIQUES Vol.3 No.1

<P>A temperature reduction technique at the gate level that reduces the peak temperature through thermal-aware logic replication is presented. The technique identifies the hottest part of a given gate-netlist, extracts this from the netlist and replicates it in order to migrate the computation from one unit to the copied one whenever it exceeds a given maximum threshold temperature. The resulting gate netlist is then replaced using a thermal-aware floorplanner in order to maximise temperature reduction gain. To allow the migration from one unit to the other without any timing penalty, multiplexors and de-multiplexors between both units are inserted as well as a simple control unit with a thermal sensor on each replicated unit. Our technique ensures that only those parts of the circuit that have a high power density are replicated, and provides an autonomous hardware thermal-controlling mechanism that self-regulates itself and allows the context to swap to any replicated unit without any timing penalty. An entire temperature reduction framework is built on the top of this technique that incorporates a thermal simulator, thermal-aware floorplanner, power estimators as well as a graphical interface to manage these tools. Experimental results show that the proposed technique efficiently identifies the hottest parts of a gate netlist, replicates these and inserts the de-muxes and muxes, lowering the final peak temperature by up to 20.27degC. Further, it reduces the overall leakage power by up to 35.98%.</P>

제42차 추계학술대회 : 본 연제 ; 초청강연 : Topical glucocorticoids with improved benefit-risk ratio: Pre-clinical aspects

( Monika Schafer Korting ) 대한피부과학회 1990 초록집 Vol.28 No.50

A Matrix for Mediterranean (Area) Studies-Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in the Post-“Arab Spring” Context

( Isabel Schafer ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해연구소 2014 The Mediterranean Review Vol.7 No.1

The multipolar, dynamic and heterogeneous Mediterranean area is an object of analysis in different disciplines. The French historian Fernand Braudel developed one of the most comprehensive scientific approaches, defining the Mediterranean as a space of unity and coherence, with a long-term continuity (longue duree). Studies in political science, especially in international relations (IR), have been limited to debates between schools of thought, explaining global challenges, or using local case studies for theoretical testing. Work in area studies has been reduced to (comparative) analysis of local specificities. The fundamental changes within the societies of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean provoked by the uprisings since the end of 2010 call for new scientific approaches in Mediterranean Studies. By combining IR and area studies, and by simultaneously analysing large-scale developments (macro) and smaller, local, sub-regional developments (micro), we can not only explore the interdisciplinary dynamics in social sciences, but also place the Mediterranean area within the international system, and deepen our knowledge about its specificities at the same time.

Literatur 4.0 - Ein systemtheoretisches Erkenntnismodell fur das Zeitalter kunstlicher Intelligenz

( Philip Schafer ) 한국독어독문학회 2017 獨逸文學 Vol.58 No.1

기술에 의해 창작된 문학작품들의 새로운 가능성들에 직면하여, 이에 걸맞은 문학연구의 인식론적 토대를 세워야 하는 것이 불가피해졌다. 문화적 의사소통과정에서 소비자들의 선택기능이 오늘날에 더욱 자명해진 것처럼 문학커뮤니케이션 과정 내에서 작가들의 창작자로서의 역할 역시 점점 줄어들고 있다. 본 논문은 부단히 변하고 있는 문학과 문학의 사회적 특성에 대해 체계이론을 인식모델로서 사용하고자 하며, 루만의 “차이이론”을 이용하여 작품과 비(非)작품의 차이를 “주도적 구별짓기”로 구분하고자 한다. 이 때 주목하는 차이란 기존의 문학적 산물이 갖는 의사소통과 단지 텍스트 형식이 갖는 의사소통의 차이이다. 본 논문은 이것을 헬레네 헤게만의 소설 『아홀로틀 로드킬 Axolotl Roadkill』이 생성된 맥락에 의거하여 설명하고자 한다. 이 소설에서는 작가의 역할이 축소되고 있다. 헤게만은 소설의 많은 부분을 원작자를 명시하지 않고 블로거 아이렌의 것을 베껴 썼다. 문학계는 그러한 헤게만의 “편집적 행위”를 고유한 작품으로서 파악한 반면에, 블로거 아이렌의 창작적 행위는 블로그 매체를 통했기 때문에 작품으로 간주하지 않는다. 본 논문은 이에 대해 명료한 구분점을 제시하고 앞으로 문학이 어떻게 정의될 수 있으며, 문학이 무엇이 되고자 하는지에 대해 이해를 도모할 것이다. 아울러 체계이론 인식모델을 이용해 “문학 4.0” 시대 속에서 끊임없이 바뀌는 문화적 지형을 위해 이론적 토대를 수립하는데도 기여하고자 한다. Vorliegender Aufsatz wendet Systemtheorie an, um zu einem besseren Verstandnis des sich stetig wandelnden Charakters von Literatur und ihrer gesellschaftlichen Funktion zu gelangen. Dazu nutzt der Aufsatz die ``differenztheoretische“ Ausrichtung luhmannscher Systemtheorie und schlagt als ``Leitunterscheidung“ die Differenz von Werk und Nicht-Werk - von klar abzugrenzendem (und vermarktbarem) literarischen Produkt und lediglich in Text gespeicherter (als beliebig angesehener) Kommunikation - vor. Angesicht des technischen Wandels und der Moglichkeit von individualisierten, von kunstlicher Intelligenz geschaffenen literarischen Werken ist eine solche Anpassung der erkenntnistheoretischen Grundlagen notwendig. Mit der Selektionsfunktion der KosumentInnen im Fokus des kulturellen Kommunikationsprozesses (u.a. bereits heute sichtbar durch die Selektions- und Vorschlagsfunktion von Unterhaltungsunternehmen wie Netflix, Youtube, oder Amazon), verlieren die AutorInnen immer starker ihre Rolle als Schaffende. Der Aufsatz versucht dies anhand des Entstehungszusammenhangs von Helene Hegemanns Roman Axolotl Roadkill zu illustrieren. In diesem Roman verschwimmen die Rollen der AutorInnen. Hegemann hat einen großen Teil zunachst ohne Angabe des Urhebers vom Blogger Airen abgeschrieben. Der Literaturbetrieb fasste diese ``editoriale Leistung“ als das eigentliches Werk auf, wahrend er die schopferische Leistung des Bloggers Airen - bedingt durch das Medium des Blogs - nicht als Werk betrachtet. Fur das Verstandnis dessen was Literatur sein kann und will, soll durch die Anwendung der Systemtheorie die theoretische Grundlage fur eine sich im Zeitalter der ``Literatur 4.0“ stetig verandernde kulturelle Landschaft bereitgestellt werden.

지역적 자본주의와 전 지구적 기술과학

볼프 쉐퍼(Wolf Schafer),권정화(번역자) 서울대학교 아시아연구소 2016 아시아리뷰 Vol.6 No.1

이 글은 현재의 자본주의와 기술과학에 대해 살펴보고 긴급을 요구하는 전 지구적인 문제에 비추어 이것이 어떠해야 하는지 검토한다. 이 글에서는 중국, 북유럽국가, 독일, 미국의 자본주의 모델을 지역적 자본주의로 보고 국가, 복지국가, 자유시장 자본주의의 구성을 서로 구별 지으면서, 다음 두 갈래의 질문을 다룬다. 자본주의는 모든 사람에게 물질적 부를 제공하고 대중의 복리에 봉사할 수 있는가? 이에 대한 논의는 기후 변화와 불평등에 대한 가톨릭 회칙의 입장을 포함한다. 그런 다음 과학, 기술 및 기술과학을 정의하고, 환경 악화 문제와 관련 지어 기술과학을 평가한다. 여기서 기본적인 물음은 기술과학이 모든 사회를 자연과 조화롭게 가져갈 수 있냐는 것이다. 결론적으로 위 두 가지 주요 물음에 대해 답을 제시하고 다음의 주요 이슈를 천착한다. 자본주의와 기술과학의 결합한 두 힘은 통제 가능한가 아니면 불가능한가? 이 글은 현재 인간이 처한 곤경은 매우 심각하지만, 희망이 없지는 않다고 결론 내린다. This article examines capitalism and technoscience as they are and explores how they should be in light of pressing global problems. Considering Chinese, Nordic, German, and American models of capitalism as regional capitalisms and distinguishing the formations of state, welfare state, and free market capitalisms, the two-pronged question is tackled: Can capitalism deliver material wealth to all people and serve the commonweal? The discussion incorporates the position of the Catholic Encyclical on climate change and inequality. Science, technology, and technoscience are then defined and technoscience is evaluated in relation to the challenge of environmental degradation. Here, the basic question is: Is technoscience capable of bringing all societies into balance with nature? Finally, answers to both leading questions are provided and the overall issue is broached: Are the combined forces of capitalism and technoscience controllable or uncontrollable? This article concludes that the contemporary human predicament is dire but not hopeless.