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Microstructural and mechanical analysis of Cu and Au interconnect on various bond pads
T. Joseph Sahaya Anand,Chua Kok Yau,Yeow See Leong,Lim Weng Keat,Hng May Ting 한국물리학회 2013 Current Applied Physics Vol.13 No.8
Effects of High Temperature Storage (HTS) and bonding toward microstructure change of intermetallic compound (IMC) at the wire bonding interface of 3 types of bond pad (Al, AlSiCu and NiPdAu) were presented in this paper. Optical and electron microscope analyses revealed that the IMC growth rate of samples under 175 and 200 ℃ HTS increased in the order of Al > AlSiCu > NiPdAu. Besides, higher HTS and bonding temperatures also promoted higher IMC thickness. The compositional study showed that higher HTS and bonding temperature developed rapid interdiffusion in bonding interface. In the mechanical ball shear test, a decrease of the shear force of Al and AlSiCu bond pads after 500 h HTS was believed due to poorly developed IMC at bonding interface. On the other hand, shear force degradation at 1000 h was due to excessive growth of IMC that in turn causes the formation of defects. For NiPdAu bond pad, increasing trend of shear force with HTS duration at 175 ℃ implied a good reliability of the Cu wire bonding. The rapid microscopic inspection on Cu wired Al bond pad under HTS 175 ℃ showed the IMC development from the periphery to the center of the ball bond. However, after 500 h voids started to develop until the crack was observed at 1000 h.
Growth of Bulk Single Crystals of Urea for Photonic Applications
Arumugam Saranraj,Sathiyadhas Sahaya Jude Dhas,Michael Jose,Sathiyadhas Amalapusham Martin Britto Dhas 대한금속·재료학회 2018 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.14 No.1
We report the growth of technologically important urea crystals of record size (48 ×16 × 8 mm3) by doping sulfuric acid and employing slow evaporation technique. Thegrown crystal was identified by single crystal X-Ray diffraction and FTIR spectralanalysis. Optical properties of the grown crystal were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrumand the presence of H2SO4 was confirmed by EDAX analysis. Thermogravimetricanalysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Photo acoustic studies were alsocarried out to determine the thermal properties of the grown crystal. The dielectricproperties for wide range of frequencies (1 Hz to 1 MHz) at different temperatures(35, 40, 60, 80, 100 °C) were analyzed. The second harmonic conversion efficiencyof the grown H2SO4 doped urea crystal was found to be 3.75 times higher than thecommercially available KDP crystals.
J. Piyaphongkul,P. Suraksakul,N. Tangchitsomkid,S. Sahaya 한국응용곤충학회 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.21 No.2
The study of thermal tolerance and acclimation capacity in Jack Beardsley mealybug, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller is the crucial step in determining their abilities to cope with climate change. Thus, the aim of this research was to determine the effects of acclimation temperatures on the changes in thermal tolerance of P. jackbeardsleyi. The influences of acclimation temperature at moderate (25 °C) and high (35 °C) temperatures on their lower and upper thermal limits were measured composed of critical thermal minimum (CTmin), maximum (CTmax), chill coma temperature (CCT) and heat coma temperature (HCT) for first instar nymphs and adults. The important information derived from this study revealed that the upper thermal limits of adults are constrained to a relative narrow range that will make them sensitive to relative small changes in temperatures, whilst all mean upper thermal indices at 35 °C were significantly higher than at 25 °C for nymphs. For this highlight notice, nymphs have more potential to change their upper thermal limits which will allow them to withstand high temperatures in the field. These results are a sign to warn us that P. jackbeardsleyi could become highly noxious which cause severe outbreaks damage to the crops in the tropics under global warming.
C. Amuthambigai,C.K. Mahadevan,X. Sahaya Shajan 한국물리학회 2016 Current Applied Physics Vol.16 No.9
Anhydrous sodium formate single crystals were grown by the solvent evaporation method at 40 C. Etching study was carried out to assess the crystalline perfection. X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectral analyses were performed for the identification of the material and the crystal structure. Suitability of the crystal for photonic applications was studied by the optical transmittance, SHG efficiency and Z-scan measurements. The thermal and mechanical stabilities of the grown crystal were also investigated. Thermal decomposition and load dependence of various mechanical parameters viz. Hv, Kc, B, sv and C11 have been understood. AC (with various frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 200 kHz) and DC electrical measurements were carried out at various temperatures ranging from 30 to 150 C. Temperature and frequency dependences of important electrical parameters have been understood. Results obtained indicate that the grown crystal exhibits higher crystallinity, good optical transmittance, third order optical nonlinearity, good thermal stability (up to 318 C), higher dielectric constant and normal mechanical behaviour.
Modeling and Simulation of a Dye Sensitized Solar Cell with Porous Aerogel Photoanode
S. C. Ramesh,C. Christopher Columbus,X. Sahaya Shajan 대한전기학회 2021 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.16 No.1
Nanostructured aerogels are potential candidates for photoanodes in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Recent studies show that solid state DSSC with titania aerogel photoanodes exhibit conversion effi ciency of 5.2%. This is mainly attributed to the high short-circuit current density achieved by more dye adsorption and reduced recombination of charge carriers. In this paper we have attempted to develop a simulation based on a theoretical model to understand the performance of aerogel based DSSC. The theoretical results obtained are compared with the experimental results. The results generated by the theoretical model agree well with the results obtained experimentally .
Effect of fiber content on flexural properties of fishnet/GFRP hybrid composites
F. Michael Raj,V.A. Nagarajan,S. Sahaya Elsi,R.S. Jayaram 국제구조공학회 2016 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.22 No.1
In the present paper, glass fibers are substituted partially with monofilament fishnet and polyester matrix for making the composites. The composite specimens were prepared in accordance with ASTM for analyzing the flexural strength and dynamic mechanical properties. Furthermore, machinability revealed the interaction of glass fiber and partial substituted monofilament fishnet fiber with the matrix. Fiber pullouts on the fractured specimen during the physical testing of the composites are also investigated by COSLAB microscope. The results reveal that the fishnet based composites have appreciably higher flexural properties. Furthermore, the glass fiber, woven roving and fishnet composite has more storage modulus and significant mechanical damping. The composite specimens were fabricated by hand lay-up method. Hence, these composites are the possible applications to develop the value added products. The results of this study are presented.
카룹,이희우,P. Anil Reddy,Dipti Gupta,Liviu Mitu,Anji Reddy Polu,X. Sahaya Shajan 한국공업화학회 2016 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.40 No.-
An ionic liquid incorporated nanocomposite electrolytes are prepared using solution cast technique byimmobilizing a solution of lithium N,N-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in N-ethyl-N-methylimidazolium - bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (EMImTFSI) ionic liquid (IL) with addedmixtures of organic solvent and nanofiller such as acetonitrile and nanochitosan (32 nm) into apoly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) matrix. The achieved extreme ionic conductivity of ionic liquid basedelectrolyte is in the range of 10 2 S cm 1 which is one order higher than that of (PEO)8LiTFSI-10 wt% NCsystem. Cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) analyses indicates that the preparedelectrolytes possesses an excellent electrochemical stability of 3.9 V. These unique properties allow theeffective use of these membranes as active separators for the development of advanced lithium ionbatteries.