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Speculations on Substratum Influence on Early English Vocabulary: pig, colt, frog
Wililam Sayers 한국중세근세영문학회 2013 중세르네상스 영문학 Vol.21 No.2
Three English animal names, pig, colt, and frog, all without fully satisfactory etymologies, are selected for study on the basis of contextual qualifiers that they have in common. All belong to the familiar domestic sphere of life on the land. Two of these unexplained words once shared morphological features that may be relevant to questions of register and affect. Strikingly, for each there is tantalizing evidence of having been assumed by Germanic peoples from adjacent Celtic populations. Pig is traced to Gaulish moccos and the amply documented material and cultural exchanges across the Rhine between Celts and Germans. Among the descendants of the adapted term would have been an Old Saxon form that developed as Old English picga. Colt represents a more direct transfer in Britain, again possibly of a trade commodity, between the invading Angles and Saxons, and the resident Britons, who spoke a Celtic language, Brittonic. Gaulish caballos suggests a starting point for a hypothetical Brittonic equivalent, kappal-, complemented by a diminutive suffix with –t-. Frog, it is proposed, originated in a Brittonic agent noun meaning ‘croaker’,related to Gaulish frognā, Welsh ffroen, and Breton fron, ‘nose, nostril’, that coalesced, semantically and phonologically, in Britain with Germanic frosc,whose literal meaning would have been ‘hopper’.
Pereira, Paula,Pedrosa, Sí,lvia S.,Wymant, Jennifer M.,Sayers, Edward,Correia, Alexandra,Vilanova, Manuel,Jones, Arwyn T.,Gama, Francisco M. American Chemical Society 2015 MOLECULAR PHARMACEUTICS Vol.12 No.6
<P>Glycol chitosan nanogels have been widely used in gene, drug, and contrast agent delivery in an effort to improve disease diagnosis and treatment. Herein, we evaluate the internalization mechanisms and intracellular fate of previously described glycol chitosan nanogels decorated with folate to target the folate receptor. Uptake of the folate-decorated nanogel was impaired by free folate, suggesting competitive inhibition and shared internalization mechanisms via the folate receptor. Nanogel uptake was shown to occur mainly through flotillin-1 and Cdc42-dependent endocytosis. This was determined by inhibition of uptake reduction observed upon siRNA depletion of these two proteins and the pathways that they regulate. The data also suggest the involvement of the actin cytoskeleton in nanogel uptake via macropinocytosis. After 7 h of incubation with HeLa cells, approximately half of the nanogel population was localized in endolysosomal compartments, whereas the remaining 50% of the material was in undefined regions of the cytoplasm. Glycol chitosan nanogels may thus have potential as drug delivery vectors for targeting different intracellular compartments.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/mpohbp/2015/mpohbp.2015.12.issue-6/mp500785t/production/images/medium/mp-2014-00785t_0009.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/mp500785t'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Precessing Jet and Large Dust Grains in the V380 Ori NE Star-forming Region
Choi, Minho,Kang, Miju,Lee, Jeong-Eun,Tatematsu, Ken’ichi,Kang, Sung-Ju,Sayers, Jack,Evans II, Neal J.,Cho, Jungyeon,Kwon, Jungmi,Park, Geumsook,Ohashi, Satoshi,Yoo, Hyunju,Lee, Youngung American Astronomical Society 2017 The Astrophysical journal, Supplement series Vol.232 No.2
<P>The V380 Ori NE bipolar outflow was imaged in the SiO and CO J = 1 -> 0lines, and dense cores in L1641 were observed in the 2.0-0.89 mm continuum. The highly collimated SiO jet shows point-symmetric oscillation patterns in both position and velocity, which suggests that the jet axis is precessing and the driving source may belong to a non-coplanar binary system. By considering the position and velocity variabilities together, accurate jet parameters were derived. The protostellar system is viewed nearly edge-on, and the jet has a flow speed of similar to 35 km s(-1) and a precession period of similar to 1600 years. The CO outflow length gives a dynamical timescale of similar to 6300 years, and the protostar must be extremely young. The inferred binary separation of 6-70 au implies that this protobinary system may have been formed through the disk instability process. The continuum spectra of L1641 dense cores indicate that the emission comes from dust, and the fits with modified blackbody functions give emissivity power indices of beta= 0.3-2.2. The emissivity index shows a positive correlation with the molecular line width, but no strong correlation with bolometric luminosity or temperature. V380 Ori NE has a particularly low value of beta= 0.3, which tentatively suggests the presence of millimeter-sized dust grains. Because the dust growth takes millions of years, much longer than the protostellar age, this core may have produced large grains in the starless core stage. HH 34 MMS and HH 147 MMS also have low emissivity indices.</P>
Elasto-plastic thermal stress analysis of functionally graded hyperbolic discs
Ersin Demir,Hasan Çallıoğlu,Metin Sayer 국제구조공학회 2017 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.62 No.5
The objective of this analytical study is to calculate the elasto-plastic stresses of Functionally Graded (FG) hyperbolic disc subjected to uniform temperature. The material properties (elastic modulus, thermal expansion coefficient and yield strength) and the geometry (thickness) of the disc are assumed to vary radially with a power law function, but Poisson’s ratio does not vary. FG disc material is assumed to be non-work hardening. Radial and tangential stresses are obtained for various thickness profile, temperature and material properties. The results indicate that thickness profile and volume fractions of constituent materials play very important role on the thermal stresses of the FG hyperbolic discs. It is seen that thermal stresses in a disc with variable thickness are lower than those with constant thickness at the same temperature. As a result of this, variations in the thickness profile increase the operation temperature. Moreover, thickness variation in the discs provides a significant weight reduction. A disc with lower rigidity at the inner surface according to the outer surface should be selected to obtain almost homogenous stress distribution and to increase resistance to temperature. So, discs, which have more rigid region at the outer surface, are more useful in terms of resistance to temperature.
Effect of chitosan/carbon nanotube fillers on vibration behaviors of drilled composite plates
Ersin Demir,Hasan Çallıoğlu,Metin Sayer,Furkan Kavla 국제구조공학회 2020 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.35 No.6
The effect of Chitosan (CS), Carbon Nanotube (CNT) and hybrid (CS-CNT) fillers on the natural frequency of drilled composite plate is investigated by experimentally in this study. The numerical validation is also made with a program based on Finite Element Method (SolidWorks). Nine types filled and one neat composite plates are used in the study. The fillers ratios are 1% CS, 2% CS, 3% CS, 0.1% CNT, 0.2% CNT, 0.3% CNT, 1% CS+0.3% CNT, 2% CS+0.3% CNT, 3% CS+0.3% CNT. The specimens cut to certain sizes by water jet from the plates 400 mm x 400 mm in dimensions. Some of them are drilled in certain dimensions with drill. The natural frequency of each specimen is measured by the vibration test set up to determine the vibration characteristic. The vibration test set up includes an accelerometer, a current source power unit, a data acquisition card and a computer. A code is written in Matlab program for the signal processing. The study are investigated and discussed in four main points to understand the effect of the fillers on the natural frequency of the composite plate. These are the effect of fillers contents and amounts, orientation angles of fibers, holes numbers and holes sizes. As results, the natural frequency of the plate with 1% CS and 0.1% CNT hybrid filler is lower than those of the plates with other fillers ratios for 45 orientation angle. Besides, in the composite plate with 0 orientation angle, the natural frequency increases with increasing the filler ratio. Moreover, the natural frequency increases until a certain hole number and then it decreases. Furthermore, the natural frequency is not affected until a certain hole diameter but then it decreases.