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Odevall, Lina,Hong, Deborah,Digilio, Laura,Sahastrabuddhe, Sushant,Mogasale, Vittal,Baik, Yeongok,Choi, Seukkeun,Kim, Jerome H.,Lynch, Julia Elsevier Science 2018 Vaccine Vol.36 No.45
<P>Cholera, a diarrheal disease primarily affecting vulnerable populations in developing countries, is estimated to cause disease in more than 2.5 million people and kill almost 100,000 annually. An oral cholera vaccine (OCV) has been available globally since 2001; the demand for this vaccine from affected countries has however been very low, due to various factors including vaccine price and mode of administration. The low demand for the vaccine and limited commercial incentives to invest in research and development of vaccines for developing country markets has kept the global supply of OCVs down. Since 1999, the International Vaccine Institute has been committed to make safe, effective and affordable OCVs accessible. Through a variety of partnerships with collaborators in Sweden, Vietnam, India and South Korea, and with public and private funding, IVI facilitated development and production of two affordable and WHO-prequalified OCVs and together with other stakeholders accelerated the introduction of these vaccines for the global public-sector market.</P>
Status of paratyphoid fever vaccine research and development
Martin, L.B.,Simon, R.,MacLennan, C.A.,Tennant, S.M.,Sahastrabuddhe, S.,Khan, M.I. Butterworths ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2016 Vaccine Vol.34 No.26
Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi (S. Paratyphi) A and B cause enteric fever in humans. Of the paratyphoid group, S. Paratyphi A is the most common serovar. In 2000, there were an estimated 5.4 million cases of S. Paratyphi A worldwide. More recently paratyphoid fever has accounted for an increasing fraction of all cases of enteric fever. Although vaccines for typhoid fever have been developed and in use for decades, vaccines for paratyphoid fever have not yet been licensed. Several S. Paratyphi A vaccines, however, are in development and based on either whole cell live-attenuated strains or repeating units of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen (O:2) conjugated to different protein carriers. An O-specific polysaccharide (O:2) of S. Paratyphi A conjugated to tetanus toxoid (O:2-TT), for example, has been determined to be safe and immunogenic after one dose in Phase I and Phase II trials. Two other conjugated vaccine candidates linked to diphtheria toxin and a live-attenuated oral vaccine candidate are currently in preclinical development. As promising vaccine candidates are advanced along the development pipeline, an adequate supply of vaccines will need to be ensured to meet growing demand, particularly in the most affected countries.
Imran Khan, M.,Freeman, Alexander J.,Gessner, Bradford D.,Sahastrabuddhe, Sushant Oxford University Press 2015 Clinical Infectious Diseases Vol. No.
<P>Invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis (iNTS) is often not recognized clinically, and prevention of iNTS is largely ignored by policy planners and decision makers. During 2010, an estimated 3.4 million cases and 681 316 deaths occurred worldwide due to iNTS, with the largest estimated disease burden in resource-limited areas of sub-Saharan Africa. These figures likely underestimate global burden for several reasons, further complicating efforts to raise awareness of iNTS. To increase disease recognition and facilitate development of interventions, a communication and advocacy plan should be developed and implemented by actors in different sectors of global health, including researchers and scientists, funders, vaccine manufacturers, civil society organizations, and government officials from highly affected countries.</P>
Pach, Alfred,Tabbusam, Ghurnata,Khan, M Imran,Suhag, Zamir,Hussain, Imtiaz,Hussain, Ejaz,Mumtaz, Uzma,Haq, Inam Ul,Tahir, Rehman,Mirani, Amjad,Yousafzai, Aisha,Sahastrabuddhe, Sushant,Ochiai, R Leon,S Taylor Francis, Inc 2013 Journal of health communication Vol.18 No.3
<P>The authors conducted formative research (a) to identify stakeholders' concerns related to typhoid fever and the need for disease information and (b) to develop a communication strategy to inform stakeholders and address their concerns and motivate for support of a school-based vaccination program in Pakistan. Data were collected during interactive and semi-structured focus group discussions and interviews, followed by a qualitative analysis and multidisciplinary consultative process to identify an effective social mobilization strategy comprised of relevant media channels and messages. The authors conducted 14 focus group discussions with the parents of school-aged children and their teachers, and 13 individual interviews with school, religious, and political leaders. Parents thought that typhoid fever was a dangerous disease, but were unsure of their children's risk. They were interested in vaccination and were comfortable with a school-based vaccination if conducted under the supervision of trained and qualified staff. Teachers and leaders needed information on typhoid fever, the vaccine, procedures, and sponsors of the vaccination program. Meetings were considered the best form of information dissemination, followed by printed materials and mass media. This study shows how qualitative research findings can be translated into an effective social mobilization and communication approach. The findings of the research indicated the importance of increasing awareness of typhoid fever and the benefits of vaccination against the disease. Identification and dissemination of relevant, community-based disease and vaccination information will increase demand and use of vaccination.</P>